The English dialect dictionary, being the complete vocabulary of all dialect words still in use, or known to have been in use during the last two hundred years; founded on the publications of the English Dialect Society and on a large amount of material never before printed.

to

JItbrarg

of

ONTAP.TO ARCHIVES

THE

ENGLISH DIALECT
DICTIONARY

BEING THE

COMPLETE VOCABULARY OF ALL DIALECT WORDS STILL IN USE, OR KNOWN
TO HAVE BEEN IN USE DURING THE LAST TWO HUNDRED YEARS

FOUNDED ON THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENGLISH DIALECT SOCIETY AND ON A LARGE
AMOUNT OF MATERIAL NEVER BEFORE PRINTED

EDITED BY

JOSEPH WRIGHT, M.A., PH.D., D.C.L.

* / '
DEPUTY PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY IN THF. UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

VOLUME I. A— C

522169

- ^ Sl

LONDON: PUBLISHED BY HENRY FROWDE, AMEN CORNER, E.G.

PUBLISHER TO THE ENGLISH DIALECT SOCIETY

OXFORD: 116 HIGH STREET
NEW YORK: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS

1898

\A(l rights reserved}

©jforb

PRINTED BY HORACE HART
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS

NOTE

THE ENGLISH DIALECT DICTIONARY is printed at the expense of JOSKPH WRIGHT, MA.
of Langdale House, Park Town, Oxford.

TO THE

PROFESSOR W. W. SKEAT, Litt.V., V.C.L.

founder and President of

The English 'Dialect Society

Editor of
' Chaucer J ' Piers PlowmanJ and ' The Bruce '

The unwearied Worker in the varied Field of English Scholarship

To whose patient industry and contagious enthusiasm

in connexion tvith the laborious task of accumulating

dialect material, the possibility of compiling

an adequate

Dictionary of English Dialects
is mainly due

PREFACE

THE Dictionary includes, so far as is possible, the complete vocabulary of all English dialect words
which are still in use or are known to have been in use at any time during the last two hundred
years in England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. All words occurring both in the literary language and in
the dialects, but with some local peculiarity of meaning in the latter, are also included. On the other
hand, words which merely differ from the literary language in pronunciation, but not in meaning, are
generally excluded, as belonging properly to the province of grammar and not to that of lexicography.
It also contains (i) the exact geographical area over which each dialect word extends, together with
quotations and references to the sources from which the word has been obtained ; (2) the exact pro-
nunciation in each case according to a simple phonetic scheme, specially formulated for the purpose ;
(3) the etymology so far as it relates to the immediate source of each word. The work can never become
antiquated, and, when completed, will be the largest and most comprehensive Dialect Dictionary ever
published in any country. It will be a ' storehouse ' of information for the general reader, and an
invaluable work to the present and all future generations of students of our mother-tongue. It also
includes American' and Colonial dialect words which are still in use in Great Britain and Ireland, or which
are to be found in early-printed dialect books and glossaries. After some experience it became clear
that this plan was absolutely necessary in order to avoid admitting into the Dictionary words for which
I had not full and reliable evidence. It is difficult enough to obtain information about the pronunciation
and exact usage of many words in the United Kingdom, and it would have been still more difficult to
obtain such information from abroad. Some idea of the labour involved in this respect may be gathered
from the fact that at least 12,000 queries have been sent out from the ' Workshop ' connected with words
contained in this volume. And yet, in spite of all this labour, it has been necessary to keep back quite
a number of words— see list on pp. xxi-xxiv — for which there is at present insufficient evidence to
allow them to be included in the Dictionary. It is intended to issue a list of such words with each Part,
and all the friends of this undertaking are kindly invited to send to the Editor more information about these
words, so that they can eventually be included in a Supplement. The article on the verb ' To be ' cost
very considerable time and trouble. Copies of a printed form containing 194 points were sent to 150
persons in various parts of the United Kingdom ; and 150 similar forms containing many queries were
sent out about the words By, By(e. Many of the replies to these two sets of queries showed how very
difficult it is becoming to obtain information about minute points connected with grammar. It is quite
evident from the letters daily received at the ' Workshop ' that pure dialect speech is rapidly disappearing
from our midst, and that in a few years it will be almost impossible to get accurate information about difficult
points. Even now it is sometimes found extremely difficult to ascertain the exact pronunciation and
the various shades of meanings, especially of words which occur both in the literary language and in the
dialects. And in this case it is not always easy to decide what is dialect and what is literary English :
there is no sharp line of demarcation ; the one overlaps the other. In words of this kind I have carefully
considered each case separately, and if I have erred at all, it has been on the side of inclusion.

It has taken hundreds of people, in all parts of the United Kingdom, twenty-three years to collect
the material for the Dictionary. For the lists of Workers and Correspondents see pp. ix-xiv. In almost

vi PREFACE

every county, competent people have been secured to assist in answering queries and in supplying any
words that may have been omitted from the glossaries in their respective districts. Such a plan ensures
a far higher degree of accuracy and completeness than can possibly be attained by any other method.
In addition to the great amount of material sent in from unprinted sources— see pp. xi, xii— upwards
of three thousand dialect glossaries and works containing dialect words have been read and excerpted
for the purposes of the Dictionary1. Through the great kindness of the Princess, the whole of the
MS. collections and the library of the late Prince Louis Lucien Bonaparte were placed at my
disposal for over two years, which enabled me to get many thousand words and quotations from
hundreds of small local books not to be found in any of our public libraries.

I had hoped to give a classification ot the Dialects in this Preface, but I now think that it will be
better to wait until I have finished a greater portion of the Dictionary. From the words contained
in this volume, it would be easy to give a sketch-map showing clearly those districts in which the
Norse element is particularly strong. It is also most remarkable how in certain districts many
French words have been preserved, which are now obsolete in the literary language. At present
I have not the necessary leisure to work out and account for the fact that in Ireland the
dialects of some districts are essentially Scotch whilst in other districts they agree with those of
the West of England. Also it cannot be a mere accident that the dialect of South Pembrokeshire
contains quite a number of words of Flemish origin. Later on I hope to work out these matters
fully, and also to account for the special peculiarities of the Kentish dialects. It will also be easy
to show that a great many words which are now confined to particular districts, were confined
to those districts already in the Middle Ages, e. g. early illustrations of many words still in use
in East Anglia are only to be found in the Promptorium ; the same applies to many modern
Yorkshire words and the York Mystery Plays. In fact, when the Dictionary is completed it will
be of immense value in helping to settle the dialect in which many of our Middle-English
manuscripts were written, and it will throw a flood of light upon many problems connected with
Old and Middle-English phonology.

Any one who takes the pains to examine the Dictionary will find that neither time nor trouble
has been spared in order to obtain accurate information about popular games, customs, and supersti-
tions ; and, as far as possible, to give the literature where further information will be found. In the
etymological part of the dictionary, it must not be assumed that where no etymology is given
there has been no attempt made to find one. The very opposite is the case. It has often happened
that dozens of dictionaries, special glossaries, and articles in philological journals have been carefully
searched without any satisfactory results. In all such instances I have preferred to give nothing
rather than a mere guess. In thousands of instances it will be noticed that there is no previously
printed authority for the use of words in some districts. In all such cases I give the initials of
the persons who supplied the information; and I may add that one of my senior assistants has
spent over a fortnight in verifying these initials; so that they may be accepted as being correct.
Several words found in printed glossaries are omitted from the Dictionary as being 'Ghost Words.'
All such words will be collected together and printed in the last volume.

The number of queries sent out was proportionately greater in the C-words than in A and B,

owing to the great importance of obtaining accurate information about their pronunciation ; as it is

of special value to students of English philology to know in which districts the initial guttural has

remained and in which districts it has become the affricata ch. When the letters C and K are

mshed, it will become evident that several factors have to be taken into consideration in formulating

the laws for the normal development of Germanic initial k-. This volume contains a large number

words which W111 be specially interesting to folk-lorists and English philologists, as well as to the

>f dialects in general; e.g. Acre, Adder, Agate, All, As, At, Bandy sb.\ Banian-day, Banshee,

the scurctwifh

PREFACE vii

Barghest, Barley-break, Barring-out, Baum-rappil, Bcgaged, Beltane, Blin v., Blithemeat, Blue adj., Bly, Bosb.',
Bodcv.\ Boggart sb.\ Bogle, Boit sb?, Bondage, Boneshave, Bood, Boon sb.2, Boorey, Bootsb.2, Boun, Braidv.-,
Bride-ale, Bride-door, Bull sb.', Bungums, Bushel sb.1, Busk v.3, But prep., Buttony, Call v.\ Calve v? and sb.,
Cannv, Cantrip, Car-cake, Carlin(g}s, Carritcli, Catsb.1, Cattern, Char(e sb.1 and v.\ Chilver, Clout, Cock, Come v.\
Coiv, Crack sb.1 and v., Cradden, Crook sb.! and v., Crouse, Crundel, Cuckoo, &c.

Owing to the large number of ^4-words containing Latin and Greek prefixes, the difference between
the number of words beginning with A and B is not great in a dictionary of literary English ; — e. g.
in Webster, A occupies 99 pages and B 81 pages. A occupies 106 pages in the English Dialect Dictionary,
but B occupies no less than 370 pages. The statistics given below will show what an immense wealth
of words there is in our dialects, and from them some idea can also be formed of the enormous amount of
labour involved in the production of this volume. It ought to be mentioned that the figures do not include
the quotations, &c., from early writers, which are placed within square brackets at the end of each article.
Nor is any account taken of the many thousands of cross-references. This volume contains 17,519
simple and compound words, and 2,248 phrases, illustrated by 42,915 quotations with the exact source
from which they have been obtained. There are, in addition, 39,581 references to glossaries, to
manuscript collections of dialect words, and to other sources ; making a total of 82,496 references. These
figures are made up as follows: —

ABC Total

Simple and Compound Words . 1,508 7,789 8,222 I7i5r9

Phrases ...... 379 910 959 2.248

Quotations 6.759 18,198 17,95s 42.915

References without quotations . 2,500 '7,542 '9,539 39, 581

Total references .... 9j259 35,74° 37,497 82,496

As stated on the title-page, the Dictionary is in a great measure founded upon the publications
of the English Dialect Society. It was with this express object in view that the Society was started
at Cambridge in 1873, with the Rev. Prof. Skeat as Secretary and the Rev. J. W. Cartmell
as Treasurer. In 1876 the Headquarters of the Society were removed to Manchester; when J. H. Nodal,
Esq., became the Secretary and G. Milner, Esq., the Treasurer. The Headquarters remained at
Manchester until 1893. During these eighteen years Mr. Nodal rendered most valuable services
to the Society, and it is not too much to say that it was mainly through his great interest in the subject
that the Society published so many excellent County and other glossaries. From 1893 to 1896 the
Headquarters were in Oxford, during which time I acted as Secretary and the Rev. A. L. Mayhew
as Treasurer. After the Dictionary had been begun, it was no longer necessary to continue the existence
of the Society, and it was accordingly brought to an end in 1896 after it had published 80 volumes,
all of which are being incorporated in the Dictionary.

In the year 1886 Professor Skeat raised a fund, to which he contributed nearly half the money
himself, for the purpose of helping to defray the expenses of collecting and arranging the material
for the Dictionary. He had the good fortune to obtain the services of the Rev. A. Smythe Palmer,
D.D., who acted as organizing Editor for two years and a half. During this period Dr. Smythe Palmer
succeeded in getting together and in arranging in rough alphabetical order a large amount of material.
And I take this opportunity of expressing to him my sincere gratitude for all the valuable help he rendered
at this initial stage of the work. In 1889 it was thought the material was sufficiently complete to
enable me to begin to edit the work for press. I accordingly prepared several articles and had them
printed. These articles convinced me that at least twice the amount of the material which had then been
collected would be required before attempting to edit the Dictionary. I issued a circular stating the
kind of help wanted, and sent it to all the principal newspapers and public libraries in the United
Kingdom, as well as to many thousand people who might be likely to help in the work. By this means
the number of voluntary helpers was increased to over 600. It then became advisable to form local Com-
mittees in various parts of the country with the object of getting all the books relating to the respective
districts read and the slips arranged in alphabetical order before being sent to me. After preparing several
lists of books which still remained to be read for the Dictionary, I addressed many meetings on the great

Vlll

PREFACE

value of dialects for philological and other purposes, and succeeded in forming a number of local Committees
which have rendered most valuable assistance. In this connexion I wish to express my best
all the Committees and their Secretaries, and more especially to J. K. Hudson, Esq., B.A, Manchester;
S. K. Craven, Esq., Bradford; R. O. Heslop, Esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; T. C. Peter, Esq., Redruth ;
and W H. Hills, Esq., Ambleside, who have spared neither time, trouble, nor expense in helping to make
the material as complete as possible. I have also the pleasant task of expressing my sincere gratitude
to all the voluntary readers, correspondents, and those people who so kindly placed their manuscript
collections of dialect words at my disposal. From the lists given on pp. ix-xiv it will be seen that some-
thing like a thousand people have in one way or another rendered valuable assistance in the work. In the
Preface it is not necessary to repeat all these names, but I must specially mention the following who
have so largely contributed to make my material what it is:— Mrs. F. A. Allen, Ilminster; H. A. Barnes,
Esq., Farnworth; Dr. G. F. Blandford, London, W. ; the Rev. G. B. R. Bousfield, M.A., London, W. ;
Dr. T. N. Brushfield, Budleigh-Salterton ; Miss E. F. Burton, Carlisle; Miss R. H. Busk, London, W. ;
R. Pearse Chope, Esq., B.A., Bayswater, W. ; G. E. Dartnell, Esq., Salisbury; J. W. Darwood,
Esq., Cambridge; Prof. C. A. Federer, Bradford; Dr. Fitzedward Hall, Marlesford ; the Rev. E. H.
Goddard, M.A., Wootton Bassett; Mrs. S. Hewett, Lynton ; J. K. Hone, Esq., Dudley; E. C. Hulme,
Esq., F.R.C.S., S. Kensington; the Rev. Hamilton Kingsford, M.A., Stoulton ; Miss S. A. Kirby,
London; B. Kirkby, Esq., Batley; Miss E. Lloyd, Crowborough ; the Rev. Dr. Mitchell, S. Leith ;
the Rev. W. M. Morris, M.A., Treherbert ; Mrs. Parker, Oxford; A. Pope, Esq., B.A., Manchester;
Dr. E. W. Prevost, Newnham, Glos. ; Miss Romanes, Oxford ; the Rev. W. F. Rose, M.A., Weston-
super-Mare; the Rev. J. S. F. Singleton, M.A., Weston-super-Mare ; E. Smith, Esq., Birmingham;
J. E. Sugars, Esq., M.A., Manchester; S. P. Unwin, Esq., Shipley; the Rev. Alex. Warrack, M.A., Stranraer;
T. C. Warrington, Esq., B.A., Carnarvon ; I. Wilkinson, Esq., Skelton, Yorks. ; the Rev. G. Williams,
M.A., Thornhill ; Mrs. Joseph Wright, Oxford ; and also the Editors of The Leeds Mercury Supple-
ment, The Penrith Observer, Notes and Queries, and The Yorkshire Weekly Post.

I owe most sincere thanks to my senior Assistants, Miss Partridge, Miss Hart, and Miss Yates,
as also to the other Assistants who have helped so faithfully and excellently in the preparation of
this volume. My special thanks are also due to Mr. Horace Hart, Controller of the University
Press, for much valuable advice in regard to the technic of the Dictionary; and also to Mr. Ostler,
the press reader, for the most excellent manner in which he has read the press proofs. I also express my
deep sense of indebtedness and obligation for the bequest of the late Thomas Hallam, Esq., Manchester,
and for the grant from the Royal Bounty Fund made by the Right Hon. A. J. Balfour, M.P., the
First Lord of the Treasury. Had it not been for this timely substantial support, the labours
of hundreds of people, extending over nearly a quarter of a century, would have been spent
in vain ; for I had exhausted all my own money, amounting to considerably over ,£2,000. And
lastly, to the Delegates of the University Press I owe my best thanks for their great kindness in
providing me with a 'Workshop' at the Press at a nominal rent; but the Delegates, while offering
me every facility for the production of the work, have no responsibility, pecuniary or other, in con-
nexion with it. The whole responsibility of financing -and editing the Dictionary rests upon myself.
I am therefore all the more grateful to the Subscribers who have supported me in this great and
difficult undertaking. They may rest assured that every effort will be made to maintain the present
quality of the work, and to issue the Parts at regular intervals of six months until the Dictionary
is completed.

JOSEPH WRIGHT.

OXFORD,

June 1898.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS

ABBOTT, R. LAMB, Esq., M.A., 113 Banbury Road, Oxford.

ABKRCROMBY, The Hon. J., 62 Palmerston Place, Edin-
burgh.

ABERDEEN PUBLIC LIBRARY (per A. W. ROBERTSON, Esq.,
M.A., Librarian).

ABERDEEN, THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY OF (per P. J.
ANDERSON, Esq., Librarian).

ABERYSTWYTH, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LIBRARY.

ADSHEAD, G. H., Esq., 94 Bolton Road, Pendleton, Man-
chester.

ADVOCATES LIBRARY, EDINBURGH (per J. T. CLARK, Esq.,
Librarian).

AlLSA, The Most Hon. the Marquis of, Culzean Castle,
Maybole, Ayrshire.

AITKEN, JAMES H., Esq., Gartcows, Falkirk, N.B. [Sp.E.}

ALCOCK, CHARLES, Esq., M.A., Ph.D., Lord Weymouth's
Grammar School, Warminster.

ALCOCK, S. KING, Esq., M.D., Burslem (per HENRY
FROWDE).

ALDENHAM, The Right Hon. Lord, Aldenham House, near
Elstree, Herts.

ALLBUTT, ARTHUR, Esq., M.R.C.P.E..24 Park Square, Leeds.

ALLBUTT, Prof. T. C., M.D., Chaucer Road, Cambridge.

ALLCOCK, C. H., Esq., M.A., Eton College, Windsor.

ALLEN, The Rev. Canon S. W., H Belmont, Shrewsbury
(per Messrs. ADNITT & NAUNTON, Booksellers). [Sp.E.}

ALLIOTT, The Rev. RICHARD, M.A., Nonconformist Gram-
mar School, Bishop's Stortford (per A. BOARDMAN,
Bookseller, Bishop's Stortford).

ALLSOPP, The Hon. A. PERCY, Battenhall Mount, Worcester.
(2 copies.)

ALL SOULS COLLEGE LIBRARY, OXFORD (per C. W. C.
OMAN, Esq., M.A., Librarian).

ALMA TADEMA, Miss LAWRENCE, 17 Grove End Road,
London, N.W.

AMHERST COLLEGE LIBRARY, AMHERST, Mass., U.S.A. (per
E. G. ALLEN, Bookseller, 28 Henrietta Street, Covent
Garden, London, W.C.).

ANDERSON, WILLIAM, Esq., F.S.A., Scot., Arns-Brae, New
Kilpatrick, N.B.

ANDREWS & Co., Messrs., Booksellers, 64 Saddler Street,
Durham.

ANSTRUTHER, Sir RALPH, Bart., Balcaskie, Pittenweem,
N.B.

ARCHER-HIND, R. D., Esq., M.A., Trinity College, Cam-
bridge.

ARGYLL, His Grace the Duke of, K.G., K.T., Inveraray
Castle.

ARKWRIGHT, E. H., Esq., M.A., School House, Chigwell.

ARLOSH, JAMES, Esq., Littlemore, Oxford.

ARMOUR, The Rev. Canon, D.D., The School House, Crosby,
Liverpool (per Messrs. F. & E. GIBBONS, Booksellers,
19 Ranelagh Street, Liverpool).

ARMSTRONG, L., Esq., Walby, Weston-super-Mare.

ARNOLD, Prof. E. V., M.A., Bryn Seiriol, Bangor, N. Wales.

ASHER & Co., Messrs., 13 Bedford Street, Covent Garden,

London, W.C. (9 copies.)
ASTON MANOR PUBLIC LIBRARY, near BIRMINGHAM (per

R. K. DENT, Esq., Librarian).
ATHENAEUM CLUB, Pall Mall, London, S.W. (per H. T.

TEDDER, Esq., Librarian).
ATKIN, E. TH., Esq., Highbury House, Kenwood Road,

Sheffield. [Sp.E.]
ATKINSON, The Rev. Canon, D.C.L., Danby Parsonage,

Castleton, Yorks.
ATKINSON FREE LIBRARY, SOUTHPORT (per TH. NEWMAN,

Esq., Librarian).

AUDEN, The Rev. THOMAS, M.A., F.S.A., Condover Vicar-
age, Shrewsbury.

BACCHUS, The Rev. F., The Oratory, Edgbaston, B'ham.
BAGWELL, RICHARD, Esq., Marlfield, Clonmel.
BAIN, JAMES, Esq., I Haymarket, London.
BAINBRIDGE, CUTHBERT, Esq., Leazes House, Wolsingham,

near Darlington.
BALA, THE THEOLOGICAL COLLEGE LIBRARY, N. WALES

(per J. A. JONES, Esq., Registrar).
BANG, Prof. W., Louvain, Belgium.
BANKS, KIRBY, Esq., Rose Villa, Burton Hill, Leeds (per

HENRY FROWDE).
BARDSLEY, The Right Rev. J. W., D.D., Lord Bishop of

Carlisle, Rose Castle, Carlisle.
BARLOW, JOHN R., Esq., J.P., Greenthorn, Edgworth, near

Bolton, Lanes.
BARLOW, THOMAS, Esq., M.D., 10 Wimpole Street,

London, W.
BARNES, HAROLD A., Esq., Crompton Fold, Breightmet,

Bolton, Lanes.

BARNETT, J. D., Esq., Stratford, Ontario, Canada.
BARROW-IN-FURNESS FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY (per T.

ALDRED, Esq., Librarian).

BARTLETT, ALFRED, Esq., M.A., Loughborough, Leicester-
shire.
BARWELL, The Rev. A. H. SANXAY, M.A., Clapham Rectory,

Worthing.
BATES, E. B., Esq., Assistant Postmaster, Ottawa, Canada.

[Sp.E.}

BATSON, Mrs. STEPHEN, Welford Rectory, Newbury.
BATTERSEA PUBLIC LIBRARY, Lavender Hill, London, S.W.

(per LAWRENCE INKSTER, Esqv Librarian).
BAUMGARTNER, Prof. A., Hottingen, Ziirich, Switzerland (per

HENRY FROWDE).

BAXTER, JAMES C., Esq., 45 Heriot Row, Edinburgh.
BAYFORD, EDWIN, Esq., 20 Eldon Street, Barnsley.
BAYLIS, J. W., Bookseller, Evesham (per HENRY FROWDE).
BEALBY, J. T., Esq., B.A., Graden, Regent's Park Road,

Finchley, London, N.
BEDFORD LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTE AND

GENERAL LIBRARY (per H. M. DYMOCK, Esq., Hon.

Secretary).

b

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS

BEDFORD MODERN SCHOOL (per The Rev. ROBERT B.

POOLE, D.D.).
BELJAME, Prof. A., The Sorbonne, Paris (per Messrs. BOY-

VEAU & CHEVILLET, 22 Rue de la Banque, Paris).
BELL, HENRY, Esq., Heathfield, Stockport.
BELL, HUGH, Esq., Red Barns, Redcar.
BELL, RUSSELL, Esq., Sheriff's Substitute, Campbeltown,

Argyllshire.

BELL, W. HEWARD, Esq., Seend, Melksham, Wilts.
BELLAMY, C. H., Esq., F.R.G.S., Brock Road, Heaton

Chapel (per Messrs. W. N. PITCHER & Co., 49 Cross

Street, Manchester).

BENNION, J. A., Esq., M.A., M.Sc., County Offices, Preston.
BENTINCK-SMITH, Miss M., Park Terrace, Beverley, Yorks.
BEST, JOHN D., Esq., M.A., The College, Chester.
BETHELL, WILLIAM, Esq., Rise Park, Hull.
BICKERS & SON, Messrs., Booksellers, I Leicester Square,

London, W. (2 copies.)
BILLSON, CHARLES J., Esq., M.A., St. John's Lodge, Claren-

don Park, Leicester.

BILSLAND, WILLIAM, Esq., 28 Park Circus, Glasgow.
BINDLOSS, Mrs. S. A., Carnforth, Brondesbury Park,

London, N.W.
BINNS, J£THELBERT, Esq., Wilsden, near Bradford, Yorks.

BlRKENHEAD FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY (per WILLIAM MAY,

Esq., Librarian).
BIRKETT, D. M., Esq., M.A., Grammar School House,

Sevenoaks, Kent.
BIRMINGHAM LIBRARY, Union Street, Birmingham (per

C. E. SCARSE, Esq., Librarian).
BIRMINGHAM NAT. HIST. AND PHIL. Soc. (per WALKER

E. COLLINGS, Esq., Mason College, Birmingham).
BLACKBURN, Prof. JOSEPH, M. A., Roshven,Moidart, Scotland.
BLACKIE, J. ALEXANDER, Esq. (per Messrs. BLACKIE & SON,

Limited, 17 Stanhope Street, Glasgow).
BLACKPOOL FREE LIBRARY (per Miss K. LEWTAS, Librarian).
BLACKWELL, B. H., Bookseller, Broad Street, Oxford.
BLAIR, ROBERT, Esq., F.S.A., Harton Lodge, near South

Shields.
BLAKISTON, The Rev. R. MILBURN, F.S.A., 7 Dean's Yard,

Westminster, S.W.

BLAND, R., Esq., Three Gables, Grove Park, Kent.
BLANDFORD, G. FIELDING, Esq., M.D., 48 Wimpole Street,

London, W.
BLUNDELL'S SCHOOL LIBRARY, TIVERTON (per A. L.

FRANCIS, Esq., M.A.).

BOND, EDWARD, Esq., Elm Bank, Hampstead, London, N.W.
BOND, J. KINTON, Esq., B.A., 13 The Crescent, Plymouth.
BONN, UNIVERSITATSBIBLIOTHEK, GERMANY (per Prof.

TRAUTMANN).
BOOTLE FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY (per J. J. OGLE, Esq.,

Librarian).
BOSTON ATHENAEUM, BOSTON, U.S.A. (per Messrs. KEGAN

PAUL, TRENCH & Co.).
BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY, BOSTON, U.S.A. (per Messrs.

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH & Co.).
BOULTER, H. B., Esq., F.R.C.S., Barnard House, Richmond,

Surrey.

BOURDILLON, F. W., Esq., Melton Lodge, Great Malvern.
BOURNEMOUTH PUBLIC LIBRARY (per CH. RIDDLE, Esq.,

Librarian).
BOUSFIELD, The Rev. G. B. R., 248 Portsdown Road,

London, W.

BOWDITCH, CHARLES, Esq., 28 State Street, Boston, Mass.,

U .S . A .

BOWEN, H. COURTHOPE, Esq., 3 York Street, Portman
Square, London, W.

Esq'' CambridSe (Per MACMILLAN &

BRADBURY, C. T., Esq., Riversvale Hall, Ashton-under-

Lyne.
BRADFIELD COLLEGE LIBRARY, BERKSHIRE (per The Rev

H. B. GRAY, D.D.).
BRADFORD FREE LIBRARY, Darley Street (per BUTLER

\\-OOD, Esq., Librarian).

BRADLEY, Prof. A. C., M.A., 10 Bruce St., Hillhead, Glasgow.
BRADLEY, HENRY, Esq., M.A., 96 Bolingbroke Grove,

Wandsworth Common. London, S.W.
BRAMSTON, Miss .A. R-, Witham Close, Winchester.
BRANDL, Prof. A., Ph.D., Berlin.
BRASENOSE COLLEGE LIBRARY, OXFORD (per Messrs.

JAMES PARKER & Co.).
BRAUNHOLTZ, E. G. W., Esq., M.A., Ph.D., 37 Chesterton

Road, Cambridge.
BRENAN, The Rev. SAMUEL ARTHUR, Knocknacarry, Co.

Antrim.

BRENNER, Prof. O., Ph.D., Wurzburg, Bavaria.
BRERETON, The Rev. F. L., M.A., North Eastern County

School, Barnard Castle.

BRETT, CHARLES H., Esq., Gretton Malone, Belfast.
BREUL, KARL, Esq., M.A., Ph.D., Litt.D., 19 Chesterton

Road, Cambridge.

BRIGG, JOHN J., Esq., M.A., Guard House, Keighley, Yorks.
BRIGHT, Prof. JAMES W., Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University,

Baltimore, Ma., U.S.A.
BRIGHTON PUBLIC LIBRARY (per F. W. MADDEN, Esq.,

Librarian).
BRISTOL, The Most Hon. the Marquis of, 6 St. James's

Square, London, S.W. [Sp.E.}
BRITTEN, JAMES, Esq., 18 West Square, London, S.E.
BRIXTON OVAL (THE TATE) LIBRARY, LONDON (per FRANK

J. BURGOYNE, Esq., Librarian).

BROCKHAUS, F. A., Bookseller, 48 Old Bailey, London, E.G.
BROCKINGTON, W. A.. Esq., Mason College, Birmingham.
BROMLEY HOUSE LIBRARY, NOTTINGHAM (per W. MOORE,

Esq., Librarian).
BROOKE, THOMAS, Esq., F.S.A., Armitage Bridge, Hudders-

field. [Sp.E.}
BROOKFIELD, Mrs., 2 Devonshire Villas, Brondesbury,

London, N.W.

BROWN, Prof. ALEX. CRUM, 8 Belgrave Crescent, Edinburgh.
BROWN, Prof. EDWARD MILES, University of Cincinnati,

Ohio, U.S.A.
BROWN, JOHN A. HARVIE, Esq., Dunipace House, Larbert,

N.B.

BROWN, Prof. J. CAMPBELL, D.Sc., Brownlow Street, Liver-
pool. [Sp.E]
BROWN, ROBERT, Esq., Jun., F.S.A., Priestgate House,

Barton-on-Humber, Hull.

BROWN, WILLIAM, Esq., Trenholme, Northallerton.
BROWN, The Rev. W. HAIG, LL.D., Charterhouse School,

Godalming. [Sp.E]

BRUCE, ALEX., Esq., Clyne House, Pollokshields, Glasgow.
BRUCE, Prof. JAMES DOUGLAS, Bryn Mawr, Penn., U.S.A.
BRUCE, R. T. HAMILTON, Esq., 32 George Square, Edin-
burgh. [Sp.E.]
BRUNEL, ISAMBARD, Esq., D.C.L., Athenaeum Club, London,

S.W.
BRUNNER, Sir JOHN T., Bart., M.P., Druids Cross, Waver-

tree, Liverpool (per HENRY FROWDE).
BRUNNER, ROSCOE, Esq., Druids Cross, Wavertree, Liver-
pool (per HENRY FROWDE).

BRUSHFIELD, T. N., Esq., M.D., Budleigh-Salterton, Devon.
BRYN MAWR COLLEGE LIBRARY, Penn., U.S.A. (per Messrs.

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH & Co.).
BUCKMAN, S. S., Esq., F.G.S., Ellborough, Charlton Kings,

Cheltenham (per JOHN H. KNOWLES, Bookseller, 15

Rush Hill Road, Lavender Hill, London, S.W.).
BiiLBRiNG, Prof. KARL D., Ph.D., Groningen, Holland (per

DAVID NUTT, 270 Strand, London, W.C.).
BULL, C. M., Esq., Kennett, Doods Road, Reigate.
BULLER, The Right Hon. Sir REDVERS H., V.C., G.C.B.,

29 Bruton Street, London, W.

BUMBY, Mr. FRED E., University College, Nottingham.
BUND, J.W.WILLIS, Esq., 15 Old Square, Lincoln's Inn,

London, W.C.
BURNLEY LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY (per

JOHN ALLEN, Esq., Hon.. Sec.).
BURNSIDE, W., Esq., The Laurels, Hither Green Lane,

London, S.E.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS

XI

BURRA, JAMES S., Esq., Bockhanger, Ashford, Kent.

BURTT, G. W., Esq., 1 14 Manor House Road, Newcastle-on-
Tyne.

BUTE, The Most Hon. the Marquis of, 22A Queen Anne's
Gate, Westminster, London, S.W. (per RENE F. R.
CONDER, Esq., Librarian), [i ordinary and I Sp.E.]

BYRDE, The Rev. R. A., M.A., Allhallows School, Honiton,
Devon.

BVRNE, L. S. R., Esq., M.A., Eton College, Windsor.

BVROM, J. LEWIS, Esq., Brookland Lodge, Delph, near Man-
chester.

BYWATER, Prof. INGRAM, M.A., Norham Gardens, Oxford.

CADDICK, EDWARD, Esq., Wellington Road, Edgbaston,

Birmingham. [Sp.E.]
CAIUS COLLEGE LIBRARY, CAMBRIDGE (per W. T. LEN-

DRUM, Esq., M.A., Librarian).
CAMBRIDGE PUBLIC FREE LIBRARY (per Messrs. MAC-

M1LLAN & BOWES, Cambridge).
CAMPBELL, J. ALEX., Esq., Stracathro, Brechin, N.B.
CANDLISH, The Rev. J. S., D.D., Free Church College,

Glasgow.
CANTERBURY, THE DEAN AND CHAPTER LIBRARY, THE

PRECINCTS, CANTERBURY (per The Right Rev. the

BISHOP OF DOVER, Librarian).
CARDIFF PUBLIC LIBRARIES, CARDIFF (per JOHN BAL-

LINGER, Esq.).
CARLINGFORD, The Right Hon. Lord, K.P., Chewton Priory,

Bath.
CARLISLE, THE FREE LIBRARY COMMITTEE, TULLIE

HOUSE (per R. BATEMAN, Esq., Librarian).
CARMICHAEL, Sir THOMAS D. GIBSON, Bart., M.P., Castle-

craig, Dolphinton, N.B.
CARPENTER, The Right Rev. W. BOYD, D.D., Lord Bishop

of Ripon, The Palace, Ripon.
CARTER, Rev. H. J. (per MACMILLAN & BOWES).
CARTER, Miss MARY H., The Cottage, Headington Hill,

Oxford.
CARY-ELWES, V., Esq., F.S.A., The Manor House, Brigg,

Lines.
CASARTELLI, The Rev. L. C, Ph.D., St. Bede's College,

Manchester.
CAZENOVE, C. D., Bookseller, 26 Henrietta Street, Covent

Garden, London, W.C. (2 copies.)
CECIL, HENRY, Esq., Bregner, Bournemouth.
CHADWICK, S. J., Esq., F.S.A., Oxford Road, Dewsbury,

Yorks.
CHALMERS, F. RASHLEIGH, Esq., 44 Broadway, New York,

U.S.A.
CHAMBERLAIN, The Right Hon. J., M.P., Highbury, Moor

Green, Birmingham.

CHAMBERS, Messrs. W. & R., 339 High Street, Edinburgh.
CHAMPNEYS, A. C., Esq., M.A., The College, Marlborough.
CHANCE, F., Esq., Burleigh House, 35 Sydenham Hill,

London, S.E.
CHARTERHOUSE SCHOOL LIBRARY, GODALMING (per The

Rev. W. HAIG BROWN, LL.D.).

P CHASE, Miss ELLEN, Heath Hill, Brookline, Mass., U.S.A.
CHASE, FRANK H., Esq., 51 Trumbull Street, New Haven,

Conn., U.S.A.
CHEETHAM, The Ven. S., D.D., Archdeacon of Rochester,

The Precincts, Rochester.
CHELSEA PUBLIC LIBRARY, LONDON, S.W. (per J. H.

QUINN, Esq., Librarian).
CHETHAM'S LIBRARY, HUNT'S BANK, MANCHESTER (per

W. J. BROWNE, Esq., Librarian).

CHETTLE, HENRY, Esq., 76 Ridge Road, Hornsey, London, N.
CHILD, Prof. FRANCIS J., Ph.D., LL.D., Cambridge, Mass.,

U.S.A. (per B. F. STEVENS).
CHOLMELEY, ROBERT F., Esq., M.A., St. Paul's School,

London, W.

CHOPE, R. PEARSE, Esq., B.A., The Patent Office, 25 South-
ampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, W.C.
CHORLTON, THOMAS, Esq., 32 Brazenose Street, Manchester.
CHRISTIAN, GEORGE, Esq., Redgate, Uppingham, Rutland.

CHRISTIANIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY (per Messrs. KEGAN

PAUL, TRENCH & Co.).
CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE LIBRARY, OXFORD (per Messrs.

JAMES PARKER & Co.).
CHRIST'S COLLEGE LIBRARY, CAMBRIDGE (per NORMAN

MCLEAN, Esq., M.A., Librarian).

CHURCH, W. S., Esq., M.D., 130 Harley Street, London, W.
CLARE COLLEGE LIBRARY, CAMBRIDGE (per The Rev. Dr.

ATKINSON).
CLARENDON, The Right Hon. the Earl of, The Grove,

Watford.
CLARK, CHARLES J., Bookseller, 4 Lincoln's Inn Fields,

London, W.C.

CLARK, Prof. E. C., LL.D., Newnham House, Cambridge.
CLARK, E. K., Esq., 13 Well Close Place, Leeds.
CLARK, The Rev. J. MEEK, M.A., Arborfield, Weybridge.
CLARK, OSCAR W., Esq., M.B., Rahere, Brunswick Road,

Gloucester.
CLAYE, H. SANDFORD, Esq., Park Lane, Macclesfield,

Cheshire. [Sp.E.]
CLERKENWELL PUBLIC LIBRARY, LONDON, E.G. (per J. D.

BROWN, Esq., Librarian).
CLIFTON COLLEGE LIBRARY, BRISTOL (per A. T. MARTIN,

Esq., Librarian).
CLITHEROE FREE LIBRARY, LANCS. (per JAMES ROBINSON,

Esq., Librarian.)

CLOUSTON, TH. S., Esq., M.D., Tipperlinn House, Morning-
side Place, Edinburgh.

COCHRANE, Miss JANET, 10 Bondgate Without, Alnwick.
COCK, ALFRED, Esq., Q.C., 8 Kensington Park Gardens,

London, W.

COHEN, F., Buchhandlung, Bonn, Germany.
COLDICOTT, ARTHUR C., Esq., Ullenhall, Henley-in-Arden,

near Birmingham.

COLE, The Rev. R. E., M.A., Doddington Rectory, Lincoln.
COMPTON, The Right Rev. Lord ALWYNE, D.D., Lord

Bishop of Ely, The Palace, Ely..
COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY, PRINCETON, U.S.A. (per G. E.

STECHERT, Bookseller).
COLLITZ, Prof. HERMANN, Ph.D., Bryn Mawr College, Bryn

Mawr, Penn., U.S.A. (per G. E. STECHERT, 30 Welling-
ton Street, Strand, W.C.).
COLORADO, UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, BUCKINGHAM LIBRARY,

Boulder, Colo., U.S.A. (per E. G. ALLEN).
COLUMBIA COLLEGE LIBRARY, NEW YORK CITY, U.S.A.

(per G. E. STECHERT).

CONSTABLE, Messrs. T. & A., University Press, Edinburgh.
CONWAY, Prof. R. SEYMOUR, M.A., Redcroft, Llandaff, near

Cardiff.
COOK, Prof. ALBERT S., Ph.D., Yale University, New Haven,

Conn., U.S.A.

COOPER, Miss A. J., 50 Colebrooke Row, London, N.
COOPER, The Rev. T. S., F.S.A., Chiddingfold, Godalming.
COPLEY, A. B., Esq., School of Shorthand, Rutland Street,

Leicester.
CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, ITHACA, U.S.A. (per E. G.

ALLEN, London, W.C.).
CORNISH BROTHERS, Messrs., Booksellers, 37 New Street,

Birmingham. (2 copies.)
CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE LIBRARY, OXFORD (per The

Rev. CHARLES PLUMMER, M.A., Librarian).
COSIJN, Prof. P. J., Ph.D., Leyden, Holland.
COULSTON, The Rev. G., D.D., St. Cuthbert's College,

Ushaw, Durham.
COURTNEY, The Right Hon. L., M.P., 15 Cheyne Walk,

Chelsea.

COURTNEY, Miss M.A., Trenance, Penzance, Cornwall.
COWEN, JOSEPH, Esq., Stella Hall, Blaydon-on-Tyne. [Sp.E.}
CRAIG, W. J., Esq., Ardverness, Reigate.
CRAIGIE, WILLIAM A., Esq., M.A., United College, St.

Andrews, N.B.

CRAMPTON, W. T., Esq., Parcmont, Roundhay, near Leeds.
CRAVEN, E., Esq., Mulcture Hall, Eastwood, Todmorden.
CRAWFORD, The Right Hon. The Earl of, K.T., Haigh
Hall, Wigan.

ba

Xll

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS

CREWE, The Right Hon. The Earl of, Crewe Hall, Crewe.

\Sp.E.] (2 copies.)

CROCKETT, S. R., Esq., Bank House, Penicuick, Midlothian.
CROFTON, H. T., Esq., 36 Brazenose Street, Manchester.
CROSS, The Rev. JOHN EDWARD, M.A., Halecote, Grange-

over-Sands.
CROSSLEY, JAMES, Bookseller, 19 Union Street, Halifax,

Yorks. (2 copies.)
GROSSMAN, Maj.-Gen. Sir WILLIAM, K.C.M.G., Cheswick

House, Beal, R.S.O., Northumberland.
CRUICK.SHANK, J. W., Esq., Coorabe Head, Haslemere,

Surrey.
CRUSO, The Rev. H. E. T., M.A., Tunstall Rectory, Sitting-

bourne.
CUMMINGS, WILLIAM H., Esq., Sydcote, West Dulwich,

London, S.E.
CURLE, JAMES, Esq., Jun., F.S.A., Priorwood, Melrose, N.I?.

DALE, Messrs. JOHN, & Co., Booksellers, 17 Bridge Street,

Bradford, Yorks.
DALTON, The Rev. Canon, F.S.A., C.M.G., St. George's,

Windsor Castle.
DANIEL, The Rev. W. EUSTACE, M.A., East Pennard,

Shepton Mallet.
DARLINGTON, T., Esq., M.A., Glynderwen, Alleyn Road,

West Dulwich, S.E.
DARMSTADT, GROSSH. HOFBIBLIOTHEK (per TRUBNER'S

BUCHHANDLUNG, Strassburg).
DAVIDSON, HUGH, Esq., Braedale, Lanark.
DAVIDSON, THOMAS, Esq., 339 High Street, Edinburgh.
DAVIES, The Rev. T. WITTON, B.A., Midland Baptist

College, Nottingham.
DAY, T. J., Bookseller, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (per

HENRY FROWDE).

DAYMAN, F. S., Esq., Ashley Court, Tiverton, Devon.
DEEDES, The Rev. CECIL, M.A., 2 Clifton Terrace, Brighton.
DEES, R. R.,Esq.,The Hall.Wallsend, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
DEIGHTON, BELL & Co., Messrs., Booksellers, Cambridge.

(5 copies.)
DENNY, Messrs. A. & F., Booksellers, 304 Strand, London,

W.C. (2 copies.)
DENWOOD, JOHN, Esq., Morland Place, Brigham Road,

Cockermouth, Cumberland (per AE. BINNS, Wilsden).

[Sp.E.]
DERBY FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY (per W. CROWTHER, Esq.,

Librarian).
DERBY, The Right Hon. the Earl of, G.C.B., Knowsley

Hall, Prescot, Lanes, (per The Rev. JOHN RICHARDSON,

Librarian). [Sp.E.]
DEVON AND EXETER ALBERT MEMORIAL MUSEUM,

TECHNICAL AND UNIVERSITY EXTENSION COLLEGE

AND FREE LIBRARY, EXETER (per JAMES DALLAS,

Esq., Librarian).

DEW, GEORGE JAMES, Esq., Lower Heyford, Banbury.
DEWAR, WILLIAM, Esq., M.A., Rugby School, Ru^by
DEWSBURY, THE PUBLIC LIBRARY (per W. H. SMITH, Esq.,

Librarian).

DICK, J., Esq., 1 1 Osborne Avenue, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
DIXIE, WALTER J., Esq., 27 Park Street, Windsor, Berks.'
DOBLE, C. E., Esq., M.A., 21 Winchester Road, Oxford.
DOGGETT, HUGH G., Esq., Springfield, Leigh Woods,

Clifton, Bristol.
DONALDSON, JAMES, Esq., LL.D., Principal of the Uni-

versity, St. Andrews, N.B.
DOTESIO, W.C., Bookseller, Bra dford-on- Avon (per HENRY

FROWDE).

EDWARD' LL'D" Buona Vista> Killiney,

> Bi™ingham (per HENRY

(2 copies.)

The Rev. H., M.A, Hawarden, Chester.

^SH LiBRA*Y> Gordon S£luare. London, W.C.
W. H., Esq., Gorway, Walsall.

.
& C°" Booksellers> 37 Soho Square,

DUNN, G., Esq., 3 Greenhill Place, Edinburgh.

DURHAM CATHEDRAL LIBRARY (for the Dean and Chapter,

per The Rev. W. GREENWELL, D.C.L., F.R.S.,

Librarian).
DURHAM SCHOOL LIBRARY (per The Rev. W. HOBHOUSE,

M.A.).
DURHAM UNIVERSITY LIBRARY (per Messrs. ANDREWS

& Co., Durham).
DYSON, GEORGE, Esq., Argyle Street, Marsden, near Hud-

dersfield.

EARLE, The Rev. Prof. JOHN, M.A., Oxford (per Messrs.
JAMES PARKER & Co.).

EASTWOOD, JOHN ADAM, Esq., 49 Princess Street, Man-
chester.

ECCLES, Miss JANE HELEN, 3 Dean's Yard, Westminster
Abbey, London, S.W. [Sp.E.]

EDINBURGH ACADEMY LIBRARY, Henderson Row, Edin-
burgh (per G. B. GREEN, Esq., Librarian).

EDINBURGH, THE PUBLIC LIBRARY (per H. MORRISON,
Esq., Librarian).

EDINBURGH, THE SIGNET LIBRARY (per THOS. G. LAW,
Esq., Librarian).

EDWARDES, The Rev. DAVID, M.A., Denstone College,
Staffordshire.

EDWARDS, TREVOR, Esq., West Riding Solicitor, Wakefield.

EGERTON, Prof. CHARLES W., M.A., University College,
Auckland, New Zealand.

EINENKEL, Prof. Dr. EUGENE, 92 Hammerstrasse, Miinster,
Westphalia.

ELLERSHAW, The Rev. HENRY, M.A., Hatfield Hall, Durham
(per Messrs. ANDREWS & Co., Booksellers, Durham).

ELLIOT, ANDREW, Bookseller, 17 Princes Street, Edinburgh.

ELLIS, Miss CHARLOTTE, The Hall, Belgrave, Leicester.

ELLIS, F. S., Esq., The Red House, Chelston, Torquay.

ELWORTHY, FREDERICK T., Esq., Foxdown, Wellington,
Somerset.

EMERSON, P. H., Esq., B.A., M.B., North Cliff Lodge,
Lowestoft.

EMRYS-JONES, A., Esq., M.D., J.P., Brynderw, Fallowfield,
Manchester.

ERDMANN, Prof. AXEL, Upsala, Sweden.

ERLANGEN, SEMINAR FUR ROMANISCHE UND ENGLISCHE
PHILOLOGIE (per Prof. VARNHAGEN).

ERLANGEN, UNIVERSITATSBIBLIOTHEK (per Prof. VARN-
HAGEN).

EVANS, H. A., Esq., 16 Manchester Road, Chorlton-cum-
Hardy, Manchester.

EVANS, H. E. G., Esq., St. Mary's House, Tenby.

EVANS, J. GWENOGFRYN, Esq., M.A., 7 Clarendon Villas,
Oxford. [Sp.E.]

EVANS, W. H., Esq., 15 Victoria Square, Reading.

EXETER COLLEGE LIBRARY, OXFORD.

FACULTY OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS, GLASGOW (per

JAMES MACLEHOSE & SONS).
FACULTY OF PROCURATORS LIBRARY, GLASGOW (per

J. MuiR, Esq., Librarian).
FAIRCHILD, The Hon. C. S., LL.D., 46 Wall Street, New

York City, U.S.A.
FARRAH, JOHN, Esq., F.R.Met.Soc., Crescent Road, Harro-

gate.
FARWELL, GEORGE, Esq., 60 Queen's Gardens, Lancaster

Gate, London, W.
FAUNTHORPE, The Rev. J. P., M.A., Whitelands College,

Chelsea, London, S.W.

FEDERER, Prof. CH. A., L.C.P., 8 Hallfield Road, Bradford.
FERGUSON, The Rev. JOHN, B.D., The Manse, Aberdalgie,

Perth, N.B.

FERGUSON, Prof. JOHN, M.A., Glasgow.
FERGUSON, ROBERT, Esq., F.S.A., Morton, Carlisle.
FICKLING, W., Esq., M.A., St. Peter's College, Peterborough.
FIEDLER, Prof. GEORG, Ph.D., Mason College, Birmingham.
FINDLAY, J. R., Esq., 3 Rothesay Terrace, Edinburgh.
FIRTH, C. H., Esq., M.A., 33 Norham Road, Oxford.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS

Xlll

FISCHER, Prof. HERMANN, Ph.D., Tiibingen, Germany.
FISHER, THOMAS, Esq., Carhead, Crossbills, via Keighley.
FLEMING, GEORGE, Esq., C.B., LL.D., Higher Leigh, Combe

Martin, North Devon.

FLETCHER, CHARLES K., Esq., Kenward, Yalding, Maidstone.
FLETCHER, The Rev. GEORGE, Wesleyan College, Richmond,

Surrey.
FLUGEL, Prof. EWALD, Ph.D., Stanford University, Calif.,

U.S.A. (per MAX NIEMEYER, Bookseller, Halle, a. S.,

Germany).

FOGGITT, WILLIAM, Esq., South Villa, Thirsk, Yorks.
FoOTE, S. H. WELLS, Esq., Leigham Court Road, Streatham,

London, S.W.
FORD, A. L., Esq., Gwynallt, Lynmouth, Devon (per JOHN

GALWAY, Bookseller, 17 Garrick Street, Covent Garden,

London).
F6RSTER, MAX TH. W., Esq., Ph.D., 28 Giergasse, Bonn,

Germany (per Messrs. ROHRSCHEID £ EBBECKE, Book-
sellers, Bonn).

FOSTER, T. GREGORY, Esq., University College, London, W.C.
FOWLER, The Rev. J. T., D.C.L., Bishop Hadfield's Hall,

Durham (per Messrs. ANDREWS & Co., Durham).
FOWLER, W. WARDE, Esq., M.A., Lincoln College, Oxford.
Fox, ARTHUR W., Esq., Albion House, The Downs, Bowdon,

Cheshire.
Fox, FRANCIS F., Esq., Yate House, Chipping Sodbury,

Gloucester.

FRANCIS, A. L., Esq., Blundell's School, Tiverton, Devon.
FRANKLAND, M., Esq., The Grammar School, Ossett, Yorks.
FRANKLIN, W. E., Bookseller, Newcastle-on-Tyne (per

HENRY FROWDE).

FRASER, H. E., Esq., M.B., 63 Church Street, Inverness, N.B.
FRASER, JOHN, Esq., I Railway Cottages, Spekeland Road,

Liverpool. (2 copies?)
FREEMAN, J. J., Esq., Halliford-on-Thames, Middlesex.

[Sp.E.}
FREE CHURCH COLLEGE LIBRARY, THE, Lynedoch Street,

Glasgow (per W. CANDISH, Esq., Librarian).
FREIBURG, BIBLIOTHEK DES SEMINARS FUR GERMANISCHE

PHILOLOGIE, ENGLISCHE ABTHEILUNG AN DER UNI-

VERSITAT, Baden, Germany.

FREIBURG, UNIVERSITATSBIBLIOTHEK, Baden, Germany.
FRY, Mrs. FRANCIS J., Eversley, Leigh Woods, Clifton,

Bristol.
FURNIVALL, F. J., Esq., M.A., Ph.D., 3 St. George's Square,

London, N.W.

GALLAWAY, ALEX., Esq., Dirgarve, Aberfeldy, N.B.

GALLEE, Prof. J. H., Ph.D., Utrecht, Holland.

GEDEN, A. S., Esq., Wesleyan College, Richmond, Surrey.

GENERAL- ASSEMBLY LIBRARY, Wellington, New Zealand
(per HENRY FROWDE).

GEORGE'S SONS, Messrs. WILLIAM, Booksellers, Park Street,
Bristol. (3 copies.)

GERISH, W. B., Esq., 3 Oxford Villas, Womley, Herts.

GERRANS, H. T., Esq., M.A., 20 St. John's Street, Oxford.

GIBBS, ANTHONY, Esq., Tyntesfield, Bristol. [Sp.E.]

GIESSEN, UNIVERSITATSBIBLIOTHEK (per HIRSCHFELD
BROS., Booksellers, Bream's Buildings, Fetter Lane,
London, E.G.).

GIGGLESWICK SCHOOL LIBRARY, SETTLE (per PH. BEAR-
CROFT, Esq., Librarian).

GILES, P., Esq., M.A., 10 Park Terrace, Cambridge.

GILLIAT, The Rev. E., M.A., Harrow-on-the-Hill, London.

GLADSTONE, The Right Hon. HERBERT, M.P., 4 Cleve-
land Square, St. James's, London, S.W.

GLADSTONE, The Right Hon. W. E., Hawarden Castle,
Hawarden.

GLASGOW, BAILLIES INSTITUTION FREE LIBRARY (per W.
SIMPSON, Esq., Librarian).

GLASGOW UNIVERSITY LIBRARY (per Messrs. J. MACLE-
HOSE & SONS, Booksellers, Glasgow).

GOLLANCZ, L, Esq., M.A., 54 Sidney Street, Cambridge.

GOMME, G. L., Esq., F.S.A., 24 Dorset Square, London, N.W.

GOODWIN, D. G., Esq., Buildwas, Ironbridge, Shropshire.

GORDON, The Rev. J. M., M.A., St. John's Vicarage, Redhill,

Surrey.
GORDON, The Right Rev. Dr., Bishop's House, Leeds (per

J. DODGSON, Bookseller, Albion Street, Leeds).
Goss, WILLIAM HENRY, Esq., Bank House, Stoke-upon-

Trent (per R. HEAD, Bookseller, 11 High Street,

Congleton).

GOSTEKER, CH., Esq., Moorthorpe, Darwen. [Sp.E.]
GOTEBORGS STADSBIBLIOTEK (per H. GREVEL & Co,

Booksellers, 33 King Street, Covent Garden, London,

W.C.).
GOTT, The Right Rev. JOHN, D.D., Lord Bishop of Truro,

Trenython, Par Station, Cornwall.
Gow, JAMES, Esq., Litt.D., Nottingham High School.
GOWANS, ADAM L., Esq., Hazeldean, Langside, Glasgow.
GRAZ, SEMINAR FUR ENGLISCHE PHILOLOGIE AN DER K. K.

UNIVERSITAT, Graz, Austria (per Prof. KARL LUICK,

Ph.D.).
GREAT YARMOUTH, THE FREE LIBRARY (per WILLIAM

CARTER, Esq., Librarian).

GREEN, The Rev. R., Didsbury College, Manchester.
GREY, The Right Hon. Earl, Howick, Lesbury, Northum-
berland. [Sp.E.}

GREY, W. WILSON, Esq., M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge.
GRIERSON, Prof. H. J. C, M.A., King's College Road,

Aberdeen.

GROSS, E. J., Esq., M.A., Gonville Place, Cambridge.
GRUNDY, G. BEARDOE, Esq., M.A., The Military College,

Oxford.
GUILDHALL LIBRARY, LONDON, E.C. (per CHARLES WELCH,

Esq., F.S.A., Librarian).
GUILLE-ALLES LIBRARY, GUERNSEY (per J. LINWOOD

PITTS, Esq., F.S.A., Curator).
GUNN, WILLIAM, Esq., Geological Survey of Scotland,

Sheriff Court House, Edinburgh.
GUTCH, Mrs., Holgate Lodge, York.
GUY, RALPH C., Esq., Forest School, Walthamstow, London.

HAGERUP, H., Boghandel, Copenhagen (per SAMPSON Low,

MARSTON & Co.).
HAILEYBURY COLLEGE LIBRARY, HERTFORD (per W.

KENNEDY, Esq., B.A., Librarian).
HALES, The Rev. C. T., M.A., Aysgarth School, Bedale,

Yorks.
HALES, Prof. JOHN W., M.A., I Oppidans Road, Primrose

Hill, London, N.W.

HALFORD, Sir H. ST. JOHN, C.B., Wiston, Leicester.
HALIFAX PUBLIC LIBRARY, YORKS. (per J. WHITELEY,

Esq., Librarian).
HALL, FITZEDWARD, Esq., D.C.L., Marlesford, Wickham

Market.
HALL, JOSEPH, Esq., M.A., 189 High Street, Oxford Road,

Manchester.
HALLAM, THOMAS, Esq., 25 Craig Street, Stockport Road,

Manchester.
HALLE, SEMINAR FUR ENGLISCHE PHILOLOGIE, GERMANY

(per DAVID NUTT).

HALLE, UNIVERSITATSBIBLIOTHEK (per HENRY FROWDE).
HAMBURG, STADTBIBLIOTHEK (per LUCAS GRAFE, Buch-

handler, Bergstrasse 10, Hamburg).
HAMILTON PUBLIC LIBRARY, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

(per RICHARD T. LANCEFIELD, Esq., Librarian).
HAMMERSMITH PUBLIC LIBRARY, Ravenscourt Park, London

(per S. MARTIN, Esq., Librarian).
HANDSWORTH PUBLIC LIBRARY, Staffs.
HANKINSON, G. H., Esq., 88 King Street, Manchester.
HANSEN, Dr. ADOLF, Chr. Winthersvej 25, Copenhagen.
HARBEN, H. A., Esq., B.A., F.S.A., 107 Westbourne Terrace,

Hyde Park, London, W.
HARLESDEN PUBLIC LIBRARY, LONDON, N.W. (per H. S.

NEWLAND, Esq., Librarian).

HARRIS, The Hon. W. T., LL.D., United States Com-
missioner of Education, Washington, D.C.
HARRISON & SONS, Messrs., Booksellers, 59 Pall Mall,

London, S.W. [i Sp.E.}

XIV

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS

HART, Prof. C. E., 33 Levington Ave, New Brunswick,

New Jersey, U.S.A.
HART, Prof. J. M., J.U.D., Cornell University (per B. F.

STEVENS).

HARTLAND, E. SIDNEY, Esq., Highgarth, Gloucester.
HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY (per Messrs. KEGAN PAUL,

TRENCH & Co.).

HARVEY, H. C., Esq., Fern Dene, Ryton-on-Tyne.
HARVEY, W., Esq., The Rookery, Nantwich.
HARWOOD, JAMES, Bookseller, Derby (per HENRY FROWDE).
HATCHARD & Co., Messrs., Booksellers, Piccadilly, London,

W. (per HENRY FROWDE). (3 copies.)
HAWELL, The Rev. JOHN, M.A., Ingleby-Greenhow Vicarage,

Middlesborough.
HAWICK PUBLIC LIBRARY (per GEORGE S. S. M°NAIRN,

Esq., Librarian).
HAWKINS, The Rev. Sir JOHN C., Bart., Kelston Lodge,

Banbury Road, Oxford.
HAYWARD, W. D., Bookseller, 42 George Street, Croydon

(per HENRY FROWDE). [Sp.EJ]
HAZARD, ROWLAND GIBSON, Esq., Holly House, Peace

Dale, Rhode Island, U.S.A.

HEADLAM, C. E. S., Esq., M.A., Trinity Hall, Cambridge (per

Messrs. MACMILLAN & BOWES, Booksellers, Cambridge).

HEATH, Prof. H. FRANK, M.A., Bedford College, York Place,

Baker Street, London, W.

HEIGNBOTTOM TECHNICAL SCHOOL AND FREE LIBRARY,
ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE (per D. H. WADE, Esq.,
Librarian).
HEIDELBERG, BIBLIOTHEK DES GERM.-ROM. SEMINARS

(per Prof. SCHICK).
HEIDELBERG, UNIVERSITATSBIBLIOTHEK (per Prof. Dr.

ZANGEMEISTER).

HELME, The Rev. ROBERT, M.A., St. George's, Hassocks.
HELSINGFORS UNIV. BIBLIOTEKET (per Messrs. KEGAN

PAUL, TRENCH & Co.).
HEREFORD CATHEDRAL LIBRARY (per the Rev. Canon

PHILLOTT, Librarian).

HERFORD, Prof. C. H., Litt.D., Hillside, Aberystwyth.
HERVEY, The Rev. SYDENHAM H. A., B.A., Wedmore

Vicarage, Weston-super-Mare.
HESLOP, R. O., Esq., The Crofts, Corbridge, R.S.O., Nor-

thumberland.
HEWGILL, The Rev. W., M.A., Milton Villas, Farnworth,

R.S.O.
HEYWOOD, JOHN, Bookseller, Deansgate, Manchester

(2 copies.)

HILL, The Rev. A. D., Downton Vicarage, Salisbury
HILL, Miss ELLEN M., 63 Compayne Gardens, W. Hamp-

stead, London, N.W.
HILL, The Rev. GEOFFREY, M.A., Harnham Vicarage,

Salisbury.
HILL, TH. A., Esq., M.A., Normanton-on-the-Wolds, Plum-

tree, near Nottingham.

HILLS, WM. HENRY, Esq., The Knoll, Ambleside.
ilND, JESSE, Esq., Papplewick Grange, Nottingham.
HIRST, F. W., Esq., Wadham College, Oxford.
HIRST, WILLIAM, Bookseller, 259 Monton Road, Eccles,

Manchester.
HOCKLIFFE, F., Bookseller, Bedford. \Sp.E.}

Esq" Bamborough Keep>

' New«stle-on-

Hm TL!f wRAETICKi £sq" The Gran&e' Eastbourne.

OLLIS W. A., Esq., 8 Cambridge Road, Brighton
HON SOCIETY OF KINGS INN*S LIBRARY, DUBLIN
Messrs. HODGES, FIGGIS & Co., 104 Grafton

HOOPS, Prof. J., Ph.D., Tubingen, Germany.

HOPKINS, HENRY, Esq., Castle Acre. Swaffham, Norfolk.

HORNING, Prof. L. E., Victoria University, Queen's Park,

Toronto, Canada.
HOUSE OF COMMONS, THE LIBRARY OF THE, LONDON, S.W.

(per RALPH C. WALPOLE, Esq., Librarian).
HOVENDEN, ROBERT, Esq., F.S.A., Heathcote, Park Hill

Road, Croydon, Surrey.
HOWARD, DAVID, Esq., Devon House, Buckhurst Hill,

Essex.

HOWARD, ROBERT H., Esq., Brampton, Carlisle. [Sp.E.]
HOWES, The Rev. A. P., Bolton Abbey Rectory, Skipton-in-

Craven.
HOWORTH, DANIEL F., Esq., F.S.A.Scot., Grafton House,

Ashton-under-Lyne.
HOYLE, WILLIAM E., Esq., Manchester Museum, The

Owens College, Manchester.

HUBBARD, Prof. F. G., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wiscon-
sin, U.S.A.
HUDSON, J. K., Esq., B.A., Masson Villa, Dickenson Road,

Longsight, Manchester.
HULL PUBLIC LIBRARY (per Messrs. MACMILLAN & BOWES,

Cambridge).
HULL SUBSCRIPTION LIBRARY, Royal Institution, Hull (per

A. MILNER, Esq., Librarian).

HULME, E. C., Esq., F.R.C.S., 18 Philbeach Gardens,
S. Kensington, S.W.

HUMFREYS, W. J., Esq., Hereford.

HUTCHINGS, The Rev. Canon R. S., Alderbury Vicarage,
Salisbury.

MUTTON, A. H. D., Esq., M.A., Carisbrooke, Chelston, Tor-
quay (per Messrs. MACMILLAN & BOWES, Cambridge).

HYDE, JOHN, Esq., F.S.S., University Place, N.W., Washing-
ton, D.C., U.S.A.

INDERWICK, F. A., Esq., Q.C., 8 Warwick Square, London,

S.W.

INGILBY, Sir HENRY D., Bart., Ripley Castle, Yorkshire.
INNSBRUCK, UNIVERSITATSBIBLIOTHEK, AUSTRIA.
INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS, THE LIBRARY

OF THE, Moorgate Place, London, E.G. (per REGINALD

B. FELLOWS, Esq., Librarian).

JACKS, WILLIAM, Esq., M.P., Glasgow.

JACKSON, CHARLES H., Esq., 2 Copthall Chambers, London,

E.C.
JACKSON, RICHARD, Bookseller, 16 Commercial Street,

Leeds. (2 copies.)

JAMESON, J. H., Esq., 3 Northumberland Street, Edinburgh.
JAMIESON, JAMES AULDJO, Esq., 14 Buckingham Terrace,

Edinburgh.
JESUS COLLEGE, THE MEYRICK LIBRARY (per Messrs.

JAMES PARKER & Co.).

JOHNSON, E., Bookseller, 30 Trinity Street, Cambridge.
JOHNSTON, JOHN, Bookseller, Linthorpe RoacL Middles-
borough. (2 copies.)

JOHNSTONE, JAMES, Esq., Ycoed, Stroud, Glos.
JONES, JOHN, Esq., Central Buildings, Llandudno, Wales.
JONES, JOHN A., Esq., 9 Granville Road, Middlesborough.
JONES, Prof. W. LEWIS, M.A., University College, Bangor,

N. Wales.
JUST, W. N., Esq., M.A., St. Peter's College, Westminster.

London, S.W.
JUTA & Co., Messrs., Booksellers, Cape Town, Cape Colony

(per HENRY FROWDE).

KANSAS, THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY OF, LAWRENCE, U.S.A.

(per R. MOODY, Esq., Librarian).
KENNEDY, A C., Esq., 20 Tite Street, Chelsea, London,

a.W. [Sp.E.}
KENNEDY, Miss LOUISE, Fairacre, Concord, Mass., U.S.A.

(per B. F. STEVENS).

KER, Prof. W. P., M.A., 95 Gower Street, London, W.C.
KIMPSTER, Miss A., Royal Holloway College, Egham, Surrey.
K.ING, j. E., Esq., M.A., The Grammar School, Manchester.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS

xv

KINGSTON-ON-THAMES FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY (per BENJ.

CARTER, Esq., Librarian).
KIRBY, THOMAS FREDERICK, Esq., M.A., The College,

Winchester.
KIRKPATRICK, The Rev. Prof., D.D., 3 Salisbury Villas,

Cambridge.
KITCHIN, The Very Rev. G. W., D.D., The Deanery,

Durham.

KlTTREDGE, Prof. G. L., A.B., Harvard University, Cam-
bridge, Mass., U.S.A.

KNIGHT, A. L., Esq., 30 Basinghall Street, Leeds.
KNOWLES, The Rev, CH., M.A., Winteringham Rectory,

Doncaster.

KNOWLES, W. ]., Esq., Flixton Place, Ballymena.
KOEPPEL, Prof., Miinchen (per A. BUCHHOLZ, Buchhandler,

7 Ludwigstrasse, Miinchen, c/o Messrs KEGAN PAUL,

TRENCH & Co.). (2 copies.}
KONRATH, Prof. M., Ph.D., Greifswald, Germany.

LADELL, H. R., Esq., Englewood, Harold Road, Upper
Norwood, London, S.E. (per WILLIAMS & NORGATE).

LAFAYETTE COLLEGE LIBRARY, Easton, Pa., U.S.A. (per
H. GREVEL £ Co.).

LAFFAN, The Rev. R. S. DE C., M.A., Cheltenham College,
Cheltenham.

LAING, The Rev. R. C., St. Cuthbert's College, Ushaw,
Durham.

LANCASHIRE INDEPENDENT COLLEGE, Whalley Range,
Manchester (per C. GOODYEAR, Esq., Librarian).

LANDY, CHRISTOPHER H. H., Esq., 91 High Street, South-
ampton.

LANGE, RICHARD, Esq., Moika 38, St. Petersburgh (per
Messrs. W. WESLEY & SON, Booksellers, 28 Essex
Street, Strand, London, W.C.).

LAYER, HENRY, Esq., F.S.A., Head Street, Colchester.

LAWRANCE, HENRY, Esq., The Lawn, Gainsborough.

LEA, Miss E. M., 48 Banbury Road, Oxford.

LEADER, R. E., Esq., 41 Streatham Hill, London, S.W.

LEAMINGTON SPA FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY (per D. B.
GRANT, Esq., Librarian).

LEARNED, Prof. MARION DEXTER, University of Pennsyl-
vania, Philadelphia, Pa, U.S.A.

LEEDS INDUSTRIAL CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY (per GEO. E.
EYRE, Esq.^Secretary, 24 Kelsall Terrace, Burley, Leeds).

LEEDS LIBRARY, Commercial Street, Leeds (per FRANK
YATES, Esq., Librarian).

LEIGH FREE LIBRARY, Leigh, Lanes, (per JAMES WARD,
Esq., Librarian).

LEIGH, W. B., Esq., Mersey Bank, Heaton Mersey, Man-
chester.

LEIPZIG, -STADTBiBLioTHEK (per Messrs. WILLIAMS &
NORGATE).

LEIPZIG, UNIVERSITATSBIBHOTHEK (per Messrs. WILLIAMS
& NORGATE).

LENZ, Prof. Dr. PHILIPP, Hohere Tochterschule, Baden-
Baden, Germany.

LEOSER, CHARLES M°K., Esq., Larchmont Manor, New York,
U.S.A.

LEVESON-GOWER, GRANVILLE, Esq., F.S.A., Titsey Place,
Limpsfield.

LEWIS, His Hon. Judge DANIEL, Llandrindod Wells, Rad-
norshire.

LEWIS, Sir W. THOMAS, Bart., Aberdare, S. Wales.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, WASHINGTON, U.S.A. (per E. G.
ALLEN, Bookseller).

LIBRARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, WASHINGTON,
D.C., U.S.A. (per W. O. WlNLOCK, Esq.).

LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, U.S.A. (per
G. E. STECHERT).

LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER, U.S.A. (per
G. E. STECHERT).

LINCOLN COLLEGE LIBRARY, OXFORD (per J. A. R. MUNRO,
Esq., M.A., Librarian).

LINCOLN'S INN, THE HON. SOCIETY OF, LONDON, W.C. (per
A. F. ETHERIDGE, Esq., Librarian). [Sp.E.]

LIPPINCOTT, Messrs. J. B., Company, Booksellers, 10 Hen-
rietta Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

LLOYD, Miss E., Branxholm, Pine Grove, Weybridge.

LOCKE, CYRIL L. C., Esq., St. Neots, Eversley, Winchfield,
Hants.

LOGEMAN, Prof. H., Ph.D., 136 Chausse"e de Courtrai, Ghent
(per Messrs. WOHLLEBEN, 45 Great Russell Street,
London, W.C.).

LONDON LIBRARY, St. James's Square, London, S.W. (per
C. T. HAGBERG WRIGHT, Esq., LL.B.).

LONDON UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, Burlington Gardens, W.
(per A. MILMAN, Esq., M.A., Registrar).

LONG, The Rev. W. S. F., M.A., Culham College, Abingdon.

LONGSTAFF, G. B., Esq., Highlands, Putney Heath, Lon-
don, S.W.

LOUNSBURY, Prof. T. R., LL.D., Yale University, New
Haven, Conn., U.S.A.

LOWRY, H. D., Esq., B.A., Camborne, Cornwall.

LOWTHER, The Rev. W. B., Wesley Villas, Thirsk, Yorks.

LUCY, CHARLES F., Esq., Bank, Pickering, Yorks.

LUNDELL, Prof. J. A., Upsala, Sweden (per Prof. ERDMANN).

LUPTON BROS., Messrs., Booksellers, Burnley, Lanes.

LUZAC, Messrs., & Co., 46 Great Russell Street, London, W.C.

MACDONALD, A. M., Esq., Thornlea, Seafield, Aberdeen, N.B.
MACDONALD, GEORGE, Esq., 2 St. Bernard's Place, Hillhead,

Glasgow.
MACINTYRE, P. M., Esq., M.A., LL.B., 12 India Street,

Edinburgh.
MACKAY, The Rev. G. 5., Free Church Manse, Doune,

Perthshire (per Messrs. MACNIVEN & WALLACE, Book-
sellers, 138 Princes Street, Edinburgh).
MACLAGAN, R. C., Esq., M.D., 5 Coates Crescent, Edinburgh.
MACLEHOSE, Messrs. JAMES, & SONS, Booksellers, 61 St.

Vincent Street, Glasgow. (2 copies.)
MACMILLAN & BOWES, Messrs., Cambridge. (3 copies.)
MACNIVEN & WALLACE, Messrs., Booksellers, 138 Princes

Street, Edinburgh. (4 copies.)

MACRlTCHIE, DAVID, Esq., 4 Archibald Place, Edinburgh.
MADDOCKS, JOHN, Esq., Maple Hill, Park Drive, Heaton,

Bradford, Yorks.
MAGDALEN COLLEGE LIBRARY, OXFORD (per H. A. WILSON,

Esq., M.A., Librarian).
MANCHESTER FREE REFERENCE LIBRARY (per C. W.

SUTTON, Esq., Librarian).
MANCHESTER GRAMMAR SCHOOL (per J. R. BROADHURST,

Esq., M.A., Librarian).
MANCHESTER LITERARY CLUB (per C. W. SUTTON, Esq.,

Free Library).

MANFIELD, Sir PHILIP, Northampton. [Sp.E.]
MANNING, PERCY, Esq., 46 Broad Street, Oxford.
MANT, The Rev. NEWTON, M.A., The Vicarage, Hendon,

London, N.W.

MARCH, HENRY COLLEY, Esq., M.D., 2 West Street, Roch-
dale.
MARKHAM, CHRISTOPHER A., Esq., F.S.A., Spratton,

Northampton.

MARRIOTT, W. K., Esq., The Manor, Barking, Essex.
MARSDEN, RICHARD G., Esq., Fernbank, 14 Fox Hill, Upper

Norwood, London, S.E.
MARSH, Prof. ARTHUR R., Harvard University, Cambridge,

Mass., U.S.A.
MARSHALL, Miss ADA BLANCHE, Belle Vue House, 92

Cheyne Walk, London, S.W.
MARTIN, A. T., Esq., F.S.A., Rodborough House, Percival

Road, Clifton, Bristol.

MARTIN, Prof. ERNST, Ph.D., Strassburg, i. E., Germany.
MARTIN, The Rev. H. A., M.A., Laxton Vicarage, Newark.

[Sp.E.]
MARWICK, Sir JAMES D., LL.D., 19 Woodside Terrace,

Glasgow.

MASON, JOHN, Esq., M.D., Windermere.
MASON, PHILIP B., Esq., Burton-on-Trent.
MATHIESON, F. C., Esq., Beechworth, Hampstead Heath,

London, N.W.

XVI

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS

MATHWIN, H., Esq., B.A., Upwood, Birkdale, Southport.
MATTHEWS, ALBERT, Esq., 145 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass.

(per Messrs. SAMPSON Low, MARSTON & Co.).
MATTHEWS, Miss ELIZABETH, The Hollies, Swaffham,

Norfolk.
MATVEIEFF, BASIL, Esq., 102 Fenchurch Street, London.E.C.

[SJ>.E.]
MAX MULLER, The Right Hon. Prof. F., M.A., 7 Norham

Gardens, Oxford.

MAYLAM, PERCY, Esq., 9 Watling Street, Canterbury.
McCLURE, J. D., Esq., M.A., Mill Hill School, London, N.W.
McCoRMlCK, W. S., Esq., St. Andrews, Scotland.
M°KERROW, R. B., Esq., 227 Cromwell Mansions, Cromwell

Road, London, S.W.

MEDLEY, The Rev. J. B., M.A., Tyntesfield, Bristol.
MELBOURNE PUBLIC LIBRARY, Victoria, Australia (per

M. F. DOWDEN, Esq., Librarian).

MERCANTILE LIBRARY, NEW YORK (per G. E. STECHERT).
MERCHANT TAYLORS' SCHOOL LIBRARY, LONDON, E.G.

(per The Rev. WILLIAM BAKER, D.D.).
MERRICK, W. P., Esq., Manor Farm, Shepperton.
MERTON COLLEGE LIBRARY, OXFORD (per Messrs. JAMES

PARKER & Co.).

METCALFE,TheRev.W. M.,D.D., South Manse, Paisley.N.B.
MEYER, Prof. KUNO, Ph.D., University College, Liverpool

(per Messrs. WILLIAMS & NORGATE).
MICHIGAN, THE UNIVERSITY OF, Ann Arbor, Mich., U.S.A.

(per Messrs. H. SOTHERAN & Co., Booksellers, 140

Strand, London, W.C.).

MlDDLESBOROUGH HIGH SCHOOL (per JOHN SEWELL, Esq.,

M.A., Headmaster).
MILES, Messrs. T., & Co., Booksellers, 95 Upper Street,

London, N.

MILL, Miss, 12 Croxteth Road, Princes Park, Liverpool.
MILLER, A. L., Esq., Ravensdowne, Berwick-on-Tweed.
MILLER, Prof. C. W. E., Johns Hopkins University, Balti-

more, U.S.A.
MILLER, HUGH, Esq., H.M. Geological Survey of Scotland,

Sheriff Court House, George IV Bridge, Edinburgh.
MILLER, P., Esq., F.S.A.Scot., 8 Bellevue Terrace, Edin-

burgh.
MILNE, The Rev. J., Newlands Manse, Mountain Cross,

Peeblesshire, N.B.
MILWAUKEE PUBLIC LIBRARY, Wise., U.S.A. (per G. E.

STECHERT).

MINET, WILLIAM, Esq., 48 Gloucester Square, London, W.
MITCHELL, The Rev. JAMES, M.A., D.D., The Manse, South

Leigh, Edinburgh.
MITCHELL LIBRARY, 21 Miller Street, Glasgow (per T.

BARRETT, Esq., Librarian).

MOCATTA, F. D., Esq., 9 Connaught Place, London, W.
MOFFAT, ALEX. G., Esq., Swansea,
MOIR, JAMES, Esq., LL.D., The Ash, Hamilton Place, Aber-

deen.
MOLLER, Prof. Dr. HERMANN, 2 Mathildevei, Frederiksberg,

Copenhagen, Denmark.

MOLLER, J. GATMAR, Bookseller, Lund, Sweden
MONTEFIORE, CLAUDE G., Esq., 12 Portman Square, Lon-

don, W.

MOORE, ALFRED, Esq., Eythorne, Dover.
MOORE, AW., Esq., M.A., Woodbourne House, Douglas,

Isle of Man.

MORETON The Lord, Sarsden, Chipping Norton, Oxon.
MORFILL, W. R, Esq., M.A., 4 Clarendon Villas, Oxford.
MORGAN, Lieut.-Col. W. LI., Brynbriallu, Swansea.
M ORISON JOHN, Esq., 11 Burnbank Gardens, Glasgow.
MORRIS, Prof E. E., University of Melbourne, Australia (per

SLADE' Booksellt'

MORRISON, WALTER, Esq., M.P., 77 Cromwell Road, Lon-

don, S.W. [Sp.E.]
MORSBACH, Prof. L., Ph.D., Gottingen (per SAMPSON Low,

MARSTON & Co. (2 copies^
MORTIMER, J. R., Esq., Driffield, Yorks.
MOUBRAY,JOHN J., Esq., Naemoor, Rumbling Bridge, N.B.

Upper Ma,,,
View, Tyn,

MOULTON, Rev. W. F., D.D., The Leys School, Cambridge

(per Messrs. MACMILLAN & BOWES).
MOUNT, The Rev. C. B., M.A., 14 Norham Road, Oxford.
MUNBY, A. J., Esq., 6 Figtree Court, Temple, London, E.G.
MURDOCH, The Rev. A. G., M.A., Free Church Manse, John

Street, Ayr, N.B.

MURISON, WILLIAM, Esq., 27 Gladstone Place, Aberdeen.
MURRAY, A., Esq., 5 Meadow Place, Edinburgh (per Mr.

MILLER, 33 So. Clerk Street, Edinburgh).
MURRAY, DAVID, Esq., LL.D., 169 West George Street,

Glasgow.
MURRAY, Dr. W., Swinburne Castle, Haughton, Northum-

berland.
MUSTERS, Mrs. L. C., Wiverton Hall, Bingham, Notts.

NAPIER, Prof. A. S., M.A., Headington Hill, Oxford.
NAPIER, The Rev. T. P., B.A., c/o Rev. J. STEPHENSON,

Forton Vicarage, Gosport.
NASH, EDMUND, Esq., M.D., 123 Lansdowne Road, Netting

Hill, London, W.
NATIONAL LIBERAL CLUB, Whitehall Place, London, S.W.

(per A. W. HUTTON, Esq., Librarian).
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF IRELAND (per Messrs. HODGES,

FIGGIS & Co., 104 Grafton Street, Dublin).
NEBRASKA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, LINCOLN, U.S.A. (per

Miss MARY L. JONES, Librarian).

NETTLESHIP, EDWARD, Esq., 5 Wimpole Street, London, W.
NEWARK FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY, NEWARK, U.S.A. (per

G. E. STECHERT).

NEWBOLD, ARTHUR, Esq., Parklands, Burgess Hill, Sussex.
NEWCASTLE- ON -TYNE LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL

SOCIETY (per W. E. FRANKLIN, Bookseller, 42 Mosley

Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne).
NEWCASTLE -ON -TYNE PUBLIC LIBRARIES (per BASIL

ANDERTON, Esq., Chief Librarian).
NEWNHAM COLLEGE LIBRARY, CAMBRIDGE (per Miss K.

STEPHEN, Librarian).
NEW SOUTH WALES PUBLIC LIBRARY, SYDNEY (per HENRY

FROWDE).

NICHOLSON, E. W. B., Esq., M.A., Bodleian Library, Oxford.
NINNIS, BELGRAVE, Esq., M.D., Brockenhurst, Aldrington

Road, Streatham, London, S.W. [Sp.E.]
NOCK, L. F., Esq., Tutshill House, Durham Rd., Birmingham.
NODAL, John H., Esq., The Grange, Heaton Moor, near

Stockport.

NOORDHOFF, P., Boekhandelaar, Groningen, Holland.
NOTTINGHAM FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY (per J. POTTER

BRISCOE, Esq., Librarian).

ODDIE, The Rev. J. W., Lyzwick Hall, Keswick.
O'KlNEALY, The Hon. Mr. Justice (per Messrs. MACMILLAN

& BOWES).
OLDFIELD, The Rev. W. J., M.A., St. Paul's Missionary

College, Burgh, R.S.O., Lines.
OLDHAM INDUSTRIAL CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY (EDUCA-

TIONAL DEPARTMENT), Foundry Street, Oldham (per

A. SPENCER, Esq., Librarian).

OLIPHANT, T. L. KINGTON, Esq., Gask, Auchterader, N.B.
ORIEL COLLEGE LIBRARY, OXFORD (per Messrs. JAMES

PARKER & Co.).

ORPEN, Rev. J. H. (per Messrs. MACMILLAN & BOWES).
OTT, Dr. J. H., Librarian, Watertown, Wisconsin, U.S.A.

(per B. F. STEVENS).

OWEN, The Rev. ERNEST, M.A., Cathedral School, Llandaff.
OWEN, HENRY, Esq., F.S.A., 44 Oxford Terrace, Hyde Park,

London, W.
OWEN, The Rev. R. TREVOR, M.A., F.S.A., Llangedwyn

Vicarage, Oswestry.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS

xvn

OWENS COLLEGE LIBRARY, THE, MANCHESTER (per W. E.

RHODES, Esq., Librarian).
OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE CLUB, LONDON (per Messrs.

HARRISON & SON, 59 Pall Mall, London, S.W.). [Sp.E.}
OXFORD UNION SOCIETY (per Messrs. SLATTER & ROSE,

Booksellers, Oxford).

PAGET, The Very Rev. FRANCIS, D.D., The Deanery, Oxford.
PAGET, Sir R. H., Bart., Cranmore Hall, Shept on- Mallet,

Somerset.
PALGRAVE, Prof. FRANCIS T., M.A., 15 Cranley Place,

Onslovv Square, London, S.W.
PALMER, H. V., Esq., The Yorkshire Post, Leeds.
PARKER, GEORGE T., Esq., United States Consul, Birming-
ham (per HENRY FROWDE).

PARKER, JAMES, & Co., Booksellers, Oxford. (2 copies.)
PARKIN, W. WILTON, Esq., Eastbourne, Darlington.
PARKINSON, JOHN WILSON, Esq., 35 Winchelsea Road,

Tottenham, London, N.
PARKYN, Major EDWIN, J.P., F.G.S., Hon. Sec., Cornwall

Library, Truro.

PARRY, R. St. J., Esq., M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge.
PATON, A. B., Esq., Irvine Bank, Crosby, near Liverpool.
PAUL, GEORGE M., Esq., F.S.A.Scot., 38 Greenhill Gardens,

Edinburgh.
PAUL, Messrs. KEGAN, TRENCH & Co., Paternoster House,

Charing Cross Road, London.
PAWSON, ALBERT HENRY, Esq., Farnley, Leeds.
PAYNE, WILLIAM, Esq., Hatchlands, Cuckfield, Sussex.
PAYNE-SMITH, The Rev. W. H., M.A., 10 Hillmorton Road,

Rugby.
PEABODY INSTITUTE, THE LIBRARY OF, BALTIMORE, U.S.A.

(per E. G. ALLEN).
PEACOCK, EDWARD, Esq., F.S.A., Dunstan House, Kirton-

in-Lindsey, Lines.
PEACOCK, MATTHEW H., Esq., M.A., The Grammar School,

Wakefield.

PEARSON, Prof. KARL, M.A., University College, London.
PEASE, HOWARD, Esq., Arcot Hall, Dudley, R.S.O., Nor-
thumberland.
PECKOVER, ALEXANDER, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A., Sibald's

Holme, Wisbeach.
PEEK, C. E., Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Rousdon, Lyme Regis,

Dorset.

PEEL, ROBERT, Esq., The Avenue, Wilmslow, Cheshire.
PEILE, JOHN, Esq., Litt.D., The Master, Christ's College,

Cambridge.
PEMBROKE COLLEGE LIBRARY, CAMBRIDGE (per R. A.

NEIL, Esq., M.A., Librarian).
PERCIVAL, The Right Rev. JOHN, D.D., Lord Bishop of

Hereford, The Palace, Hereford.
PERCY, The Right Hon. Earl, Alnwick Castle.
PETER, THURSTAN C., Esq., Townhall, Redruth, Cornwall.
PETERHOUSE COLLEGE LIBRARY, CAMBRIDGE (per W. E.

BARNES, Esq., M.A., Librarian).
PHILLIPS, JOHN, Esq., M.A., M.D., 71 Grosvenor Street

London. W.

PICKUP, P. W., Esq., 71 Preston New Road, Blackburn.
PIERPOINT, ROBERT, Esq., M.P., St. Austin's, Warrington.
PILKINGTON, Sir GEORGE A., C.A., Belle Vue, Southport.
PLATNAUER, H. M., Esq., The Museum, York.
PLATT, R., Bookseller, Wigan (per HENRY FROWDE).
PLYMOUTH, THE PROPRIETARY LIBRARY, Cornwall Street,

Plymouth (per GORDON GOODWIN, Esq., Librarian).
POGATSCHER, Prof. A., Ph.D., Prague, Austria (per Messrs.

SAMPSON Low, MARSTON & Co.).

POOLES, The Rev. C. KNOX, M.A., The Rectory, New-
townards, Co. Down (perT. DARGAN, Bookseller, Castle
Lane, Belfast).

POOLL, Mrs. BATTEN, Road Manor, Bath.
POPE, The Rev. R. W. M., D.D., Students' Delegacy, Oxford.
PORTER, R. V., Esq., Raleigh, Beckenham.
POTT, JAMES, Esq., 19 Radeclyffe Terrace, Pimlico Road,
Clitheroe.

, Prof. F. YORK, M.A., Christ Church, Oxford.

POWELL, J. U., Esq., M.A., St. John's College, Oxford.

PRICE, The Rev. Canon BARTHOLOMEW, D.D., The Master,
Pembroke College, Oxford.

PRICE, Prof. THOMAS R., LL.D., Columbia College, New
York City, U.S.A.

PRIESTLEY, A. W., Esq., Reservoir View, Thornton, Brad-
ford, Yorks. (per AETHELBERT BINNS, Wilsden).

PRIMER, Prof. SYLVESTER, Austin, Texas, U.S.A. (per
Messrs. MACMILLAN & Co., London). [Sp.E.}

PROCTOR, RICHARD, Esq., Oak Mount, Burnley (per W.
COULSTON, Bookseller, Burnley).

PROESCHOLDT, Dr. L., Friedrichsdorf, Taunus, Germany.

PRYOR, F. R., Esq. (per Messrs. MACMILLAN & BOWES).

PUTNAM'S SONS, Messrs. G. P., New York, U.S.A. (20
copies.)

QUARITCH, BERNARD, Bookseller, 15 Piccadilly, London, W.

[l ord. and I Sp.E.}
QUEEN'S COLLEGE LIBRARY, BELFAST (per Prof. A. L.

MEISSNER, Librarian).

RAMSAY, The Hon. Charles M., M.P., 48 Grosvenor Street,

London, S.W. [Sp.E.]
RANDELL, The Rev. THOMAS, D.D., The Rectory, Sunder-

land. (2 copies.)
RATHFARNHAM, ST. COLUMBA'S COLLEGE LIBRARY, Co.

Dublin (per The Rev. P. S. WHELAN, M.A.).
READING FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY (per W. H. GREENHOUGH,

Esq., Librarian).
REICHEL, H. R., Esq., M.A., The Principal, University

College, Bangor, N. Wales.
RENSHAW, WALTER C., Esq., Q.C., 39 Queen's Gardens,

Lancaster Gate, London, W.
REPTON SCHOOL LIBRARY, Repton Hall, Burton-on-Trent

(per The Rev. W. M. FURNEAUX, M.A.).
REYNOLDS, LLYWARCH, Esq., B.A., Old Church Place,

Merthyr Tydvil.
REYNOLD'S LIBRARY, Rochester, New York, U.S.A. (per

G. E. STECHERT).
RHYS, J., Esq., M.A., LL.D., The Principal, Jesus College,

Oxford.

RICHARDS, F., Esq., Kingswood School, Bath.
RICHARDSON, The Ven. JOHN, Archdeacon of Nottingham.
RICHMOND FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY, Richmond, Surrey (per

ALBERT A. BARKAS, Esq., Librarian).
RIDLEY, THOMAS D., Esq., Coatham, Redcar.
RlPON, The Most Hon. the Marquis of, K.G., 9 Chelsea

Embankment, London, S.W.

ROBARTES, The Right Hon. Lord, 29 Park Lane, London, W.
ROBERT, Sir OWEN, F.S.A., D.C.L., Clerk to the Cloth-
workers' Company, Clothworkers' Hall, London, E.G.
ROBERTSON, J. DRUMMOND, Esq., 6 Park Road, Richmond

Hill, Surrey.
ROBY, HENRY J., Esq., LL.D., c/o ERMEN & ROBY, Patri-

croft, Manchester.
ROCHDALE EQUITABLE PIONEERS' SOCIETY, LTD., Toad

Lane, Rochdale (per A. B. SILVERWOOD, Esq., Secretary

Educational Department).
ROCHDALE PUBLIC LIBRARY (per G. HANSON, Esq.,

Librarian).
ROCK, R., Esq., Oak Mount, Burnley (per W. COLSTON,

Bookseller, Burnley).

ROGERS, A. G. L., Esq., M.A., 49 Beaumont Square, Lon-
don, E.

ROGERS, Prof. L. J., M.A., Yorkshire College, Leeds.
ROGERSON, JOHN J., Esq., LL.D., Merchiston Castle, Edin-
burgh.

ROLFE, R. A., Esq., Hurst Lodge, Coombe Road, Croydon.
RONKSLEY, J. G., Esq., 8 Sale Hill, Sheffield.
ROSENTHAL, Dr. F., 3 Sallstrasse, Hanover, Germany.
ROSS, Major-General A. G. (Indian Staff Corps), 16 Hamil-
ton Road, Ealing, London, W.
ROSS, DAVID, Esq., M.A., B.Sc., LL.D., The Principal,

Training College, City Road, Glasgow. [Sp.E.']
ROSS, The Rev. JAMES C., Wadworth Hall, Doncaster.

c

XV111

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS

ROSSALL SCHOOL LIBRARY, FLEETWOOD (per The Rev.

C. C. TANCOCK, M.A., Headmaster).

ROSSITER, WM., Esq., 65 Peckham Road, Camberwell,

London, S.E.
ROTHERHAM, THE FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY (per J. RIDAL,

Esq., Librarian).
ROUNDELL, CHARLES S., Esq., M.P., 16 Curzon Street, May

Fair, London, W.
ROWE, THOMAS W., M.A., PUBLIC LIBRARY, Wellington,

New Zealand (per SAMPSON Low, MARSTON, & Co.).
ROWLEY, JAMES, Esq., Leigh Woods, Clifton, Bristol.
ROWNTREE, JOHN S., Esq., Mount Villas, York.
ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND, 13 Hanover

Square, London, W. (per E. CLARKE, Esq., Secretary).
ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS, THE LIBRARY OF THE,

EDINBURGH (per J. M. SHAW, Esq., Librarian).
ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND, Lincoln's Inn

Fields, London, W.C. (per J. B. BAILEY, Esq., Librarian).
ROYAL HOLLOWAY COLLEGE LIBRARY, Egham, Surrey (per

Miss GUINNESS, Librarian).
ROYAL INSTITUTION, Albemarle Street, London, W. (per

HENRY YOUNG, Esq., Librarian).

RUGBY SCHOOL TEMPLE READING ROOM (per A. J. LAW-
RENCE, Bookseller, Rugby).
RUTHERFORD, The Rev. W. G., M.A., Westminster School

(per JAMES BAIN, Bookseller, Haymarket, London, S.W.).
RYE, WALTER, Esq., Frognal House, Hampstead, London,

N.W.

RYLE, The Right Rev. J. C., D.D., Lord Bishop of Liver-
pool, The Palace, Liverpool.

SADLER, M. E., Esq., M.A., 31 St. Margaret's Road, Oxford.

SAINTSBURY, Prof. GEORGE, M.A., Edinburgh.

SANDERS, The Rev. FRANCIS, M.A., Hoylake Vicarage,

Cheshire.
SANDFORD-BURTON, H., Esq., F.L.S., 50 Cornmarket

Street, Oxford.
SCARTH, LEVESON, Esq., M.A., Elms Lea, Cleveland Walk,

Bath.

SCHICK, Prof. Dr. J., Munich.
SCHROER, Prof. Dr. ARNOLD, Thalstrasse 36, Freiburg, i. B.,

Germany.

SCOTT, JOHN, Esq., Gargrave Road, Skipton, Yorks. [£/.£.]
SCOTT LIBRARY, THE, St. Peter's College, Westminster, S.W.

(per the Rev. G. H. NALL, M.A., Librarian).
SCOTT, WILLIAM, Esq., Oakfield, Bolton Abbey, Yorks.

[Sp.E.}
SELINCOURT, ERNEST DE, Esq., B.A., University College,

Oxford.
SENIOR, The Rev. EDWARD, M.A., The Grammar School,

Sheffield.

SEPHTON, The Rev. J., M.A., 90 Huskisson Street, Liverpool.
SEYMOUR, Prof. T. D., Yale College, Newhaven, Conn.,U.S.A.
SHAKESPEARE MEMORIAL LIBRARY, Stratford-upon-Avon

(per W. SALT BRASSINGTON, Esq., F.S.A., Librarian).
SHAW, JAMES BEGG, Esq., 7 The Beeches, Didsbury, Man-
chester.
SHAW, The Rev. W. FRANK, B.D., F.S.A., St. Andrew's

Vicarage, Huddersfield.
SHEFFIELD LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY (per

D. PARKES, Esq., Leopold Street, Sheffield).
SHEFFIELD PUBLIC LIBRARY, SHEFFIELD (per S. SMITH,

Esq., Chief Librarian).
SHELDON, Prof. EDWARD S., A.B., Harvard University,

Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.

SHELLY, JOHN, Esq., 20 Princess Square, Plymouth.
SHERBORNE SCHOOL LIBRARY, DORSET (per The Rev

F. B. WESTCOTT, M.A.).
SHREWSBURY SCHOOL LIBRARY (per T. E. PICKERING

Esq., M.A.).

SIEVERS, Prof. E., Ph.D., Leipzig.
SINGLETON, The Rev. JAMES S. F., Theale Vicarage,

Weston-super-Mare.
SIGN-COLLEGE, Victoria Embankment, London. E.G. (per

W. N. MlLMAN, Esq., Librarian).

SLATER, JAMES A., Esq., 38 Mecklenburgh Square, London,

W.C.
SLICER, JOHN, Esq., London and Yorkshire Bank, Idle,

near Bradford.

SLINGSBY, JOHN ARTHUR, Esq., Carla Beck, Skipton, Yorks.
SMITH, B. WOODD, Esq., F.S.A., Branch Hill Lodge, Hamp-
stead Heath, London, N.W.

SMITH, EDWIN, Esq., 33 Wheeleys Road, Birmingham.
SMITH, The Rev. R. TRAVELS, D.D., The Vicarage, Clyde

Road, Dublin.

SMITH, The Rev. T. N. HART, M.A., Epsom College.
SNOWDON, J. KEIGHLEY, Esq., M.J.I., 62 Francis Street,

Leeds.
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES, Burlington House, London, W.

(per W. H. ST. JOHN HOPE, Esq., M.A., Assistant

Secretary).

SOMERVILLE COLLEGE LIBRARY, OXFORD (per Miss M.

POPE, Librarian).

SOTHEBY, Major-General F. E., Ecton, Northampton.
SOUTHESK, The Right Hon. Earl, K.T., Kinnaird Castle,

Brechin, N.B.

SPEIGHT, ERNEST E., Esq., B.A., Beechcroft Road, Summer-
town, Oxford.
SPEIGHT, GEORGE, Esq., Belmont, Park View Road, Bradford,

Yorks.

SPENCER, Prof. F., M.A., Ph.D., University College, Bangor.
STAMP, ALFRED E., Esq., Public Record Office, Chancery

Lane, London, W.C.
ST. ANDREWS UNIVERSITY LIBRARY (per J. M. ANDERSON,

Esq., Librarian).

STANTON, The Rev. Prof., D.D., Trinity College, Cambridge.
STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN, THE, Madison,

Wis., U.S.A. (per HENRY SOTHERAN & Co., 140 Strand,

London, W.C.).

STEAD, RICHARD, Esq., B.A., The Grammar School, Folke-
stone.
STEPHENS, The Very Rev. W. R. W., D.D., The Deanery,

Winchester.
STEVENS, B. F., Bookseller, 4 Trafalgar Square, London,

W.C. [l ord. copy, I Sp.E.~\
STEVENSON, W. E., Esq., Grosvenor House, Bath.
STEVENSON, W. H., Esq., M.A., Exeter College, Oxford.

[Sp.E.]
STEWART, Prof. Sir T. GRAINGER, M.D., 19 Charlotte

Square, Edinburgh.

ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE LIBRARY, OXFORD (per B. H. BLACK-
WELL, Bookseller, Oxford).
STOCK, ELLIOT, Bookseller, 62 Paternoster Row, London,

E.G. (per HENRY FROWDE). [Sp.E.]
STOKES, WHITLEY, Esq., D.C.L., LL.D., 15 Grenville Place,

London, S.W.

STRANGE, HAMON LE, Esq., Hunstanton Hall, Norfolk.
STRASSBURG, i. E., ENGLISH SEMINARY (per TRUBNER'S

BUCHHANDLUNG, Strassburg).

STRIDE, Mrs. ARTHUR I., Bush Hall, Hatfield, Herts.
STRUTHERS, J., Esq., H.M.I.S., Corstorphine, Midlothian,

N.B.
STUART, H. A., Esq., Mostyn House, Brooklands Avenue,

Cambridge.

SUTTON, CH. W., Esq., Free Reference Library, Manchester.
SWAEN, A. E. H., Esq., Wierdensche Str. 32A, Almeloo,

Holland.
SWAN, ROBERT, Esq., 2 Belsize Terrace, Hampstead,

London, N.W.

SWANN, J. N., Esq., M.A., The College, Malvern.
SWANSEA PUBLIC LIBRARY (per S. E. THOMPSON, Esq.,

Librarian).

TAMM, Prof. FREDRIK AUGUST, Upsala.

TAMSON, Dr. J. G., Gottingen (per Messrs. SAMPSON

Low, MARSTON & Co.).
TAYLOR, The Rev. R. F., Gomersal Vicarage, Leeds (per

JOHN SIDDALL, Bookseller, Cleckheaton).
TAYLOR, The Rev. R. V., B.A., Melbecks Vicarage, near

Richmond, Yorks.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS

XIX

TAYLORIAN INSTITUTION, OXFORD.

TEMPLE, The Right Hon. and Right Rev. F., D.D., Lord

Bishop of London, Fulham Palace, London, S.W.
TENISON, C. M., Esq., Hobart, Tasmania (per HENRY

FROWDE).
TERRY, Messrs. C., & Co., 80 Coleman Street, London Wall,

London, E.G.

TERRY, F. C. BIRKBECK, Esq.. M.A., The Paddocks, Pal-
grave, Diss, Norfolk.

THOM, GEORGE, Esq., LL.D., Head Master, Dollar Insti-
tution, Dollar, N.B.
THOMAS, A. GARROD, Esq., M.D., Clytha Park, Newport,

Mon.
THOMPSON, Sir E. MAUNDE, C.B., LL.D., British Museum,

London, W.C.
THOMPSON, The Rev. GEORGE, M.A., Le Chalet, Great

Malvern.

TIMMINS, SAM., Esq., Arley, Coventry.
TINKLER, The Rev. JOHN, M.A., Caunton Vicarage, Newark,

Notts.
TOLLER, Prof. T. N., M.A., 13 Mauldeth Road, Fallowfield,

Manchester.
TOMBS, JAMES S. O., Esq., M.A., The Grammar School,

Haverfordwest.
TOPEKA STATE LIBRARY, KANSAS, U.S.A. (per J. L. KING,

Esq., Librarian).
TORONTO UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, CANADA (per E. G.

ALLEN).
TORQUAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, TORQUAY (per

ALEX. SOMERVAIL, Esq., Hon. Sec.).
TOULMIN, Messrs. GEORGE, & SONS, The Guardian and

Lancashire Daily Post, Preston.
TOYNBEE, PAGET, Esq., M.A., Dorney Wood, Burnham,

Bucks.

TRAFFORD, J. L., Esq., Northwich, Cheshire.
TRAUTMANN, Prof. M., Ph.D., Bonn, Germany.
TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN (per The Rev. T. K. ABBOTT,

B.D., Librarian).
TRINITY COLLEGE LIBRARY, CAMBRIDGE (per Dr. W. ALOIS

WRIGHT).
TRINITY COLLEGE LIBRARY, GLENALMOND, PERTH (per

W. J. LOCKE, Esq., B.A., Librarian).
TRINITY COLLEGE LIBRARY, OXFORD (per Messrs. JAMES

PARKER & Co.).
TUBES, Prof. H. A., M.A., University College, Auckland,

New Zealand (per Messrs. J. CORNISH & SONS, 297 High

Holborn, London).
TUBINGEN, DEUTSCHES SEMINAR (per Prof. HERMANN

FISCHER).
TURTON, ROBERT B., Esq., 24 Old Square, Lincoln's Inn,

London, W.C.
TWEEDIE, W. M., Esq., Mt. Allison College, Sackville, New

Brunswick, Canada (per H. L. LEWIS, Bookseller,

136 Gower Street, London, W.C.).
TWEEDY, JOHN, Esq., F.R.C.S., 100 Harley Street, London, W.

[Sp.E.]
TWIETMEYER, A., Auslandische Buchhandlung, Leipzig.

(3 copies.)

TWISDEN, JOHN F., Esq., Bradbourne, Larkfield, Maidstone.
TYLOR, Prof. E. B., D.C.L., The Museum, Oxford.

UNGER, Prof. Dr. C. R., Christiania, Norway.
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LIBRARY, Gower Street, London,

W.C. (per A. WHEELER, Esq., Librarian).
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF N. WALES, BANGOR (per Prof.

W. LEWIS JONES, M.A., Librarian).
UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF MISSOURI, Columbia, Miss.,

U.S.A.

UNWIN, S. PHILIP, Esq., Shipley, Yorks.
UNWIN, T. FISHER, Esq., Paternoster Square, London, E.G.
UPPINGHAM SCHOOL LIBRARY, UPPINGHAM (per The Rev.

E. C. SELWYN, M.A.).
UPSALA, GERMANSKA SEMINARIST (per Prof. AXEL ERD-

MANN).

VANDEKHILT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY (per Messrs H.GREVEL

& Co., 33 King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.).
VARNHAGEN, Prof. Dr. H., Erlangen.
VASSAR COLLEGE LIBRARY, Poughkeepsie, New York,

U.S.A. (per B. F. STEVENS).
VAUGHAN LIBRARY, HARROW-ON-THE-HILL (per B. P.

LASCELLES, Esq., M.A., Librarian).
VAUGHAN, WILLIAM W., Esq., School House, Clifton

College (per HENRY FROWDE).
VERNER, W. H., Esq., Cumberlands, Kenley, Surrey.
VIENNA, THE ENGLISH SEMINARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF

(per Prof. J. SCHIPPER, Ph.D., LL.D.).
VINT, W. HORSFALL, Esq., Friar Head, Idle, near Bradford,

Yorks.

WADHAM COLLEGE LIBRARY, OXFORD (per H. RICHARDS,

Esq., M.A., Librarian).
WAILES, G. H., Esq., Rounton, Watford (per BERNARD

QUARITCH).

WAKEFIELD MECHANICS' INSTITUTION (per H. BEN-

NINGTON, Esq., Librarian).
WALKER, Miss ALICE, Brettargh Holt, Kendal.
WALKER, ARTHUR J., Esq., Bayard's Lodge, Knares-

borough, Yorks. (per JOHN H. KNOWLES, Bookseller,

15 Rush Hill Road, Lavender Hill, London, S.W.

[Sp.E.}

WALKER, Prof. HUGH, M.A., St. David's College, Lampeter.
WALKER, JOHN R., Esq., 182 Brook Hill, Sheffield.
WALKER, Prof. T., M.A., LL.D., Victoria College, Stellen-

bosch, Cape Colony (per HENRY FROWDE).
WARBURTON, S., Esq., 10 Wilton Polygon, Cheetham Hill,

Manchester.
WARD, J. LANGFIELD, Esq., M.A., The Grammar School,

Burnley.

WARD, THOMAS, Esq., Wadebrook House, Northwich.
WARD, THOMAS, Esq., Belmont Terrace, North Road,

Ravensthorpe, Dewsbury.

WARREN, E. P., Esq. (per Messrs. JAMES PARKER & Co.).
WARREN, T. H., Esq., M. A., The President, Magdalen College,

Oxford.
WARRINGTON, THE MUSEUM (per CH. MADELEY, Esq.,

Librarian).
WATKINSON LIBRARY, Hartford, Conn., U.S.A. (per E. G.

ALLEN).

WATSON, W. L., Esq., Ayton House, Abernethy, Perthshire.
WATT, The Rev. J. B. A., Manse of Gadder, Bishop Briggs,

N.B.
WELBY, EDWARD M. E., Esq., Norton House, Norton,

Sheffield.
WELFORD, RICH., Esq., Thornfield, Gosforth, Newcastle-

on-Tyne.
WELLINGTON PUBLIC LIBRARY, NEW ZEALAND (per Messrs.

SAMPSON Low, MARSTON & Co.).
WELTER, H., Bookseller, 59 rue Bonaparte, Paris (per

HENRY FROWDE).
WENTWORTH, Prof. E. E., Vassar College, Poughkeepsie,

New York, U.S.A. (per B. F. STEVENS).
WEST, Lieut.-Col. WILLIAM E. SACKVILLE, Lime Grove,

Bangor, N. Wales.
WEST BROMWICH FREE LIBRARY (per D. DICKINSON, Esq.,

Librarian).
WESTLAKE, Prof. J., Q.C., LL.D., 3 Chelsea Embankment,

London, S.W.
WESTMINSTER PUBLIC LIBRARY (per E. T. Cox, Bookseller,

170 Railway Approach, Shepherd's Bush, London, W.).
WHEELER, Prof. BENJ. IDE, Ph.D., Cornell University,

Ithaca, N.Y.
WHITEHEAD, WALTER, Esq., Market Street, Manchester.

WHITLEY, ALFRED W., Esq., Greenroyd, Halifax, Yorks.
WIGAN, Sir FREDERICK, Clare Lawn, Upper Sheen, London,

S.W. [Sp.E.']

WIGAN PUBLIC LIBRARY (per R. PLATT, Bookseller, Wigan).
WIGAN, The Rev. SEPTIMUS, East Mailing Vicarage,

Maidstone (per HENRY FROWDE).

C 2

XX

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS

WILBEE, J. C., Esq., High Street, Harrow-on-the-Hill.

[Sp.E.]

WILCOCKS, H. S., Esq., 32 Wyndham Square, Plymouth.
WILKIE, JAMES, Esq., 108 George Street, Edinburgh.
WILKINSON, ISAAC, Esq., Lingdale, Skelton, R.S.O., Yorks.
WILKINSON, Miss ISABEL E., 2 Parkside, Cambridge.
WILLES, The Rev. GEORGE, M.A., Ellel Vicarage, Lancaster.
WILLIAMS, The Rev. GEORGE, Thornhill, Stirling, N.B.
WILLIAMS, Sir JOHN, Bart., M.D., 63 Brook Street,

London, W.
WILLIAMS & NORGATE, Messrs., Booksellers, 14 Henrietta

Street, Covent Garden, London. (5 copies.)
WILLIAMS, Prof. W. H., The University, Hobart, Tasmania

(per HENRY FROWDE).
WILLIAMSON, J. H., Esq., 41 Brunswick Street, C. on M.,

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PRONUNCIATION

AFTER making many experiments, it has been found advisable to devise a plain and simple phonetic alphabet
to represent the approximate pronunciation. An elaborate transcription is useless to people who have not
had a practical training in phonetics. And it can all the more easily be dispensed with in giving the pro-
nunciation of the dialect words in the body of the Dictionary, because the phonological introduction which
I hope to write when the Dictionary is finished, will contain the exact pronunciation of all the common words
in everyday use. It is impossible to attempt this part of the work alongside of the Dictionary, as it will require
some years of patient toil to collect reliable material and to digest it. In the meantime I must ask philologists
to be contented with the brief resume given at the beginning of each letter of the alphabet for the vowels, see
e.g. pp. i, 2. On comparing the results given there with those arrived at by Karl Luick in his excellent book
Untersuchungen aur englischen Laulgeschichte, it will be found that we differ in a few minor points. After a
careful perusal of his book, I now think it would have been better to have used the word usual instead of
normal on p. i of the Dictionary.

I. CONSONANTS

The only consonants which require to be specially mentioned are :

tj like the ch in cheap.

p „ „ th „ thin.

$ „ „ th „ then.

q „ „ n „ think.

Note : (r) is only sounded when the next word in the same sentence begins with a vowel.

dg like the j in just.

g „ „ s „ pleasure.

X „ „ ch „ Germ. Nacht, ich.

J „ „ sh „ ship.

II. VOWELS

SIMPLE VOWELS.
a like the a in Germ. Mann.
ae „ „ a „ Southern Engl. bat.

B „ „ U „ lip.

e „ „ e „ wen.

i „ „ i „ bit.

0 „ „ o „ mob.
u „ „ u „ full.

9 „ „ e „ Germ. Gabe.

a „ „ a „ father.

e „ „ e „ Germ. Reh.

1 „ „ ee „ feet.

5 „ „ o „ Germ. Bole.

9 „ „ aw „ law.

u „ „ oo „ food.

9 „ „ i „ bird.

oe „ „ 6 „ Germ, mogen.

u „ „ u „ Germ. Gute.

Note: (i) No attempt is made to distinguish between close and open e. (2) The first element of oa is
a very close sound closely approaching u. (3) The stress is always on the first element of diphthongs, unless
the contrary is indicated in the Dictionary. (4) Vocalic m, n are written am, an. (5) A point after a vowel
(no'bad) indicates that the vowel bears the chief stress in the word.

ai like

the i in

DIPHTHONGS.
five.

au ..

„ ou „

mouse.

ei •.

„ <* „

late.

eu „

„ ou „

the s. dial, pronun. of mouse.

ea ,.

?» " >5

care.

in „

„ ew „

few.

is „

„ ea „

fear.

oi „

„ oy „

boy.

ou „

„ ow „

low (with the first

element more open).

oa „

)) O ,,

bone (dial, pronun

. ofw.Yks.).

93 „

„ a „

all (n. dialects).

ui ,,

„ oo „

food (n. dialects).

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY

adj. — adjective.
adv. = adverb.

impers.
impf.

= impersonal.
=a imperfect.

pf. — perfect.
phr. = phrase.

advb. = adverbial, -ly.

old.

= Indicative.

pl.,/>/. = plural.

AFr. = Anglo-French.
Amer. — American.

indef.
inf.

= indefinite.
= Infinitive.

pop. i= popular, -ly.
pp. = past participle.

app. = apparently.
arch. = archaic.

int.
intr.

= interjection.
= intransitive.

ppl. adj. = participial adjective,
pred. = predicative, -ly.

assoc. = association.

Ir.

= Irish.

pref. — prefix.

attrib. — attributive, -ly.

It.

= Italian.

prep. = preposition.

c. = circa, about.

Lang.

= language.

pres. = present.

Cf. = confer, compare.

Lat.

= Latin.

pret. = preterite.

cogn. w. = cognate with.

LG.

= Low German.

Prim. sign. = Primary signification.

colloq. - colloquial.

lit.

= literary.

priv. <= privative.

Comb. — Combinations.

lit.

= literal, -ly.

prob. = probably.

comp. = compound, composition.

MDu.

= Middle Dutch.

pron. = pronoun.

compar. = comparative.

ME.

= Middle English.

pron. = pronunciation, pronounced.

conj. = conjunction.

rug.

= meaning.

prov. = proverb.

const. « construction.

MHG.

= Middle High German.

prp. — present participle.

contam. = contamination.

midl.

= midland (dialect).

q.v. — quod vide, which see.

contr. = contracted, contraction.

M.Lat.

= mediaeval Latin.

reg. = regular.

Dan. = Danish.

MLG.

= Middle Low German.

re __ I representative, representing,

dem. = demonstrative.

mod.

= modern.

= j represents.

der. = derivative, -ation.

naut.

= nautical.

Rom. = Romanic, Romance.

dial., dial. •= dialect, -al.

NFr.

— Northern French.

sb. = substantive.

Diet. = Dictionary.

NHG.

_ ( New High German,

Sc. = Scotch.

dim. = diminutive.

( modern German.

sing. = singular.

Du. = Dutch.

north.

= northern (dialect).

sp. — spelling.

Dy. = Daily.

Norw.

= Norwegian.

spec. = special.

E. = English.

obj.

= object.

subst. = substantively.

e.midl. = east midland (dialect).

Obs.

= obsolete.

suff. = suffix.

equiv. = equivalent.

obsol.

= obsolescent.

superl. •= superlative.

erron. = erroneous, -ly.

occas.

= occasional, -ly.

Sw. = Swedish.

esp. = especially.

ODan.

= Old Danish.

s.w. = south-western (dialect).

etym. = etymology.

ODu.

= Old Dutch.

trans. = transitive.

fig. •= figurative, -ly.

OE.

= Old English ( = Anglo-Saxon).

transf. = transferred sense.

Flem. = Flemish.

OFlem.

= Old Flemish.

unkn. = unknown.

Fr. = French.

OFr.

= Old French.

v., vb. = verb.

freq. = frequently.

OFris.

— Old Frisian.

var. = variant of.

frequent. = frequentative.

OHG.

= Old High German.

var. dial. = various dialects.

Fris. = Frisian.

Olr.

= Old Irish.

vbl. sb. = verbal substantive.

G. = German.
Gael. = Gaelic.

ON.
ONFr.

= Old Norse (Old Icelandic).
= Old Northern French.

v. r. = various readings.
v. sir. = verb strong.

gen. — genitive.

ONorth.

= Old Northumbrian.

v. w. irr. — verb weak irregular.

gen. — general, -ly.

orig.

= original, -ly.

wd. — word.

gen. sign. = general signification.

OS.

= Old Saxon.

Wei. = Welsh.

Gl. = Glossary.

OSw.

= Old Swedish.

WGer. = West Germanic.

gloss. = glossaries.
Goth. = Gothic ( = Mceso-Gothic).
imp. — Imperative.

OWS.
pass,
pers.

= Old West Saxon.
= passive, -ly.
- person, -al

Wkly. = Weekly,
w.midl. = west midland ^dialect).
WS. = West Saxon.

Abd. = Aberdeen.
Agl. = Anglesea.

Con.
Cor.

= Connaught
= Cornwall.

e.Yks. ^ East Riding of Yorkshire.
Fif. = Fife.

Ags. = Angus.

Crk.

= Cork.

Fit. = Flint.

Ant. = Antrim.

Crl.

= Carlow.

Frf. = Forfar.

Arg. = Argyll.
Arm. - Armagh.
Aus. = Australia.
Bch. = Buchan.
Bck. « Bucks.
Bdf. _ Bedford.
Bnff. = Banff.
Brk. = Brecknock.
Brks. = Berks.
Bte. = Bute

Crm.
Crn.
Cth.
Cum.
Der.
Dev.
Dmb.
Dmf.
Dnb.

= Cromarty.
= Carnarvon.
= Carmarthen.
= Cumberland.
= Derby.
= Devon.
= Dumbarton.
= Dumfries.
- Denbigh.

Frm. = Fermanagh.
Gall. — Galloway.
Glo. = Gloucester.
Glw. = Galway.
Gmg. = Glamorgan.
Hdg. = Haddington.
Hmp. = Hampshire.
Hnt. = Huntingdon.
Hrf. = Hereford.

Bwk. = Berwick.

Don.

= Donegal.

Hit. = Hertford.

Dor.

= Dorset.

I. Ma. = Isle of Man.

Cav. = Cavan

Dub.

= Dublin.

Inv. = Inverness.

Cdg. ^ Cardigan.
Chs. = Cheshire.
Cla. = Clare.
Clc. = Clackmannan.

Dur.
Own.
e.An.
Edb.

Plrt.

= Durham.
= Down.
« East Anglia.
— Edinburgh.

Ir. , Irel. = Ireland.
I.W. = Isle of Wight.
Kcb. = Kircudbright.
Kcd = Kincardine.

Cld. = Clydesdale.
Cmb. - Cambridge.

Elg.
Eng.
Ess.

- Elgin.
- England.
- Essex.

Kco. = King's County.
Ken. =. Kent.
Ker. = Kerry.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

xxin

Kid.

= Kildare.

Nfld.

- Newfoundland.

Slk.

= Selkirk.

Klk.

-- Kilkenny.

Nhb.

— Northumberland.

Slo.

= Sligo.

Knr.

- Kinross.

Nhp.

= Northampton.

Som.

= Somerset.

Lan.

= Lancashire.

Not.

= Nottingham.

Stf.

- Stafford.

Ldd.

— Londonderry

Nrf.

= Norfolk.

Sth.

= Sutherland.

Lei.

= Leicester.

N.S.W.

= New South Wales.

Suf.

= Suffolk.

Urn.

= Limerick.

n.Wal.

- North Wales.

Sur.

= Surrey.

Lin.

= Lincoln.

n.Yks.

= North Riding of Yorkshire.

Sus.

= Sussex.

I.ng.

= Longford.

N.Z.

= New Zealand.

s.Wal.

= South Wales.

Lnk.

= Lanark.

Or. I.

= Orkney Isles.

Tip.

= Tipperary.

Lnl.

= Linlithgow.

Oxf.

- Oxford.

Tyr.

= Tyrone.

Lns.

= Leinster.

Feb.

- Peebles.

Uls.

= Ulster.

Lon.

= London.

Pern.

= Pembroke.

U.S.A.

= United States.

Lou.

= Louth.

Per.

= Perth.

Wai.

= Wales.

Lth.

= Lothian.

Qco.

= Queen's County.

War

= Warwick.

Ltr.

= Leitrim.

Rdn.

= Radnor.

Wgt.

= Wigtown.

Mea.

= Meath.

Rnf.

=• Renfrew.

Wil.

= Wiltshire.

Mer.

= Merioneth.

Rs.

= Ross.

Wkl.

= Wicklow.

Mid.

= Middlesex.

Rsc.

= Roscommon.

Wm.

= Westmoreland.

Mng.

— Monaghan.

Rut.

= Rutland.

Wmh.

= West Meath.

Mon.

= Monmouth.

Rxb.

= Roxburgh.

Wor.

- Worcester.

Mry.

= Moray.

Sc

— Scotland.

Wtf.

= Waterford.

Mtg.

= Montgomery.

Sc. I.

= Scilly Isles.

Wxf.

= Wexford.

Mun.

= Munster.

Sh. I.

- Shetland Isles.

w.Yks.

= West Riding of Yorkshire.

Myo.

= Mayo.

Shr.

= Shropshire.

Yks.

= Yorks.

Nai.

= Nairn.

Slg.

= Stirling.

LIST OF COUNTIES, ETC., IN THE ORDER QUOTED

SCOTLAND.

Shetland .

Orkney .

Caithness

Sutherland

Cromarty

Ross

Inverness

Moray

Nairn

Elgin

Banff

Buchan .

Aberdeen

Kincardine

Forfar

Perth .

West Scotland.

Argyll .

Bute

Fife .

Kinross .

Clackmannan .

Stirling .

South Scotland

Clydesdale

Dumbarton

Renfrew .

Ayr .

Lanark .

Linlithgow

Lothian .

Edinburgh

Tweeddale

Haddington

Berwick .

Peebles .

Selkirk .

Roxburgh

Dumfries .

Galloway

Kirkcudbright .

Wigtown

Sh.I.

Or.I.

Cai.

Sth.

Crm.

Rs.

Inv.

Mry.

Nai.

Elg.

Bnff.

Bch.

Abd.

Kcd.

Frf.

Per.

w.Sc.

Arg.

Bte.

Fif.

Knr.

Clc.

Slg.

s.Sc.

Cld.

Dmb.

Rnf.

Ayr.

Lnk.

Lnl.

Lth.

Edb.

Twd.

Hdg.

Bwk.

Peb.

Slk.

Rxb.

Dmf.

Gall.

Kcb.

Wgt.

IRELAND.

North Ireland . n.Ir.
Ulster . . Uls.
Antrim . . Ant.

Down

Dwn.

Londonderry .

Ldd.

Tyrone .

Tyr.

Donegal .

Don.

Fermanagh

Frm.

Cavan

Cav.

Monaghan

Mon.

Armagh .

Arm.

West Ireland .

w.Ir.

Connaught

Con.

Leitrim .

Ltr.

Sligo

Slo.

Mayo

Myo.

Galway .

Glw.

Roscommon .

Rsc.

East Ireland

e.Ir.

Leinster .

Lns.

Longford

Lng.

West Meath .

Wmh.

Meath

Mea.

Louth

Lou.

Dublin .

Dub.

Wicklow.

Wkl.

Kildare .

Kid.

King's County

Kco.

Queen's County

Qco.

South Ireland .

s.Ir.

Kilkenny.

Klk.

Carlow .

Crl.

Wexford .

Wxf.

Munster .

Mun.

Waterford

Wtf.

Tipperary

Tip.

Clare

Cla.

Limerick

Lim.

Cork

Crk.

Kerry

Ker.

ENGLAND AND WALES.

Northumberland

Nhb.

Durham .

Dur.

Cumberland .

Cum.

Westmoreland

Wm.

Yorkshire

Yks.

Lancashire

Lan.

Isle of Man

I. Ma.

Cheshire

Chs.

Wales .

Wai.

North Wales .

n.Wal.

Flintshire . . Fit.

Denbighshire . . Dnb.

Carnarvonshire . Crn.

Anglesea . . . Agl.

Merionethshire . Mer.

Staffordshire . . Stf.

Derbyshire . . Der.

Nottinghamshire . Not.

Lincolnshire . . Lin.

Rutlandshire . . Rut.

Leicestershire . . Lei.

Northamptonshire . Nhp.

Warwickshire . . War.

Worcestershire . Wor.

Shropshire . . Shr.

Montgomeryshire . Mtg.

Herefordshire . . Hrf.

South Wales . . s.Wal.

Cardiganshire . . Cdg.

Radnorshire . . Rdn.

Brecknockshire . Brk.

Glamorganshire . Gmg.

Carmarthenshire . Cth.

Pembrokeshire . Pern.

Gloucestershire . GIo.

Oxfordshire . . Oxf.

Berkshire . . Brks.

Buckinghamshire . Bck.

Bedfordshire . . Bdf.

Hertfordshire . . Hrt

Middlesex . . Mid.

London . . . Lon.

Huntingdonshire . Hnt.

East Anglia . . e.An.

Cambridgeshire . Cmb.

Norfolk . . . Nrf.

Suffolk . . . Suf.

Essex . . . Ess.

Kent . . . Ken.

Surrey . . . Sur.

Sussex . . . Sus.

Hampshire . . Hmp.

Isle of Wight . . I.W.

Wiltshire. . . Wil.

Dorsetshire . . Dor.

Somersetshire. . Som.

Devonshire . . Dev.

Cornwall . . . Cor.

Scilly Isles . . Sc.I.

LIST OF WORDS FOR THE PRESENT KEPT BACK
FROM THE WANT OF FURTHER INFORMATION

ABLACH, sb. An insignificant person (Abd.).

ACCIDENCE, sb. A slip [of memory] (Ayr).

ACHE, v. To walk hurriedly (w.Yks.).

ACTION, sb. The game also called Baccare, q.v.
(War.)

ADDER-STINGER, sb. A large dragon-fly (Hmp.).

AESOME, adj. Single (Sc.).

AFLOCHT,/^/. adj. Agitated, in a flutter (JAM.).

AFLOITS, adv. In confusion (Yks.).

AFORE THE STEM.^/zr. A large sleeping bunk in a
ship (Sc.).

AGOY, int. A form of oath (Lan.).

AIRIE, sb. A hill-pasture; a level green among the
hills (Sc.).

ALLOW, v. To order (n.Irel.).
ALMANAC, sb. A diary (Yks.).

ALMARK, sb. An animal addicted to breaking fences
or trespassing (Sh.I.).

ALWAYS, adv. Still, at the present moment (Sc.).
AMAUNGE, sb. A muddle, confusion (Lan.).
AMBUSH, v. To hide (Yks.).

AMEND, v. In phr. amend me, a mild oath (Oxf. or
Slang).

AMIND, v. To consider, bear in mind (Irel.).
AMOVET,//. Moved, roused (Sc.).
ANCHOVY-DUCK, sb. ? (Sc.)

ANGLE, sb. A large hook fixed into the ceiling (Lan.).
ANGLER, sb. The fish Lophinus piscatorius (dial,
unknown).

ANKER, sb. The angular end of a scythe-blade, bv
which it is attached to the pole (Wm.).
APPLE-CHAMBER, sb. A spare bedroom (Suf.).
APPLE-TWELIN, sb. An apple-turnover, q.v. (e.An.)
ARCELL, sb. A kind of lichen, Omphalodes (Cum.).
ARGUE, v. To talk to oneself, to muse (Yks.).
ARICH sb. The morning (s.Wxf.).

ARMED BULL-HEAD, phr. The fish Aspidophorus
europaeus (dial, unknown).

ARMED GURNARD, phr. The fish Peristedion malar-
mat (dial, unknown).

ARN-LOIN, sb. Straightened circumstances (Lan )
ARTDLLERY, sb. Baggage (Yks.).
ARUM, adv. Within (s.Wxf.).

ASHEAPLY, adj. Senseless, stupid (Not).

ASSART, sb. Land cleared of trees (Hrf.).

ASS-KIT, sb. A portable tub for removing ashes
(Wm.).

ASTID, conj. As well as (Sc.).

ASTRID, adv. Inclined (Suf.).

AUDISCIENCE, sb. Hearing, attention (Abd.).

AUMA, sb. A kind of pancake (Hrf.).

AWID [sic], adv. Anxious, eager (Sc.).

A-WTTTTNS, in phr. meawittins, without my knowledge
(Sc.).

AYVISH, adj. Babyish, foolish (Wil.).

BAAKER [sic], sb. A wood-louse (Som.).

BABBLE, adj. Half-witted (Sc.).

BACHILLE, sb. A small piece of arable ground (Sc.).

BADDERLOCKS, sb. The Hart's tongue fern (Sc.).

BADGER, sb. A heavy fall in sliding (Not.).

BADGER-SNAIL, sb. A large snail (Not.).

BADLINS, adv. Out of health, unwell (Sc. Nhb.).

BADOCK, sb. The Arctic Gull, Lams parasilicus ; also
the common Skua, Stercorarius catarrhactes (dial,
unknown).

BAFFLE, sb. A portfolio (Sc.).

BAL, sb. A quarry (Cor.).

BALEEN, sb. Whalebone (Sc.).

BALL AND CAT, phr. A game played by children.
Obs.1 (Lon.)

BALLANT-BODICE, sb. A lady's bodice made of
leather (Sc.).

BALLER, sb. An implement for breaking clods of
earth (n.Dev.).

BALLION, sb. A reaper who assists those who are
falling behind in the work (Sc.).

BALLOON, sb. A cylinder for drying warps (w.Yks.).

BALLY-ACK, sb. In phr. to knock a man to bally-ack,
to give a sound beating, to get the better of a fight
(Cor.).

Also the following word, which was accidentally
omitted, and will be dealt with in the Supplement.

A-BONES, in phr. to fall a-bones of a person, to assail,
'fall upon '(s-Chs.1).

THE

ENGLISH DIALECT DICTIONARY

A I. Apart from the influence of neighbouring sounds,
. the normal development of OE. ae in closed syllables
is as follows : —

1. a in Sc., all the northern and midland counties to
n.Hrf., Won, n.Glo., n.Brks., Oxf., se.Hrt., s.Cmb., nw.Nrf.,
n.Suf.

2. The sound ae has remained in all the other counties
except the parts of counties named under 1, and the parts
of the country named under 3, 4.

3. It has become a1, a sound closely approaching ae, in
e.Suf., ne.Nrf. and parts of Hrf., Ess.

4. It has become e in Mid., se.Bck., s.Hrt, and sw.Ess.
II. The normal development of OE. ae and a in open

syllables is : —

1. Long close e in Bnff., Frf., Lothian and Fif., se.Arg.,
s.Bte., n.Ayr., e. and s.Dmb., Lnk., Rnf., m.Nhb. (Whitting-
ham), s.Yks., Lan. (see 4, 5, 7), ne.Chs., Stf. (see 3, 4, 8),
Der. (see 2), Not., Lei., ne. and sw.Nhp., e.War., s.Wor.,
n., me. and se.Shr., nw.Brks., nw.Hrt., s.Cmb., nw.Nrf.,
e.Suf. (Orford), w.Cor.

2. Long open £ in Nai., Mry., Abd., Kcd., Per., s.Ayr.,
w.Dmf., Kcb., Wgt., Dur. (Berwick-upon-Tweed, Lanches-
ter), se.Yks., w.Yks. (Huddersfield, Halifax), nw.Der.,
Rut., m.Nhp., Hrf. (Ledbury), Brks. (Hampstead Norris),
m.Cmb., ne. and s.Nrf., n. and w.Suf., e.Suf. (Framlingham),
Hmp.(Andover), e.Dor., s.Som.(Montacute), n.Dev. (North
Molton), s.Dev.

3. Long T in nw.Fif., Chs. except ne., Stf. (Stretton,
Burton-under-Wood), Shr. (Market Drayton).

4. e3 in e.Dur., m.Nhb. (Rothbury, Embleton), w.Yks.
(Dewsbury, Leeds, Bradford, Keighley, Skipton, Craven,
Upper Craven with Upper Nidderdale), e.Yks. (S. Ainsty,
Holderness), n.Lan. (Furness and Cartmel), s.Stf. (Dar-
laston, Willenhall), Lin., sw.Nhp. (Badby), m.Nhp. (see
2), War. (see 1), n.w. and e.Wor., n.Hrf., s.Shr., se.Brks.,
Bck., m.Bdf., Hrt. (Arderley), e.Suf., nw. and e.Ken.,
ne. and s.Sur., w. and e.Sus., n. and sw.Dev., w.Som.,
e.Cor.

5. ia in Rxb., Slk., e. and m.Dmf., s. and sw.Nhb., n.Cum.,
Dur. ( Weardale, Teesdale, Stanhope), n. and e.Yks., n.Lan.
(Coniston), Hrf. (Much Cowarne, Eggleton), Glo. (Vale of
Gloucester, Shenington), Oxf. (Banbury), se.Hrt., n.Ken.
(Faversham), e.Sus. (Selmeston), I.W., Wil, e.Dor. (Cran-
borne, Winterborne Came), e.Som.

6. ie in m.Nhb. (Snitter, Harbottle, Warkworth). Dur.
(Annfield Plain), Wm. (Crosby Ravensworth, Temple
Sowerby). In se.Nhb. (Stamfordham, Newcastle, North

VOL. i.

Shields), Dur. (South Shields), Cum. (Carlisle), the diph-
thong seems to be j6 rather than ie.

7. la in Dur. (Sunderland), Wm. (see 6), Cum. (see 5),
n.Yks. (Muker, Hawes), w.Yks. (Howgill, Dent), n.Lan.
(Lower Holker-in-Cartmel).

8. ei in s.Stf. (Walsall, Wednesbury), m.Nhp. (Lower
Benefield), e.Shr. (Shiffnal), Bck. (Buckingham, Chack-
more, see 4), Bdf. (Ridgmont), Hrt. (Hatfield, Harpen-
den), Hnt. (Great Stuckley).

0. eei in Mid., Ess., and parts of Hrt., se.Bck.
III. The normal development of OE. a is :—

1. Long close e in Abd., BnfF., Mry., Nai., w.Dmf., Frf.,
Kcb., Wgt., se.Arg., s.Bte., Ayr,e. and s.Dmb., Lnk., Rnf.,
Lothian and Fif.

2. Long open f in Per., Frf. (Dundee), Kcd., Cai. (Wick).

3. Long close 6 in m.Nhb. (Warkworth, Alnwick, Whit-
tingham), se.Nhb. (Stamfordham), Dur. (Sunderland),
se.Lan. (Oldham, Rochdale), w. and m.Chs., nw.Der., Stf.
(see 5.), Not., Lei., Rut., Shr., n. and e.Hrf., w.Oxf., m. and
s.Cmb., nw. and ne.Nrf., n. and w.Suf., n.Dev. (Iddesleigh),
s.Dev., w.Cor., e.Cor. (St. Columb Major).

4. Long open 5 in m.Nhb. (Rothbury, Snitter, Wooler),
se.Nhb. (North Shields), sw.Nhb. (Hexham), Dur. (Lan-
chester), se.Yks. (Sutton), ne. and m.Nhp., s.Nrf.

5. Long u in s.Chs. (Farndon), wm. and e.Stf., Der. (see
3.), e.Suf.

6. es in m.Yks., e.Yks. (Holderness), w.Yks. (Washburn
river district, Skipton, m.Craven, Upper Craven and
Upper Nidderdale), n.Lan. (Broughton-m-Furness, Lower
Hofker).

7. oa in se.Nhb. (Whalton),w.Yks. (Hurst), I. Ma., e.War.,
n.Wor., Hrt. (Welwyn), n.Cmb., e.Ken. (Wingham), e. and
w.Sus., s.Sur., I.W., e.Som.

8. 93 in Dur. (see 3), ne.Yks. (Skelton), se.Yks. (Goole),
n.Lin., m.Nhp., Won (Hanbury), Hrf. (Ledbury), Glo.
(Tetbury), Oxf. (Banbury), se.Brks., Bck. (Chackmore),
Ess. (Great Dunmow, Maldon), nw.Ken., ne.Sun, e.Dor.
(Handford), e.Cor. (Camelford, Cardynham).

9. U3 in m.Nhb. (Embleton), sw.Nhb. (Haltwhistle),
ne.Yks. (Danby, S. Ainsty), se.Yks. (East Holderness),
w.Yks. (Giggleswick, Doncaster, Halifax, Keighley, Brad-
ford, Leeds, Dewsbury, Sheffield), Lan. (see 3, 6, 10), Chs.
(Pott Shrigley), s.Stf. (Dudley), n. and e.Den, m. and s.Lin.,
sw.Nhp., w. and s.Wan, e.War. (Atherstone), Glo. (Vale of
Gloucester, Forest of Dean, Shenington), Bck. (see 8), Hrt.
(see 7), Hnt., n.Ken. (Faversham), e.Sus. (Marklye), Hmp.

[2]

(Andover). Wil., e.Dor. (Cranborne, Winterborne Came),
w.Som., e.Som. (Axe-Yarty), n. and sw.Dev.

10. ia in Cum. (Langwathby, Ellonby, Keswick, Clifton).
w.Cum., Wm. (see 11), n.Yks. (Muker), nw.Yks. (Hawes,
Dent, Howgill, Sedberg), n.Lan. (Coniston).

11. ie in sw.Nhb. (Knaresdale), Wm. (Crosby Ravens-
worth, Temple Sowerby), Cum. (Bewcastle). In the
Teviotdale, Nhb. (Newcastle), Dur. (South Shields), Cum.
(Carlisle), the diphthong seems to be ie rather than ie.

12. ia in Rxb., Slk., e. and m.Dmf., s.Nhb., Cum. (Bramp-
ton, Holme Cultram), Dur. (Weardale and Teesdale),
ne.Yks. (Whitby), nm.Yks. (Lower Nidderdale, South
Cleveland), nw.Yks. (Upper Swaledale, The Upper Mining
Dales).

13. 911 in Stf. (Darlaston, Codsall, Willenhall), m.Nhp.
(Lower Benefield), e.Ken. (Folkestone).

14. Eeua in Chs. (Tarporley, Middlewick), s.Chs.

For further details see The Phonological Introduction,
and Ellis, E. E. Pr., v. passim.

A. Although the following examples of A are for the
most part merely the dialectic pronunciation of common
literary words, they are here included so as to facilitate the
understanding of the numerous meanings of what is written
a in the quotations throughout the Dictionary.

[Pron. I, II, V, VIII, IX a; III stressed form a, 9, un-
stressed a; IV a; VI (1) a, (2, 3) e, a; VII (1) 5, (2) a;
X a, when strongly emphasized e; XI (1) a, e, (2) e.]

I. A, indef. art. Van dial.

1. Used redundantly with sb. or adj.

Sc. Not worth a sixpence, Monthly Mag. (1800) I. 238. Ken.1
A bread and butter, a piece of bread and butter ; Ken.2 A good
hair, good hair. w.Som.1 I sh'll be back about of a dinner-time,
Introd. xxiv.

2. Used in place of an before a vowel or h mute.

Nhb.1 Not a oonce. n-Yks.1 Top ov a awd rain waiter tub.
w.Yks.2 A idle, ill-tempered gossip. Sur.1 Half a hour agoo.
Wil.1 The article an is never used. Gie I a apple. w.Som.1 He's
same's a old hen avore day.

3. Before numerals, and nouns of multitude and quantity.
Ir. We'll be givin' them a boil in a one of the little saucepans,

BARLOW Lisconnel (1895) 61. N.Cy.1 A many, a great number.
Nhb.1 Thor's amany at dissent knaa. Thor's not a-one on ye dar
come. Yks. Ye've each on ye gotten a two or three childer,
TAYLOR Miss Miles (1890) i. w.Yks.1 A many. sw.Lin.1 There's
a many as can't raise a pie. Nhp.1 A many. Sur. There be a
hundreds of 'em, JENNINGS Field Pat/is (1884) 37; There be a
plenty of 'em, ib. 44. Sur.1 w.Som.1 We shall have a plenty o'
gooseberries. There was about of a forty. Purty nigh of a fifty.
Som. A dree or fower children, LEITH Lemon Verbena (1895) 45!
nw.Dev.1 'Bout a nine o'clock. 'Bout a vower or vive miie.

[There's not a one of them but in his house I keep a
servant fee'd, SHAKS. Much. in. iv. 131 ; And up they
rysen, wel a ten or twelve, CHAUCER C. T. F. 383.]

4. Used with nouns in pi., to denote quantity.

Nhb.1 What a bairns thor is [what a number of bairns! What
a picturs he hes iv his hoose.

II. A., num. adj. One, when standing before sb.. but not
absolutely, in which case ane or van is used. In Yks
Lan. bom and occas. so written in other dialects.

ne-Yks1 A one. w.Yks.2 They're just about a size. neXan.1
—i.1 Same s the crow zaid by the heap o' toads, They be all of

.

° "

±°( 1859) II "28 °f£fUrHkeeP">S f kinds of goods, RAMSAY

s^SSfiS •MS? "- -- --

RNS £,;<,' rto9(4™oy H^T?"118.^ 8°wd for a' that>

And soon fill a' our creels, Coquet Dale Sngs. (1852) 46; Aw've
suppd a' the milk an' wine, ROBSON Evangeline, &c. (1870) 6.
Wm.1 Tha were a there. Lan. There is na a fractious choilt i' a'
ar yard, BANKS Mancli. Man (1876) i. Chs. It's worth a' the brass
to yer that, BANKS Forbidden (ed. 1885 ;, xiv.

IV. A, pron. I. In Irel. n.Cy. and some of the midl.
counties.

N.I.1 A'm sayin'. Dur.1 A'l, I will. Cnm.1 Wm. A caant reetly
tell ya, Specimens Dial. (1885) pt. iii. i. Yks. A wish a'd been
theer ! GASKELL Sylvia (1863)'!. v. w.Yks. A've card him call em
legs, PRESTON Poems, &c. (1864) 3. e.Lan.1 w.Wor. A dunna
think it (W. B.).

V. A, pron. Used for the third pers. pron. in sing., and
occas. in pi.

1. He. Very widely distributed through the dialects (see
quot.), but not found in those n.Cy. districts where the
aspirate is retained.

w.Yks.1 Lin. The amoighty's a taakin o' you to 'issen, my
friend, 'a said, TENNYSON N. Farmer, Old Style (1864) st 7. Nhp.12,
se.Wor.1 Shr.1 A wuz all of a dither ; Shr.2 There a comes.'
Pern.1 A's coming tereckly, a's shoor to kum. Brks.1 If zo be
as a zes a wunt, a wunt [if he says he won't, he won't], Suf.1
Hmp. I low a will [expect he will] (H.C.W.B.) I.W.12 n.Wli.
A do veed amang th' lilies, KITE Sng. Sol. (c. 1860) ii. 16. Som.
Moi zowel vailed when a' speaked, BAYNES Sng. Sol. (1860) v. 6.
w.Som.1 The doctor've a-do'd hot a can [done what he can]. Dev.
In a com [in he came], PETER PINDAR Key. Visit Exeter (1795) 156.

[A fair knyjt a was to see, Sir Ferumbras (1380) 250.]

2. She. In a few midl. and sw. counties.

A wanted me to go with her, GROSE (1790) MS. add. (M )
Nhp.12, se-Wor.1 Shr., Hrf. Did a do it? BOUND Prov. (1876).
Wil.1 A zed a 'oodden bide yer no longer, fur ef a did her'd
never let un gwo. Dor. A's getting wambling on her pins [shaky
on her legs], HARDY Tower (1882) 124, ed. 1895.

3. It. Often used of inanimate objects, when it probably
represents he applied to things as well as to persons.
Chiefly in w. and sw. counties.

w.Wor.1 W'ahr bin a' ? may mean either Where is he, she, or it.'
se.Wor.1 This tree a got a good crap o' opples on 'im, aant a ?
Hrf.12, Oxf.1, w.Som.1 Dev. He've a got a great venture on hand,
but what a be he tell'th no man, KINGSLEY W. Ho! (1855) 120,
ed. 1889.

4. They. Lin. Shr.

Lin. Doctors, they knaws nowt, fur a says what's nawways true,
TENNYSON N. Farmer, Old Style (1864) st. 2. Shr.1 Whad wun a
doin' theer ? Shr.2 Whire bin a ?

VI. A, v. Occas. used for are, has, hath ; very general
in place of have, sing, and pi.

1. Are.

e.Yks.1 What a ya a deea-in on there? [What are you doing
there ?]

2. Hath, has.

Shr.2 He a got none. w.Wor.1 'Er a gon' awaay. Hrf.2 Him
a gone away.

3. Have.

Sc. Often used, in vulgar language, as an abbreviation of ' hae '
JAM.) ; For they were a' just like to eat their thumb, That he wi'
her sae far ben should a come, Ross Helenore (1768) n. Cnm.
I waddent a hed sic a cloon (M.P.). w.Yks.1 You mud as weel
a dunt as nut. neXan.1, Chs.i Lin. I moant 'a naw moor aale,
^EtmvsonN. Farmer, Old Style (1864) st. i. nXin.1, Nhp.1 w.Wor.1
A done, ool ee ! Shr.1 We mun a this oven fettled. Now, Polly,
yo'n a to gCO. Glo. When a man's owld and a-weered out, and
begins to 'a a summat the matter, BUCKMAN Darke's Sojourn
(1890) 7. Sur. Plagued if I builded a house if I'd 'a a front door
to ee, BICKLEY Sur. Hills (1890) II. i. Hmp.1 w.Som.1 Have,
when followed by a consonant, sometimes written ha, but seldom
aspirated. This is the commonest of all the forms, and it is
occasionally heard even before a vowel. Dev." Wull yu come an'
a yer brekzis, Betty?

VII. A, adv. Seldom found, except in sense 1. More
usually written ae, ah, aw, ay.

1. Ay, always.
N.Cy.1, Cum. Gl. (1851).

2. How.

w.Yks. Wei az a wa se(a)in, -sud tel ja, a, wiar on wen sa fan
d rukij and at sa koalz ar uzbn [Well, as I was saying, she'd tell
you how, where and when she found the drunken hound that she
calls her husband], WRIGHT Gr. Wndhll. (1892 172.

[3]

VIII. A, prep. In very general use.

1. At, denoting place.

w.Wor.1 'E were a chu'ch o' Sund'y. Hrf.2 Suf.1 'A live a' bin
house.

2. Of.

Win. T'lass hersel war \ t'saame way a thinkin', JACK ROBISON
Aald Tales (1882) 3. w.Yks.1 If she nobbud could git a bit
a naturable rist. n.Lan. T' beams a our house are cedar, PHIZAC-

BKERLKY Sng. Sol. (1860) i. 17. Lin.1 Out a work. nXin.1 Th'
fraamc a' this here door. Nhp.1 Out a doors. Suf.1. I.W.1
A lig a mutton. w.Som.1 What manner a man. The tap a the hill.
Dev. Lets drink drap a ale, NATHAN HOGG Poet. Lei. (1847) 49.

3. On ; in.

N.Cy.2 A this side. Nhb.1 Wm.1 Et wes a Monda mornin.
n.Yks.1 To'n (turn) doon a that hand. w.Yks.1 I'll gang wi the
a Tuesday. Lan. I don't think every one would grieve a that
way, GASKELL M. Barton (1848) v ; Lan.1 He went a-horseback.
ne.Lan.1 Stf.1 1 shall go to Litchfield a Tuesday. Der.2 Dow it a:
thissens. He's allys a' thatens. n.Lin.1 Lei.1 A the t'oother soide.
Shr.2 A Wednesday. Snf.1 We'll go 'a Sunday. Sur.1 Croydon
Fair is a' Monday. w.Som.1 They be all a pieces. Let-n vail out
a thick zide [on this side].

4. To.

w.Som.1 Down a Minehead. I be gwain in a town.

5. With.

Wor. I'm goin' a Bill Saunders to Redditch tu-night (J.W.P.).
Nhp.2 Cam in a me [came in with me].
[Cf. athin, athout]

IX. A, conj. Occas.

1. And ; also when used in the sense of if.

Suf.1 I'll gi' ye a dunt i' the hid 'a ye dew so no more. Dev.
Chem a laced well-a-fine aready [well-a-fine = well and fine, i.e.
finely] Exm. Scold. (1746) 1. 81.

2. Or.

Suf.1 Wutha 'a wool 'a nae [whether he will or no].

X. A, affirm, part, in cotnp. A-but, Aye-but. In n.
counties to Lin. and Chs. Also Shr. Not in midl. and
s. gloss.

n.Yks.1 A ! but, that was a big yan. e.Yks.1 Abud. w.Yks. Ah'll
bensil him ! A" bud he happen weant let theh, BANKS Wkfld. Wds.
(1865). nXin.1 A! But Charlie is a big leear, an noa mistaake.
Shr.2 A but.

XI. A, int. In n.Cy. Chs. Lin. Lei.

1. Ejaculatory ; oh ! ah !

N.Cy.2 A ! man alive ! n.Yks.1 A ! man : that was a yarker !
w.Yks. A' tha duz lewk bonny, BINNS Wihden Orig. (1889) I. i.
Lei.1 A, moy surs !

2. Interrogatory; eh?

N.Cy.1 A? what? What do you say? Cum. Gl. (1851). w.Yks.24,
nXin.1

A, pref.1 Before prp. and vbl. sb., repr. OE. an, on. Sc.
Irel. Not found in Eng. counties n. of Pern. Shr. War.
Nhp. Rut-n.Cam. Nrf., exc. in e.Lan. n.Lin. Lei. (Belgrave
and Waltham); also not found in Hnt. nw.Nrf. e.Ken.

1. Before prp. or vbl. sb. used with vb. to be to form con-
tinuous tense.

Ir. I'm a-thinkin', BARLOW Bog-land (1892) 52. Lin. Git ma my
aSle, fur I beant a-gawin', TENNYSON N. Farmer, Old Style (1864)
st. i. n-Lin.1 A consumptive person is said to be awearin'. Rut.1
I'm a-goin' whum. Nhp.1 How they are a-talking ! s.War.1 We
are a-coming directly. Wor. I don't know how they'm a-going
now (H.K.). se.Wor.1 Shr.1 Bin yo agwine? [going]. Glo.1
He'll be a puggin' all as he can ; Glo.2, Oxf.1 Brks.1 Thaay be
a-vightin. Bdf. ' Is she a-going? ' he said, WARD Bessie Costrell
(1895) 8. Ess. Who is a goin' to buy ? DOWNE Ballads (1895) 7.
Ken.1 She's always a making mischief about somebody or another.
Sur. I've been a-draining this forty year, HOSKYNS Talpa (1852) 16.
Sns.1 I am a-going. I.W.1 n.Wil. Who's thus a comen out o' th'
weaste ? KITE Sng. Sol. (c. 1860) iii. 6. Wil.1 They wasa-zaayin'.
Dev. Who'm a-gwain for to kill'e? BLACKMORE Christowell (1881)
ii ; I know what I'm a-saying of, O'NEILL Idylls (1892) 23. e.Cor.
The mutton is a-roasting, Monthly Mag. (1808) II. 421.

2. Before vbl. sb.

Sc. They hae taen Yule before it comes, and are gaun aguisarding
[mumming], SCOTT Guy Mannering (1815) xxxvi. e.Lan.1 Gone
a-working. sw.Lin.1 The birds, they start a-whistling of a morn-
ing. Hrf.2 Measter's got seventeen on 'em out a yacorning [pigs
feeding on acorns]. Glo.1 A-chatting, picking up chats or small
sticks.

A,pref.2 Before pp., repr. OE. ge-. In all the sw. counties,
including Wil. Dor. Som. Dev. Cor. ; also in Pern, and parts
of Wor. Glo. Oxf. Brks. Sur. Hmp.

se.Wor.1 ' I was a-dreamea" for ' I dreamt.' Glo. Ye and William
Stretch be so easy a-gallowed [frightened], GISSING Both of Ms
Parish (1889) I. 117; It be a-rooted on his side of the bruck,
ib. 287 ; Me and Mary have a-bin-a-doing arl us can for 'er,
BUCKMAN Darke's Sojourn (1890) iv. Oxf. You see, ma'am, all
this time she is adreamt between sleeping and waking (HALL.).
Brks.1 I've a zed what I've a got to zaay. Sur. Your charity
have a-outrun your discretion, BICKLEY Sur. Hills (1890) III. vi.
Hmp. Ye must be nigh famished, and afrore [frozen] too, VERNEY
L. Lisle (1870) xxiii ; I'm better than I have abeen (H.C.M.B.).
n.Wil. You've a got dove's eyes, KITE Sng. Sol. (c. 1860) i. 15.
Dor. The zun have a-burnt me so dark, BARNES Sng. Sol.
(1859) i. 6; I've a took, YOUNG Rabin Hill (1867) 3; I misdoubt
if the hatches be a-hcven [lifted] down yonder, HARE Vil. Street
(1895) 95. Dor.1 Thy new frock's tail A-tore by hitch en in
a nail. How you, a-zot bezide the bank. Som. Th' cooin o' th'
turtle-doove be a-yeard in th' Ian', BAYNES Sng. Sol. (1860) ii.
12; My vingers be all a-vraur, JENNINGS Dial. w.Eng. (1869);
Avroze, frozen. W. & J. Gl. (1873). w.Som.1 There's a good
many chores [pieces of work] I 'ant a put down at all. The
gutter's a-stapped again. Dev. Sweel out thickee glass avore
'e's a-flsed again, HEWETT Peas. Sp. (1892). n.Dev. A-slat, cracked
like an earthen vessel, GROSE (1790). s.Dev. My bread's a-clit
[made heavy] (F.W.C.). Dev.1, nw.Dev.1

A, pref.3 Repr. the OE. prep. on. It is very common
as a prefix of state or condition. In var. dial, of Sc.
Irel. and Eng. (For distribution, &c. of some of the most
general instances of words having this pref. see Aback,
Aboon, Agate, Aneath, Astead, &c.)

Sc. At length when dancing turn'd adwang, BEATTIES Parings
(1801) 14; The best-laid schemes o' mice an' men Gang a"ft
a-gley, BURNS To a Mouse (1785) 1. 39 ; A-grufe, ' flat or grovelling'
(JAM.). S. & Ork.1 He fell dead asoond [in a swoon]. Ir. The
air was a-flutther wid snow, BARLOW Bog/and (1892) 70 ; When
th'ould master had tore it wid his hands all a-shake, ib. 14. Ant.
The chimney's alow [on fire] (W.J.K.). N.I.1 Abreard [of corn, in
the blade]. Wxf.1 Aveel , abroad [in the field). Agether, together.
N.Cy.1 Acow, acaw, crooked. Nhb. Enough to rive atwee the
heart, WILSON Pitman's Pay (1843) pt. ii. st. 17 ; Nhb.1 He couldn't
run acas on his bad foot. ' Stan aby there ' is a familiar shout
in a crowd when a way is to be cleared. It com atwo i' me hand.
Dur. Let's see ift veyne flurrish, whedder t'tender grape's aseat,
MOORE Sng. Sol. (1859) vii. 12 ; Whe's this 'at cums up frae
t'wilderness, leanen atoppiv hur beluved ? ib. viii. 5 ; Dnr.1 Tek the
cows afield. Cum. He's nut been varra weel leately an' so he's
a-bed (E.W.P.) ; Nancy sed she wad set off for Cockermuth market
afeut, FARRALL Betty Wilson (1886) 145 ; Cum.3 Acoase they think
he kens me. Wm.1 Thoo canna gan afeut. n.Yks. His shoes is
trodden a-cow. Lift it up a-height. Old John gans sair astoop
(I.W.) ; n.Yks.1 Marget an" her man hae getten aquart [at variance]
agen ; n.Yks.2 Acant, leaning to one side. Apeeak, in a peak.
e.Yks. Ah's varry tired; Ah've been afeeat all day, NICHOLSON
Flk-Sp. (1889) 89 ; e.Yks.1 Is kittle aboil d'ye think ? w.Yks.1 Our
lad's quite bobberous, an aw a roav [on the rove, stirring about] ;
w.Yks.5 He wur afront an' we wur aback on him. Tak t'umbrella
wi' thuh achonce it raans. ne.Lan.1 It went awheels. e.Lan.1
Aback o' th' hill. s.Chs.1 Get atop o' th' bauks. Not.1 A-two, in
two. n-Lin.1 It's that mucky and torn, it's abargens what becums
on it. Squire Heala an' him got atwist. Th' wall's nobut a brick
abread. Lei.1 [Work is done] a-great, by the piece. Nhp.1 The
house is afire ; Nhp.2 Wheer's maester ?— Up afield. War. Afire.
Afoot (J. R. W.). s.War.1 Abed. Wor. I can't sleep anights
(H.K.). w.Wor^'Er's a bed mighty bad, wi' a paayn a top o' 'er
yud. Shr.1 Fund it a-top o' the cubbert shilf. Glo. Down er
went on ers back arl a-mullock, BUCKMAN Darke's Sojourn (1890)
vii; Agig, giggling, excited (F.H.). Oxf.1 They be come afresh.
If thee beginst any o' thy eggerevatin' ways yer, I'll cut tha
clane a-two-in-the-middle. Brks.1 A copse is said to be ' amove
wi' gaayme." Thee get on avront o' I, ther yent room vor us
bwo-ath in the paath. e-An.1 1 saw Mr. Brown a'top of his new
horse yesterday. Suf.1 Ta crumble all 'apieces. Ken.1 The pig-
trade's all asprawl now. Sur.1 Abed. Hmp.1 His head is all
agoggle [i. e. of a person with palsy]. Wil.1 Put the door ashard
when you goes out. Som. When a hen is sitting on her eggs
she is said to be abrood, JENNINGS Obs. Dial. w.Eng. (1825).
w.Som.1 The primroses be all ablow up our way. The grass is
shockin bad to cut, tis all alie. Thick there bisgy stick's a put in

B 2

[4]

AAM

all atwist. Dev. Zes I tu a chap, 'What dee cal thic a-head?'
[overhead] NATHAN HOGG Poet. Let. (1847), 'Bout tha Balune;
Like a 'ouze avire, HEWETT Peas. Sp. (1892) 48; Polly ought tu
bring out 'er chicken til-day ; her'tha zot a-brood vur dree weeks,
ib. 153. nw.Dev.1 Alie, in a recumbent position. Cor.1 She rode
ascrode ; Cor.2 The door's a-sam.

A, pref.* Equiv. to of. In a few words retained in var.
dial. See Alate, &c.

Sc. Adoun, adown, down, poet. GROSE (1790) MS. add. (C.)
w.Yks. Akin, related by blood (S.P.U.); w.Yks.1 Alatt, of late,
lately ; w.Yks.5 Pleaz mother may I goa out adoors a bit ?
ne-Lan.1 Alayat, of late, lately. n-Lin.1 You're alus clattin' in
and oot a-doors. Nhp.1 He's gone out a-doors ; Nhp.2 Athirst.
se.Wor.1 A-hungry. A-late, lately. Glo. Affurst, athirst, thirsty,
GROSE (1790) MS. add. (H.) Brks.1 I be a-veelin' ahungerd.
Cor. Nor drive too fast adown the hills, TREGELLAS Farmer Brown

(1857) 22.

A, pref5 Equiv. to at.

Sc. I'll hae naething ado wi't, GROSE (1790) MS. add. (C.) Lan.
There's no peace i' th' world iv there's no peace awhoam, WAUGH
Sngs. (1859) Jamie's Frolic. Chs.1 Oo made much adoo abait it.
Stf.1 Is the doctor a-whum ? War.2 Awum. Nhp.1 They always
make such ado with me, whenever I go to see them.

A, pref? Repr. OE. a-, earlier ar-, orig. implying motion
onward ; hence used as an intensive pref. See Afeard,
Agast, Agone.

Sc. To come alist, to recover from faintness or decay (JAM.);
But well's my heart that ye are come alist, Ross Helenore ( 1 768) 15.
N.Cy.1 Agrote, surfeit, cloy, saturate. Nhb.1 ' Let yorsel alowse '
[loose], was the exhortation of a pitman to a friend who was
batting stiffly at a cricket match. n.Yks.2 Akest, cast or twisted
to one side. e.Yks. It's all akest, NICHOLSON Flk-Sp. (1889) 50 ;
e.Yks.1 It was agin [given] to me. Lan. To aright a boat (F. H. ).
Glo. Very many years agone, GISSING Vil. Hampden (1890) I. iv.
Brks.1 Thaay've a-bin agone this dree hour. n.Dev. Agush'd and
Gush'd, used for Agusted, dismayed, GROSE (1790) MS. add. (H.)
Dev.3 The frost agives. w.Cor. He went to Africa some time
agone (M.A.C.).

A, pref? Repr. OE. and, against, opposite. See Along,
Alongst.

A, pref? Repr. OE. an, one, in oblique case. See
Awhile.)

A, pref? Repr. an int. A !

Sc. Aweel, it's the worst thing I ken about, SCOTT Rob Roy
(1816) vi. S. & Ork.1 Alake ! alas ! Gall. ' Aweel, aweel,' soli-
loquised the considerate Baillie, ' this is a matter that requires
management,' NICHOLSON Hist. Tales (1843) 68. w.Yks.4 Alack !
Snf.1 Alawk, alawkus ! w.Som.1 Alack-a-day ! [A-God-cheeld !
Exclamation, God shield you ! God forbid ! GROSE (1790) MS.
add. (P.)]

A, pref.10 Of uncertain origin ; in many cases due to
analogy with one or other of the above prefixes.

Sc. Await sheep, one that has fallen down, so as not to
be able to recover itself (JAM.). S. & Ork.1 To go a-gaairy, to
leave one's service before the term day. Ir. Poor Mick grabbed
a-hould of me, BARLOW Idylls (1892) 214. N.Cy.1 Amackally,
in a manner, as well as one can. Wm. T'poor fello's pluck
he amackily roosed, BOWNESS Studies (1868) 80. n.Yks. God
a-rest you, merry gintlemen, TWEDDELL Clevel. Rhymes (1875) 6'
n.Yks.2 A-craz'd, wrong-headed. Black-aviz'd, dark complexioned!
ne.Lan.1 A-warrant, to assure, to warrant. nXin.1 John'll cum hoam
drunk agean to neet I'll awarrant it. Wor. It be a lot nigher this
away [way] (H. K.). se.Wor.1 Be yer 'onds acaowd ? come ether
an warm urn. I sh'll come afrawl [a + for all] thee. Shr.1 An old
man . . . speaking of his schoolmaster, said, ' 'E used to amaister
me, Sir. Glo.12 Adry, thirsty. Brks.1 I be a-veelin acawld
Ess. John was a-dry CLARK /. Noahs (1839) !8. Sur. I'd like to
know, not a-wishful to be prying, BICKLEY Sur. Hills (1890) III
';W' ,?°!,Wl!.°0T- Wi,' the ™g°n a.Ker temPty]. Goo into

-- ------ .

dtheold woman, MADOX-BROWN

A suff. Occas. used redundantly after a word • merelv
euphonic 'A is sometimes used fn songs and

g °ut a line' without add'ns to

Ir. Is it that-a-way he went, did you notice ? BARLOW Lisconntl
(1895) 207. w.Som.1 You never ded-n ought to a went-a. It is very
commonly heard after proper names when shouted . . . [or] when
calling out to urge on horses or oxen by their names. Dev. The
Devonians often introduce a vowel into words, as Black-a-hook,
for Blackhook, BRAY Tamar and Tavy, I. 121; GROSE (1790) MS
add. (M.)

A, num. adj. Sc. n.Cy. Yks. Lan. Written ae in Sc. ;
this spelling also occurs in n.Cy. Nhb.1 Cum. n.Yks.2
Also written ya Cum.1 Wm. Yks. w.Yks.1 Lan.1 ; yah
Wm. n.Yks.2 ; yaa Wm. See below, [e.]

1. One.

Sc. Ae swallow disna mak a simmer (JAM.) ; Ae good turn
may meet anither, if it were at the brigg o' London, RAMSAY
Prov. (1737); And no ae halfhour to the gospel testimony,
SCOTT Midlothian (1818) xi. Gall. The ae legged chuckie wull be
clocking, CROCKETT Moss Hags (1895) 217. Bwk. Till said to
Tweed, Though ye rin wi' speed, and I rin slaw. Where ye
drown ae man, I drown twa, HENDERSON Pop. Rhymes (1856) 27.
n.Cy. Ae, one, GROSE (1790) MS. add. (D. A.). Nhb.1 Cum. Fra
ya week end till anudder, FARREL Betty Wilson (1886) 41. Wm.
Let us alaan yaw wee bit, HUTTON Bran New Wark (1785) 1. 242.
n.Yks.2 Ae, Yah, one. e.Yks. Yaa, one, with the subs, expressed :
as yaa man, yaa horse. MARSHALL Rur. Econ. (1788). w.Yks. Price
a penny, Dewsbre Olm. (cover) ; Ea, one, LUCAS Stud. Nidderdale
(c. 1882) ; w.Yks.1 He didn't knaw his awn mind fray ya minute
to another, ii. 294. Lan.1 Sooa ya day, ther' wos sich a noration
as nivver wos seen, MORRIS Invasion o' U'ston (1867) 4. neXan.1
Aa cow (s.v. An).

2. Only.

Sc. Thou kill'd my brethren three, Whilk brak the heart o' my
ae sister I loved as the light o' my ee, Jacob. Rel. (1819) II. 33.
Ayr. I am my mammie's ae bairn, BURNS Pm Owre Young.

3. Used with superlatives in an intensive sense QAM.).
Ayr. The ae best fellow e'er was born, BURNS Elegy on Capt.

Matthew Henderson.

4. Comp. Ae-beast-tree ; -fur, -fur-land, see below;
-haunt, single-handed (JAM.); -pointit gairss [grass],
sedge-grass, a species of Carex.

Or.I. Ae-beast-tree, a swingle tree by which only one horse
draws in ploughing (JAM.). S. & Ork.1 Ae-beast-tree. Clyd., Slk.
Ae-fur, having all the soil turned over by the plough in one
direction ; Ae-fur-land, ground which admits of being ploughed
only in one direction (JAM.). w.Sc. They wadna be a jiffy
o' gripping ye like a gled, they're no sae ae-haunt, Saint Patrick
(1819) I. 220 (JAM.). Sc. Carex, ae-pointit gairss, blue-grass
(B. & H.). Lnk. Ae-pointit-gairss. Sedge-grass, a species of
carex, single-pointed grass. The reason why this tribe of plants
is denominated Ae-pointit Gairss, is because the points of its blades
are sharper and much more stiff than those of rich succulent
grass QAM.).

[In Sc. ae is used before a sb. whether beginning with a
cons, or a vowel. Occurring absolutely ane is the form.
OE. an.]

A, sb. Wil. Som. (?) Apparently obs. except in comp.
A-harrow or -drag.

s.Wil. Ais or As, harrows or drags, DAVIS Agric. (1813), quoted
Archceol. Rev. (1888) I. 34. Wil.1 This term for a harrow was still
occasionally to be heard some thirty years ago, in both Somerset
and Wilts, but is now disused.

Hence comp. A-drag.

Wil. For some years a very heavy triangular machine was used,
called an A-drag, with its tines so fixed on its three sides, as that
when drawn by one point, it made parallel furrows eight or nine
inches apart, DAVIS Gen. View Agric. Wil. (1811) vii. 52-3. The
late Mr. Jas. Rawlence, a great authority on agriculture, told me
it [word A-drag] was still in use in s. Wilts, though no doubt it
would be an improved form of the machine (G.E.D.); Wil.1
A-Drag. Still used in s.Wilts for harrowing turnips before the
hoers go in.

[This term is derived from the triangular shape of the
drag, resembling the letter A.]

A, AA, see Ea.

AA, see Owe.

AAM, sb. e.An. Also written aim e.An.1 The chill ;
only found in phr. to take the aatn off.

e.An.1 Just set the mug down to the fire, and take the cold aam
off the beer. Suf. To take cold aam off the beer is occasionally

AAM

[5]

ABB

heard (J. H.) ; The cold aam of beer is cold sharpness or sting.
Only a few old people now use the word (F. H.).

[This is prob. a Flem. word; cp. w.Flem. aam = adem,
breath (Dr. Bo); so in Saxony aam = athem (BERGHAUS).
For a similar expression as applied to beer see Air, sb. 4.]

AAM, see Harm.

AAN, see Own.

AANDORN, see Undern.

AAR, see Arn.

AARNIT, see Earth-nut.

AARON'S BEARD, sb. A name applied to several
plants— (i) Hypencum calycinum (Bwk. Rxb. Nhb. n.Dur.
Shr. Glo. Ess. Dev.) ; (2) Linaria Cymbalaria (Edb.) ;
(3) Orchis mascula (Bwk.) ; (4) Saxifraga sarmentosa (Dev.) ;
(5) Spiraea salicifolia (Lin. Lei. n.Bks.). [e'ranz-biad, n.
e'-ranz-biard.]

n.Lin.1. Lei.1 Aaron's Beard, Spiraea salicifolia. Shr. Aaron s
Beard, St. John's wort (G. E. D.).

[The name contains a reference to Ps. cxxxiii. 2.]

AARON'S ROD, sb. A name applied to several plants—
(i) Solidago Virgaurea (Shr. War.) ; (2) A garden species
of Solidago (Hrt.) ; (3) Verbascum Thapsus (Sc. Lin. Glo.
and the midl. counties), [e'ranz-rod.]

Bnff.1 Aarons-rod, mullein, Verbascum Thapsus. Lin.1 Aaron's
Rod, Verbascum Thapsus. Shr.1 Aaron's-rod, Solidago Virgaurea,
common golden rod. Glo.1 Aaron's Rod, Verbascum Thapsus.
Var. dial. Aaron's Rod, from the tall straight stem, and connected
with Aaron because his rod, like his beard, is familiar from its
mention in Scripture.

[The name contains a reference to the account of Aaron
in Numbers xvii. 8.]

AB, sb. Or. I. [ab.]

Or.I. Ab, check, hindrance, impediment QAM. Suppl.}. Not in
S. & Ork.i

AB, v. Or. I.

Or.I. To Ab, to hinder, keep back, place at a disadvantage ; also
to pain, cause pain (JAM. Suppl.}. Not in S. & Ork.1

ABACK, prep, and adv. In Sc. and all the n. counties
to Lin. and Chs., Stf. War. [aba'k.]

1. prep. Of position : behind, to the rear (usually with
prep. of).

Nhb.1 Howay aback o' the hoose an' aa'll show ye. He com'
in at the finish just aback on him. Dur.1 Cum.2 Aback o' the
fells. Wm. As t'sun sank doon aback o' t'hills, WHITEHEAD Leg.
(1859^ 17, 1. 4. n.Yks.2 ne.Yks.1 It popp'd oot aback o' t' stee.
e.Yks. Up-stairs a-back o' bed, Sike a riot as niwer was led,
NICHOLSON Flk-Specch (1889} 40; e.Yks.1 w.Yks.s Think o' the
divil an' he's sure to be aback o' yuh. Lan.1 Just as aw coom up
he wur hidin' aback o' th' hedge. ne.Lan.1 Chs.1 Aw seed him
aback o' th' edge. s.Chs.1 [with meaning of beyond] Aback o'
Nantweych (Nantwich). \ln_flg. sense] Owd Dan tells some awful
lies, bu' yo conna ger aback on him. Stf.2 n.Lin.1 It's aback o' the
beer barril. War. (J.R. W.)

2. adv. Behind, to the rear.

Ayr. The third that gaed a wee aback, Was in the fashion
shining Fu' gay that day, BURNS Holy Fair (1785) ver. 2.

3. Of motion : back, backwards.

N.Cy.1 Nhb.1 Hadaway aback, aa tell ye. Ye've com" ower far
on ; gan aback ti the road end.

4. Of time : ago, since.

Abd. Eight days aback a post came frae himsel, Ross Helenore
(1768) 37.

5. Aback o' Durham, delayed, thrown back from the be-
ginning ; aback frae, aloof from ; to take aback, to surprise,
astonish (in gen. use).

n.Yks.2 All aback o' Durham together. Ayr. O would they stay
aback frae courts, An' please themsels wi' countra sports, It wad
for ev'ry ane be better, BURNS Twa Dogs (1786). Frf. This took
Sam'l, who had only been courting Bell for a year or two, a little
aback, BARRIE Licht (1888) 159. n.Yks. Ah wer rayder teean
aback when it com, TWEDDELL Clevel. Rhymes (1875) 62. n.Lin.1
I was ta'en clear aback when she tell'd me on it

6. Aback-d '-behind, (i) in the rear, behind; (2) behind-
hand ; (3) far away, remote.

(i) N.Cy.1 Aback-a-behint where the grey mare foaled the fiddler
[that is, threw him off in the dirt]. Nhb.1 Aback-a-behint the
set [the very last wagon]. Get up aback-a-behint [get up over

the horse's rear]. Cum. Aback o' behint, behind, in the rear,
LINTON Lake Cy. (1864) 295. w.Yks. Aback o' behind, Hlfx. Wds.
ne.Lan.1 Aback-a-behint, very far behind or in the rear, (a) Dur.1
Behind hand, too late. (3) Lan.1 Wheer does he live? — Eh! aw
know no'; aback-a-beheend, wheer nob'dy comes.
7. Aback-o' -beyond, (i) 'the other end of Nowhere/ in the
far distance ; (2) of work : behindhand, delayed, thrown
back ; (3) behind, in the rear of.

(i) Nhb.1 Aback-a-beyont, far away behind — out of ken. Cum.1
Nowhere, lost in the distance. 'Whoar t'meer fwoal't t'fiddler.'
n.Yks.2 They live aback o' beyont, where they kessen cawvs and
knee-band lops [christen calves, and bind the fleas by the legs].
ne.Yks.1 Ah wadn't mahnd if they was all aback o' beyont [at
Jericho]. ne.Lan.1 Aback-o-beyont, at a very great distance
away. n.Lin.1 \_ftg. use] A man is aback o' beyont his sen, when
he is, through his own fault or ignorance, unable to perform what he
has undertaken. (2) n.Yks.1 We were all thrown aback o' beyont
the day through [could never recover the ground lost by delay
in the morning]. e.Yks. That slaw beggar's awlas aback-o-beyont
wiv his wahk, NICHOLSON Flk-Sp. (1889) 49. (3) e.Yks.1 Where's
Jack ? — He's just geean aback-o-beyont there [at the back of yonder
house or stack].

[They drewe abacke, as halfe with shame confound,
SPENSER Sh. Cal. June. ME. Therwith-al a-bak she sterte,
CHAUCER Leg. G. W. 864. OE. on bcecc.]

ABACK, adv. n.Irel. [aba'k.] Of the position of a
weight or load : contracted form of ' on the back.'

N.I.1 When a cart is loaded, the load can be arranged so as to
press very lightly on the horse, this is having it ' light-a-back ' ;
when the chief weight is towards the front of the cart, and
therefore presses on the horse, the cart is ' heavy-a-back.'

[A-, on + back.]

ABARGAINS, phr. n.Lin. [aba'ganz.] Of no value or
consequence.

Lin. Among Lincolnshire phrases one may hear, ' It's a bargains
on it!' or 'Oh, a bargains on (or of) him!' when one would
depreciate a man or a thing, N. & Q. (1865) 3rd S. vii. 162.
n-Lin.1 It's that mucky and torn, it's abargens what becums on it.
It's abargens whether he cums or no noo.

[A-, on -f bargains, q.v.]

ABASING, vbl. sb. w. and s.Sc. QAM.) [abe'sin.]

w. & s.Sc.Abaising, abaisin, abasin, abusing, hurting, ill-treating
by word or act.

[Abais(s)e, v., is a northern form of AFr. aba'iss (whence
E. abash), prp. stem of abair, OFr. esbair (mod. e'bahir).}

ABATE, v. Nhp. [abe't, abea't.] To uncover; to
clear away the superincumbent soil preparatory to
working stone in a quarry. See Bate and Unbate.

Nhp.1. To make bare ; to uncover. [In e.An. • uncallow ' is the
corresponding word.]

[OFr. abatre, to beat down.]

ABATE, adv. n.Lin. [abea't.] Accustomed to, in the
habit of doing anything.

n-Lin.1 He's gotten abate o' drinkin'.

ABAWE, v. n.Cy. [abijr.] To daunt, astonish.

N.Cy.1, Nhb.1

[ME. abawen. Found in R. BRUNNE Handlyng Synne
and CHAUCER. See M. & S., HALL. See HATZFELD, and
Skeat's note to CHAUCER Duchesse, 614.]

ABB, sb. Glo. Wil. Som. n.Dev. Also written ab
Glo. ; ob Glo. n.Dev. [aeb ; Glo. w.Som. ob.]

1. The weft, woof, yarn woven across the warp.

Glo. Ab, Ob, trama, substramen, GROSE (1790) MS. add. (H.)
w.Som.1 Abb, weaver's weft.

2. In wool-sorting, one of two qualities of wool known
as coarse abb and fine abb respectively (C.D.).

w.Cy. The wool of the sheep's back is finer, and makes, in
druggets, the thread called abb, LISLE Husbandry (1757). w.Som.1
Abb, the name of a particular sort or quality of short-stapled wool,
as sorted, usually from the belly part of the fleece.

3. Comp. Abb-chain, a carded warp ; -wool (C.D.).
w.Som.l The abb is nearly always spun from carded wool, and

hence a carded warp, such as that used in weaving blankets,
is called an abb-chain, in distinction to one spun from combed
wool, such as that used in weaving serge, which is a worsted
chain.

[OE. aweb (oweb, ab). A cognate OE. form was awef,
owef, whence E. woof.]

ABBAR

[6]

ABIDE

ABBAR, ABBER, see Aye bat.

ABBEY, sb. Som. The abele or great white poplar,

Populus aiba.

Sam. The great white poplar: one of the varieties of t
Pofulus alba, JENNINGS Obs. Dial. w.Eng. (1825); W. & J. Gl.
(1873' ; Abbey-lug, a branch of the abele tree (G.S.).

ABBEY-LUBBER, sb. Yks. Som., also naut [arbi-leba,
n. a'ba-lobair).] An idle person, a loafer.

Yks. A term of reproach for idle persons, WRIGHT. Som. A
lazy, idle fellow, JENNINGS Obs. DiaL w.Eng. (1825); W. & J.
Gl. 1873). Hant SMYTH Sailor's Wd-Bk. (1867). Colloq.. From
deans and from chapters who live at their eases . . . And lie like
abbey-lubbers stewM in their own greases, Libera nos, Domine.
Jacob. ReL (1819) 393.

\Archimarmitonerastique, an Abbey-lubber or arch-fre-
quenter of the Cloyster beefe-pot or beefe-boyler. Ils
estqyent a table aises comme Peres (a phrase whose author
by Peres meant Abbey-lubbers), COTGR.; An Abbey-
lubber, fucus • . . . Fucus, a Drone, Sluggard, an Abby-
lubber, COLES (1679) ; Abbey-Lubber, a slothful loiterer
in a religious house under pretence of retirement and
austerity ('This is no Father Dominic, no huge over-
grown abbey-lubber; this is but a diminutive sucking
friar,' Dryden Sp. />.), JOHNSON.]

ABBUD, ABBUT, see Aye but

ABBY, sb. S. and Ork. [a'bL]

1. The sea-gilliflower.
S. * Ork.1

2. Contp. Abby-root, the root of the sea-gilliflower.

S. ft Ork.1

ABC, also in pi. In gen. colloq. use.

1. The English alphabet ; to be able to say one's A B C, to
be able to read.

w.Yks. Can he say his A-B-C's ? BANKS Wkfld. Wds. (1865).
nw.Der.1 w.Som.1 Dhee urt u puur-tee skau'lurd, shoa-ur nuuf:
wuy kas-n zai dhee ae-u. bee, see [thou art a pretty scholar sure
enough, why thou canst not say thy A B C]. Pop. rhyme. Dunce,
dunce, double D, Can't say his ABC.

2. A B C Book, a book for beginners containing the
alphabet ; in A B C fashion.

w.Som.1 ABC Book, the book from which infants are first
taught ABC Fashion, perfectly ; applied to things known, as
a trade, a lesson, &c. A man would be said to know his business
or profession a-b-c faar-sheen — i. e. as perfectly as his alphabet

[L To sigh, like a school-boy that had lost his A B C
(i. e. his book containing the alphabet), SHAKS. Two Gent.
11. i. 23. 2. And then comes answer like an Absey book,
ib. K. John, i. i. 196.]

A-BE, Sc. Nhb. Lan. Chs. Stf. Oxf. See below, [abr.]
L In phr. to let a-be (rarely, to leave a-be), to leave undis-
turbed, to let alone ; let a-be, not to mention. Cf. let-alone.
Sc. A wheen kilted loons that dinna ken the name o' a single
herb or flower in braid Scots, let abee in the Latin tongue, Kob
Roy (1817) xxvii: Get up! I wadna rise out of my chair for
King George himsell let abee a Whig minister. RAMSAY Remin.
(ed. 1859) ist S. 93. Nhb. Av' let a' useless sticks a-bee,
ROBSON Evangtline (1870) 363 ; Nhb.1 Let's away and he* some
yell, and let sic things abee man. The Keelman's reasons for
attending church, ALLAN'S Collection (1863). Lan. I niwer wanted
to see yore face again. Leave me a-be. BURNETT Loarrus '1877)
rrii; Aw would o lett'n it obee till th' weddin' wur o'er, Abrum
o Fluf's Quortin' (1886) 8. neXan.1 Let me abe. let me alone.
Cbs.1 Let that choilt a-be. wilt ta. s^tf. Let him a-be. PINNOCK
Bit. Cy. Ann. (1895! s.Oxf. Let 'im a-be, 'ee 'ave made 'is bed,
an ee d best lie on it, ROSEMARY Chilterns \ 1895) na.
2. so. Forbearance.

Sc. Ill gie you let-a-bee for let-a-bee. like the bairns o' Kelly
HENDERSON Prop. (1832) 123 ; I am for let a-be for let-a-be, as the
boys say, SCOTT Pirate (1822) xxxvii ; Let-abe for let-abe, mutual
ice. Let-abe maks mony a loon [forbearance increases
the number of rogues] (JAM., s.v. Let).
[The prefix a- is difficult to explain. N.E.D has ' prob
*t be, early northern infinitive=to be,' but there is no
evidence of the existence of the phrase, or of the con-
struction of let with at in ME.]

ABEAR, v. Widely diffused through the dialects. Also

written abeear e. Yks. ne. Lan.1 ; abeare ne.Lan.1 See
below, [abeav), abia'fr).] To endure, tolerate : usually
with the verb can and a negative. Cf. abide.

Jfhb.l She couldn't abeer to sit aside him. Wm.1 A cannot
abeer et. n-Yks.1 ne.Yks.1 Ah can't abeear stooryin.'. Lan.1
I conno' abear th' sect on 't. s^tt I can't abear the sight on
him, PINNOCK Bit. Cy. Ann. (1895). Hot1 s.Not Non of uz
can't abear non o' them (J. P. K.). Lin. I couldn abear to see it,
i TENNYSON If. Farmer, Old Style 1860) st 16. swXin.1 I hate
smoke-reek'd tea, I can't abear it. They could'nt abear her ; they
rantanned her out at last. Lei.1 Oi cain't abear 'er. Nhp.i
s.War.1 I can't abear it. w.Wor.1 'E's 'ad the tuthache that
desprit till 'e couldn't scahrcely abar it Snr.1 The missis toud
me I wuz to sarve them pigs an' I canna-d-abere it. Hrf.2
GIo. The townsfolk be got so 'nation fmnicking, thaay can't abear
a bit o' nize, BUCKMAN Darke's Sojourn {i6f/o)v\. Oxf.1 Brks.1
I can't abear zuch a vool as he be. n.Bck. Abear or abeer, to
tolerate (A C.). Mid. I can't abear it, GROSE (1790) MS. add. (M.)
Hnt (T. P. F. ) Ess. I earn abear it when the salmon's done, DOWNE
Ballads (1895) 9. Snr.1 1 can't a-bear their goings on. Sus.1
I never could a-bear that chap. Hnip.1 WU.1 1 can't abear to
see the poor theng killed. w.Som.1 1 can abear to see a riglur fair
stand-up fight, but I can't never abear to zee boys always a naggin
and a quardlin. Uur keod-n ubae'ur vur tu pae'urt wai ur
bwuuy [she could not bear to part with her boy]. Dev. Get thee
gone out o' my sight, Noll ! — I can't abear the daps o' thee,
MADOX- BROWN Dwale Bluth (1876) Introd. v. Cor.1 1 caan't
abear what I caan't abide; Cor.3 Abear, not always used nega-
tively : I don't knaw how thee cust abear un.

[OE. dberan, to endure, suffer. Although the word is so
widely diffused in the dialects, it apparently was of rare
occurrence in the literary language at a very early date.
The latest quotation for the word in Matzner is fromj the
Ancren Riwle (c. 1230).]

ABED, adv. Widely diffused throughout the midland
and southern counties, [abe'd.] In bed ; confined to bed
by illness, &c. Cf. slug-abed.

Com. If I is abed, its better nor being in bed-lam. CAINE
Hagar (1887) I. 31. s-War.1 se.Wor.' 'Ei^s a bed mighty bad,
uv a bwile a top uv 'er yud. Brks.1 If a lez a-bed o' marnins a
wunt never graw rich. Ken.1. Snr.1, Sus.1. Hmp.1 Dev. I were
forced to lie abed. O'NEILL Idylls (i892s, 87.

[You have not been abed then ? SHAKS. Oth. HI. i. 33 ;
I would have been abed an hour ago, ib. R. &*J. HI. iv. 7.
ME. Some wolde mouche hir mete alone Ligging a-bedde,
CHAUCER TV. £-> Cr. i. 915. The word occurs in P. Plow-
man B. v. 395, 417. OE. on bedde, Luke xvii. 34.]

ABEFOIR, adv. Obs. Sc. (JAM.) Formerly, before.

Sc. Abefoir is frequently used in this sense in ... Pitscottie,
i.e. Lindsay's (of Pitscottie) Chronicles of Scotland, 1768.

[A-, on + before.]

ABEIGH, adv. Obs. w.Sc. Also written abeech (JAM.).
Away, aside, aloof.

Sc. The wise auld man was blythe to stand abeigh, Auld Gray
Mare (c. 1707) in Jacob. Rel. (1819) I. 69. Ayr. Town's bodies
ran, an' stood abeigh. An' ca't thee mad. BURNS To his Auld
Mart. Kcb. The lasses turned skiegh man, They hid themselves
amang the corn To keep the lads abeigh, man, DAVIDSON Seasons

[Pref. A-, on + -beigh, the etym. of which is uncertain;
it may possibly be identical with Norse beig (beyg) fear.
(So N.E.D.) Cp. ON. beygr fear, beyeja to bend, bow, cogn.
of OE. bugan to bend, to yield, to flee.]

ABEIS, prep. Fif. Also written abies. [abrs.] In
comparison with OAM.).

Fit London is a big town abeis Edinburgh.

[Prob. Abeis=al-, att + beis, be as, to be as; see Beis.]

ABER, adj. S. & Ork. Also written aaber, abir.
[a-bar.] Eager, anxious.

S. & Ork.1 Anxious to obtain a thing. ShJ. Abir, eager (Coll.
L.L.B.). Aaber UAH.).

ABERZAND, see Ampersand.

ABEUN(E, see Aboon.

ABIDE, v. In gen. use in Gt. Brit, and Irel. Not in
glossaries of e.An. (Forby, Nail, Moor, Charnock) or Cor.
Also written aboide Der.a Freq. by aphaeresis bide, q.v.
[abai'd.]

ABIER

ABLINS

1. To stay, remain, tarry.

Sc. Abaid, abade; abode, stayed, GROSE vI79°) MS. add. (C.)
Gall. He abode to see what should happen, CROCKETT Bog-Myrtle
(1895) 45. e.Dev. Yeue. mai dove, that abaid'th in th' gaps o' th'
rocks, PULMAN Sag. Sol. (1860) ii. 14.

2. To wait for.

Sc. I wad e'en streek mysell out here, and abide my removal,
SCOTT Antiquary (1616) xxi. [Abide, [to] expect or wait for (K.).]

3. To endure, tolerate. (Used nearly always with the
negative.)

Per. The stour is mair than onybody can abide, IAN MACLAREN
Brier Bush (1895) 117. Ir. My belief is it's left something at the
bottom of his mind that he can't abide the looks of, BARLOW Kerrigan
(1894) 125. Nhb.1 Aa canna abide him. It is generally shortened
to Bide. Cum.1 I caa-n't abide sec wark. Yks. Yo' have a' the
cow's hair in. Mother's very particular, and cannot abide a hair,
GASKELL Sylvia (1863) II. i. n-Yks.1 e.Yks. Ah can't abide to see
yo' like that, WRAY Nestleton (1876) 52. Lan. I can't abide the chap,
FOTHERGILL Probation (1879) vi ; Lan.1 He wur soa ill he cudn't
abide. ne.Lan.1 Abode, Abidden, endured. s.Chs.1 It's noo use,
we shan ha' to abide it. s.Stf. Her could never abide red-haired
chaps, PINNOCK Blk. Cy. Ann. (1895). Der.2 I conna' aboide
hur. Not.1 s.Not. There's not many folk I can't abide, but her
I can't. Werkin' a Satdy's what ah niver could abide (J.P. K.).
n.Lin.1 I can't abide no bairns nobut my awn. Lei.1, s.War.1
w.Wor.1 Mother, 'er never could abide that thahr mon. Hrf.2, Glo.2
Brks.1 1 can't abide such me-un waays. Ken.1, Sus.1, Hmp.1 Wil.1

1 can't abide un nohow. w.Som.1 I never can't abide they there
fine stickt-up hussies. Dev. I can't abide the notion of lying in
my coffin in thiccy coarse black stockings, O'NEILL Idylls (1892) n ;
Dev.1 1 coud'n abide her vather, — a shoul-a-mouth'd, hatchet-faced,
bandy-legg'd wink-a-puss.

[Falstaff says, ' Never, never, she would always say she
could not abide Master Shallow,' SHAKS. 2 Hen. IV, in. ii.
215; Ye cannot abyde the hearynge off my wordes,TiNDALE
John viii. 43. OE. abidan, to abide, tarry.]

ABIER, adj. w.Som. [abia'r.] Dead, but unburied.

w.Som.1 Poo'ur saul! uur mae-un duyd uun-ee but tuudlrur dai,
un naew uur luyth ubee-ur [poor soul ! her man (husband) died
only the other day, and now she lies dead].

[A-, on + bier.]

ABILITY, s*. Sc. Oxf. [abi'liti.] Wealth.

Sc. Nobility without ability is like a pudding without suet,
RAMSAY Prov. (1737). Oxf.1 Gentility without ability is like a pud'n
without fat, MS. add.

ABIN, conj. Hmp. |abrn.] Because.

Hmp.1

[A- pref. (OE. §e) + bin, been, pp. of be. Cp. : You loiter
here too long, being you are to take soldiers up, SHAKS.

2 Hen. IV, n. i. 199.]
ABIN, v. S. & Ork.

S.&Ork.1 Or. I. Abin(G. P.); Aabin is to halve the sheaf between
man and beast (JAM. Suppl.}; Aabin, abin, to half-thrash a sheaf
before giving it to horses. The sheaf being held in the hands is
raised upwards ; then, by a sudden downward stroke, against
some fixture, the bulk of the best grain is knocked off (ib.}.

ABIN, see Aboon.

ABIR, sb. S. & Ork. ; cf. abin.

S. & Ork.1 Or. I. Abir, a sheaf thrashed for giving to horses (G.P.);
Aabir, aaber, abir, a sheaf of grain half thrashed (JAM. Suppl.).

ABITED, pp. Obs. Ken. Of linen: mildewed; of wood:
rotten, decayed.

Ken. Abited, mildewed, LEWIS /. Tenet (1736); Abited, GROSE
(1790); Ken.1

ABLACH, sb. Obs. Sc. (JAM.) See Aploch.

1. A dwarf; an expression of contempt.

2. The remains of any animal that has become the prey
of a dog, fox, polecat, &c. (Abd.)

3. A particle, a fragment (Rnf.).

Sc. An' a" the ablachs glowr'd to see A bonny kind of tulyie
Atweish them twa, SKINNER Christmas Ba'ing (1805).

[Gael, ablach, a mangled carcase, carrion, the remains of
a creature destroyed by ravenous beasts (M. & D.). Gael.
abhac, a dwarf (M. & D.). Ir. abhlach, a carcase ; abhac, a
dwarf, pigmy, manikin, a sprite ; abhach, the entrails of
a beast (O'REILLY).]

ABLE, adj. Sc. and all the n. counties to Yks. and Lan.
Also in Lin. Lei. War. Hrf. Rdn. Som. Also written

aiable ne.Lan.1; abable n.Yks.1 ; yable Dur.'Cum.2 Wm. ;
yabble Cum.3 Wm. n.Yks.2 m. and e.Yks. Lan. ; yabbable
n.Yks.2 See below, [e'bl, ea'bl, ye'bl, yea'bl.]

1. Of sufficient means, well-to-do, rich.

N.Cy.1 Able, wealthy : an able man. Nhb. It was plain as
a pike-staff that he wad syun be won (one) o' the yebbilist men
i' the country side, Keeltnin's Annewal (1869) n; Nhb.1 Obs.
Dur.1 Able, possessed of large pecuniary means. Cum.3 Yan o'
t'yablest men i' thur parts. Wm. A varra yabble man i heeh life,
CLARKE Spec. Dial. (1868) Jonny ShipparcCs Junta. n-Yks.1
Nanny B. is nane sae needful ; she's a yabble body eneugh.
e.Yks.1 Yabble, somewhat wealthy, ' Bob's a yabble chap ; he can
live wfoot wahkin (working),' MS. add. (T.H.) w. Yks. Able,
wealthy, an able man, Hlfx. Wds. ne.Lan.1 Aiable, wealthy.
ne.Der.1 War. (J.R.W.) Hrf. Able, a Herefordshire word
meaning wealthy, as 'An able man,' BOUND Prov. (1876); Hrf.1;
Hrf.2 Able, well-to-do in money matters. Rdn. Able, rich, well-
to-do, MORGAN Rdn. Wds. (1881).

2. Of objects: substantial.

n.Yks.2 A yabble pie-crust, one of substantial construction.

3. Able for, fit to cope with.

Ir. Ah, he'd never be able for the attornies, Paddiana (1848;
I. 28; (G.M.H.)

4. Fit, subject, liable.

Sc. If found liable or fit for being received at a college, Parish of
Mortlach Statist. Ace. xvii. 433 (JAM.). Cum. [He] is noo yeble to be
beggared if folks hevamind, LINTON Lizzie Lotion (1866) III. 116.

5. To spell able, to perform a difficult task in fulfilment
of a boast. (Cf. Amer. to spell baker.)

N.I.1 Can you spell able ? [are you sure you can do what you
are bragging about ?] Cum., Wm. A defiant rustic jeer, at boast
of future achievements, was, 'Thou mun spell yable, i'urst' (M.P.).

Hence Ableless, adj. incompetent, careless, listless,
awkward. Ablement, sb. (i) ability, mental power;
(2) bodily strength. Ableness, sb. strength, agility. Able-
some, adj. wealthy, well-to-do. Ablisb, adj. somewhat able.

w.Yks.2 A poor abeless thing. Lin. Abless, careless and
negligent, or untidy, or slovenly in person (HALL.). ii.Lin.'
Abless. w.Som.1 A plain-tee u ae-ublmunt baewt ee [a plenty of
ability about him]. [In pi. tools, gear] We should ha finished
avore we corned away, on'y we 'ad-n a-got no ablements 'long
way us. I 'sure ee, mum, I bin that bad, I hant no more
ae-ublmunt-n u chee'ul [strength than a child]. Saunvfeen luyk
u fuul'ur, sm-ae-ubl-nees baewt ee [something like a fellow, some
strength in him]. n.Yks.2 They're varry yabblesome. A yabblish
lot, people of wealth. ne.Lan.1 Rather able, of tolerable pecuniary
means. niin.1 He's an ablish chap for a little un, but he can't
hug a seek o' wheat aboard a vessil. Lei.1 Ablish, tolerably
strong. w.Som.1 U ae-ubleesh soa'urt u yuung chaap [an active,
industrious kind of young fellow].

[1. Able (wealthy), opulentus, COLES (1679); To be able
or rich, Estre riche, avoir dequoi, SHERWOOD (1672) ; It was
the child of a very able citizen in Gracious Street, PEPYS
(N.E.D.). 3. Be able for thine enemy, SHAKS. All's Well
\. i. 74. 4. A sowe, er [before] she be able to kyl, FITZHER-
BERT Husbandry (1534) 75 ; To fortune both and to infortune
hable, King's Quair, 1. xiv. OFr. able, Lat. kahilis, fit, able.]

ABLE, v. m.Yks. Written yabble. [yea'bl.] To enable.

m.Yks.1 Yabble, to enable.

[ME. God tokneth and assigneth the tymes ablynge hem
to nir propres offices, CHAUCER Boethius i. m. vi.]

ABLET, sb. Obs. Wm. (HALL.) The bleak, Leuciscus
alburnus.

Wm. On the auth. of Hall., but not found in any Wm. books, and
according to our correspondents unknown.

[Ablet (a local word), the bleak, a small river fish, ASH
(1795). Fr. Ablette, a little blay or bleak ; . . . Able, a blay
or bleak fish, COTGR. Ablette occurs in a Fr. text dated
1317; see HATZFELD, and GODEFROY Suppl. Fr. able, Rom.
albulum, means ' the little white (fish) ' ; so HATZFELD.]

ABLINS, adv. In Sc. n.Irel. and all the n. of Eng. to
n.Yks. and n.Lin. ; not in gloss, of Lan. Chs. Also written
aiblins Sc. N.I.1 Nhb.1 Lin. ; able, ablis Sc. (JAM.) ; aeblins
Wm. & Cum.1 See below, [e'blinz, ye'blinz.] Possibly,
perhaps.

Sc. She may aiblins hae been his honour's Squire Thorncliff's
in her day, SCOTT Rob Roy (1817) xviii; Kippletringan was dis-
tant at first 'a gey bit' ; then the 'gey bit' was more accurately

ABLOW

[8]

ABOUT

described as ' ablins three mile,' SCOTT GuyM. (1815) '• Abd. We'l
ablins get a flyte, and ablins nane, Ross Helenore (1768) 142
Ayr. O wad ye tak a thought an' men' Ye aiblins might, BURNS
Address to the DM (1785). Gall. Ye may aiblins come to a
mishap, CROCKETT Moss Hags (1895) 386. N.I.1 N. Cy.1 Yables
yeblins, yeablesae, yebblesee ; N.Cy.2 Yeable sea. Nhb.1 Wey
aa aiblins hed twee, or aiblins hed three glasses o' whisky. Cum
Aiblins I wool, and aiblins I woonot, LINTON Lake Cy. (1864) 295.
Wm. Whya thull aiblin ma ha forgitten, GIBSON Leg. and Notes,
(1877) 66. n.Yks.12 I ablins might. ne.Yks.1 He'll aablins man-
nish. n.Lin. Aiblins I shall do it, bud belike I shan't, I really
doant knaw (M. P.) ; nXin.1

[Able + -lings (suff.).]

ABLOW, prep. Sc. [sbloir.] Below.

Sc. A troot ablow the big stane, IAN MACLAREN Brier Bush
(1895) 141. Gall. I pat it ablow the clock, CROCKETT Stickit Mitt.
(1893) 67.

[A-, on + below,}

ABLOW, adv. w.Som. [abloir.] Blooming, in flower.

w.Som.1 The primroses be all ablow up our way.

[A-, on (the prefix of state or condition) + blow ; cp. blow,
v., to bloom.]

ABOARD, adv. Lin. Dev. Tabua'd.!

1. Drunk.

nXin.1 He's sum'uts aboard to-daay ; he could nobud just sit e'
his gig as he cum'd fra Brigg market.

2. Aboard on, up against, in contact with ; to be aboard,
to be in confusion ; to fall aboard, to attack, assault.

n-Lin.1 He runned aboard on me as I druv doon Ranthrup Hill,
an' I thoht he'd a' tekken a wheal off. Her things is ail-aboard.
Dev. 'Tez a glide job yu corned when yu did, or I shude a-valled
aboard aw'n in quick-sticks, HEWETT Peas. Sp. (1893).

[1. Aboard, drunk. This means he has got more than he
can carry in the way of drink. The phrase was used to
me by a Bottesford labouring man who had just seen a
neighbouring farmer drive by, coming from market, who
had great difficulty in sitting in his gig. It may originally
have been a sailor's term, but is widespread now. 1 have
very often heard it, and there is no sign of its dying out
(E. P.). 2. Antiochus Epiphanes would often . . . fall
aboord with any tinker, clowne ... or whomsoever he
met first, BURTON Anal. Mel. (1621) 351 (ed. 1836). A-,
on + board.]

ABOIL, adv. Sc. Yks. [aborl.j Boiling, in or into a
boiling state.

Sc. Aboil, to come aboil, to begin to boil. By the time it [the
pot] comes aboil, Agr. Sun. Kincard. 432 QAM.). n.Yks.2 Com-
ing aboil, bubbling up. e.Yks.1 Is kittle aboil d'ye think ?

[A-, on + boil.]

ABOK, sb. w. & s.Sc. QAM.)

w. & s.Sc. Abok, Yabok, a name given to a gabbing, talkative, or
impudent child.

ABOON, adv. and prep. In Sh. and Or. I. Sc. n.Irel. and
the n. counties to Chs. Der. Not. Lin. In Wxf. and
sw.Irel. Dev. and Cor. the -n has not survived. Also
written abun e.Cum.; aboun Nhb.1; abune S.&Ork.1 Sc
Dur.1; abeun Cum. n.Yks. ; beun Nhb.1; abeune Cum8-
abeyun, abyun, byun Nhb.1; abuon Wm. & Cum.1; oboon
w.Lan.; abouDev.; aboo Wxf. w.Som.1 Dev. Cor. • abew
Dev. Cor. See below, [abu-n, abih]
1. adv. Of position : overhead; in the sky, aloft; up-
stairs. Alsojfcg-.

Sc. Aboon, above, MACKAY. Ni»Abin, aboon, above. w.Ir He
was murthered ... and threwn into the lake abow, LOVER Leg
,1848) I 40. Wxf.1 Aboo, above. N.Cy.i Aboon, abuin, above
overhead Nhb. She a'ways keeps maw heart abuin, WILSON
Pern's Pay (!843) 13; Nhb.1 Dur.1 Abune. Cum.1 Abeunn c •

S^T' TJ Abw°?' "'• N S'Wm- L°rd aboon knaws> HuTTON Via'.
Storthand Ams>de(^f,0} 1. 47. n.Yks. She's aboon ith Chawm-
ber, MERITON Praise Ale (1684) 1. 252 ; n.Yka.a Gang I'll aboon
f?K "^ VE- T;lark ^oon an' them below, BaimslaAnn.
(1862)7; w.Yks.3 The Man aboon. neXan. Th'Almeetv's name

re « raorcehdsrn ^ hoile than !t is up aboon' *™^*

rewts An I H ' 'I Dev' A dwalin drumble-drone i> th'
?!E^ abu°°' MAD°X-B*°WN Dwale Bluth (1876)
Abew, above, MS. add

ok v »
bk. iv. n.

^

thar- u > Peror o, g

than , fig. exceeding, higher than, superior to, beyond.

; above> suPerior to, higher

Sc. A mile aboon Dundee, Scorr Redg. (1824) ii. (Old Song);
As lang as our heads are abune the grund, ib. Midlothian (1818) xi.
Ga). Some buiks o' Tammas Carlj'le . . . hae garred ... a farmer
body lift his een abune the nowt an' the shairn, CROCKETT
Stickit Min. (1893) Trials for License. Kcb. Wi's bonnet trigg
aboon his ear, DAVIDSON Seasons (1789) 15. Nhb. His flag abeun
us wis love, ROBSON Sng. Sol. (1859) ii. 4. Dur.1 Cum. A
girt flag Happen abciin his heed, DICKINSON Cumbr. (1875) 5.
Wm.1 It's clean away abooan Kendal. n.Yks.1 The Queen's
aboon us all. e.Yks. ' Nay, baya, that's aboon me,' said a mother to
her child, who had asked a question the mother could not answer,
NICHOLSON Flk-Sp. (1889). w.Yks. A deal better nor some
'at reckons to be aboon me, BRONTE Shirley (1849) v. Lan. Set
hee aboon want or danger, CLEGG David's Loom (1894) xxiv.
e.Lan.1 n.Lin.1 If he duzn't feal paain o' th' turpe'tine aboon paain
o' th' inflammaation it'll be to no ewse. Dev.1 O dear me !
the bread and butter that many a poor soul woud a jump'd abou
ground vor, lied smeeching and frizzing in the vire, pt. i. 4;
I told en, but that whether a know et or no, that my dame was
abu doing ort in hugger-mugger, ib. pt ii. 13.

3. More than, exceeding in quantity or number.

Sc. He canna get it wrought in abune twa days in the week at
no rate whatever, SCOTT Waverley (1814) ix. Nhb.1 An' ower abyun
this band o' men, HORSLEY The Cuddies an' the Horses (1881).
Wm. & Cum.1. Wm. For aboon twenty years I hev duly tented
the flock of my allotment, HUTTON Bran New Wark (1785)
1. 20. n.Yks. Ah's abooii eighty year awd, TWEDDELL Clevel.
Rhymes (1875) 39. ne.Yks.1 There'll be aboon a scoore. w.Yks.1
He's gaan aboon two howers sin. Lan. Mark an' oi, an' abooii
twenty moor'ull be nigh yo, KAY-SHUTTLEWORTH Scarsdale (1860)
I. 168 ; Lan.1 Wheer hasto bin wortchin at? — I've druvven for
Owd Copper Nob aboon nine year, WAUGH Sancho's Wallet in
the Sphinx (1870) III. 90. sw-Lin.1 They'll not get aboun two
loads offen it. It's aboun a twelvemonth sin'. Not.2 The ramper
is not aboon a mile off. w.Som.1 Dhur waud-n beo- zab-m u-laf
[there were not above seven left].

4. In phr. Abune a', beyond reason ; aboon-a-bit, exces-
sively; aboon the breath, across the forehead; abone-broe, see
quot. ; aboon grees, upstairs ; to get aboon hands, to become
supreme, get the ' upper hand ' ; aboon with oneself; aboon
plum, drunk ; ower (over) and aboon, (i) entirely, alto-
gether, (2) into the bargain.

S. & Ork.1 Abune a'. Sh.& Or.I. & Sc. Abune a' QAM. Suppl.).
w.Yks. That pleased me aboon a bit, TREDDLEHOYLE Trip ta
Lunnan (1851) 7. neXan.1 T'meer dud kick aboon a bit. nXin.1
It raain'd aboon a bit last Brigg fair. Sur. Poor chap, thee do
look abon a bit hot, BICKLEY Sur. Hills (1890) I. i. ii. w.Som.1 Ee
gid ut tiie un ubeo- u beet [he gave it him above a bit]. Bwk.
Some o' thae hags they burn'd to dead — And some aboon the breeth
did bleed, HENDERSON Pop. Rhymes (1856) 59. Sc. Abone-broe,
aboon-bree, above water. Of a person in difficulty, or one who has
a very small income, it is commonly said, ' He can hardly keep his
head abone-broe ' (JAM. Suppl.). n.Yks.2 Aboon grees [upstairs].
They've gitten sair aboon hands [much beyond control} He's
varry far aboon hands [he has abilities beyond his teacher].
Cummer gat aboon hands on 'em [debt became their master].
Cum.1 Abeunn wid hissel, rejoicing beyond reasonable control.
nXin.1 Aboon plum, drunken. Yks. I isn't ower an' aboon satisfied,
WRAY Nestleton (1876) 50. Cor. Over and aboo, into the bargain ,
Monthly Mag. (1808) II. 421.

5. Comp. Aboon-head, (i) upper, (2) of the weather, &c. :
up above, overhead.

n-Yks.1 It wets aboon-heead ; n.Yks.2 They live in a boon-heead
•pot [an upper room]. niin.1 It's do'ty under foot, but dry aboon-
lead.

[ME. abuven (aboven), A-, on + buven, OE. bufan (above)=
be + ufan, cp. G. oben.]

A-BOOT, adv. Sc. Into the bargain.

Rxb. Aboot,toboot, the odds paid in a bargain or exchange (JAM.).

[A-, at + boot, q.v.]

ABOUT, prep., conj. and adv. In gen. use. See below.
abu-t,aba-t, abet, abetrt]

1. prep. Without ; to get about a person, see below. Also
conj. unless : usually by aphaeresis Bout, q.v.

w.Yks. Ah wor rairly off abaght it, TREDDLEHOYLE Bairnsla
Ann. (1860) 39; 'E's tekken t'dthrink w'ile 'e can't do about it
F. P. T.). Lan. Aw cannot tell lies abeawt aw say 'at he's a
pratty un, WAUGH Owd Bodlc 255. Chs.8 To get about a person,
s to get without him, to get rid of him. Stf.1 Abawt.

ABOUT

ABREDE

2. Nearly, almost ; of number, quantity : near to, ap-
proximating.

e.An.1 Is the horse worth £40? — Nothing about it. Is he a mile
off ?— No, nor about it. Nrf.1 Nrf., Suf., Sus. HOLLOWAY.

3. Upon (the person).

w.Som.1 Aay aa'n u-gairt u vaardn ubaewt mee [I have not a
farthing about me]. Dhee-s au'rt u ae-u dhu stik ubaewt dhu baak
u dhee [thou oughtest to have the stick (beaten) upon thy back].

4. For the purpose of.

w.Som.1 Dhush yuur haar-ti-feesh ul, ud'n neet u bee't lik geo-d
oal raat'ud duung, ubaewt gifeen voa'r uv u kraap wai [this new-
fangled artificial (manure) is not nearly as effectual as good old
rotten dung, for the purpose of securing a crop]. That there's
a capical sort of a maunger 'bout savin' o' corn.

5. adv. Unfinished, in process, on hand ; to be about, to
be engaged upon, occupied with.

Nhb. And what the de'il folks war aboot, WILSON Pitman's Pay
(1843) 113. n.Yks. About, in hand, in the doing, on hand (I.W.).
n.Lin.1 We'd a three-weaks' wesh aboot that daay. Chs.1 What's
Marydoin'? — Oh! oo's about th' butter. About th' beds [making
the beds]. Nhp.1 Applied to the domestic and other culinary
etceteras resulting from a pig being killed for family use : We've
got a pig about this week. War. (J.R.W.) w.Som.1 While the
harvest is about. Shockin hand vor to keep work about. Cor.3
What are you about now ?

6. Moving, esp. applied to the resuming of bodily activity
on recovery from an illness.

Lin.1 He will soon be about again. Not.1 Mester's a nice bit
better, he's getting abaout agen. Wil. Before the second child
died, two more fell ill on the same day. Only Abel and Jan were
still about, EWING Jan of Windmill (1876) xxv. Wil.1 My missus
were bad aal last wick wi' rheumatiz, but she be about agen now.

7. Near at hand.

Not.1 Lei.1 An' a shillinswuth o' arringes, if yo've got any abaout.

8. Intensive or otiose in about now, about right, about what,
and just about.

Wm. You're aboot right there, sir, WARD Elsmere (1888) bk. i.
vii. e.Yks.1 It's tahm ti set taties aboot noo, MS. add. (T. H.)
w.Yks. Abaht reight, BANKS Wkfld. Wds. (1865). n-Lin.1 He's a
straange good hand at tellin' taales an' hinderin' uther foaks walkin'
wi' lis>tenin' to him, an' that's aboot what he's fit for. Hmp.1 She
war just about mad. Wil.1 'Twer just about cold s'marnin. [Amer.
To do a thing about right is to do it well. I fell foul of the old mare,
and if I didn't give it to her about right, then there's none o' me,
that's all, BARTLETT.]

9. About nowt, good for nothing ; about of, 'bout house,
see below ; about what, the upshot of an affair ; all about,
(i) nearly, (2) in confusion, disorder, (3) lightheaded ; all
about it, the whole matter ; to be about, to stroll idly ; to
have nothing about one, to be useless ; to put about, to upset,
distress.

n.Yks. He's aboot nowt (I.W.). Glo.1 About of zixteen.

I.W.2 Bout house, on the floor or on the ground. Don't dro the
things'bout house. He up vist and I vound myself bout house.
Cum.1 They bodder't t'poor lad, for they wantit to git shot on him,
and that's about what, and nowder mair nor less. e.Yks.1 Maisther
bullyragg'd ma aboot nowt at all ; bud he wants te be shut o' ma,
an that's aboot what, (i) w.Yks. Ah've all abaht eniff apple-trees
i' t'gardin (^E.B.). (a) n.Yks. All about, scattered, in disorder
(I.W.). w.Wor.1 To think as the missis should come to see me.
an' my 'ouse ahl-about like this ! Hrf.2 Our 'ouse be all about just
now. Glo.1 All about, in a state of confusion. Hmp. I'm all about
the place [my house is untidy] (H.C.M.B.). w.Som.1 Dhai bee
ugoo' un laf' dhur dhingz au'l ubaewt [they are gone and (have)
left their things (i.e. tools) scattered about]. (3) War. (J.R.W.)
Hrf.1 To get all about in his head, to become light-headed ; Hrf.2
n-Lin.1 1 weant gie the anuther farden. so that's all aboot it. w.Wor.1
Thee canna go to-daay ; thee mun stop at oaiim, an" that's ahl-
about-it. Hrf.1 That's all about it. w.Som.1 Lae'uzee fuul'ur, ee-z
au-vees ubaewt [lazy fellow, he is always idly strolling]. Necf
uun-ee aay kud yiiez mee an-, aay sheod-n bee ubaewt [if only I
could use my hand, I should not be walking about idly]. sw.Lin.1
When a woman has nothing about her, it's a bad job for a man.
Not.1 I wor that put abaout I didn't know what way to turn.

10. Bide-about, (i) to loiter, (2) to be given to drinking ;
lie-about, drunken ; run-about, (i) adj. wandering, rest-
less, (2) sb. a pedlar, itinerant trader, a gossip, (3) v. to go
gossiping.

(i) w.Som.1 Leok shaarp-n neet buyd ubaewt ! [make haste, and
VOL. I.

do not loiter]. (a) Ee du buyd ubaewt maus aul dhu wik laung
[he stays drinking in public-houses nearly all the week long].
Dhai du zai aewe e-z u tuur^ubl luy-ubaewt fuul'ur [they say
how he is a terribly drunken fellow], (i) Aay-v u-yuurd aew
ee-z u tuurubl urn-ubaewt fuul-ur [I have heard that he is a very
roving fellow]. (2) Aay niivur doa'un dae-ul war noa urn-ubaewts
[I never deal with pedlars]. We be ter'ble a-pestered way urn-
abouts. Uur-z u rig-lur urn-ubaewt [she is a thorough gossip].
(3) Her do urn-about most all her time.

ABOUTEN, adv. and prep. Irel. e.Yks. Suf. Sus. Hmp.
[abe'tan, abetrtan.] About, in its various lit. senses.

Wxf.1 Abut, Abouten, about e.Yks.1 Abootan, around, round
about, MS. add. (T. H.) Suf. Obsol. Only in phr. as 'Abouten ten '
(F. H.). Sus.1 1 was abouten going out, when Master Noakes he
happened along, and he kep' me; Sns.2 Hmp.1 Abouten, about,
near to.

[ME. abouten, abuten, OE. a-, on-butan. Hence E. about,
which is merely a contracted form. Abouten occurs in
CHAUCER and P. Plowman (see SKEAT'S Glossaries).]

ABOVE, prep. Van dial, uses in Sc. and Eng. [abu'v,
abB-v.]

1. In addition to, after ; too much for, beyond.

Edb. Couple above couple dating the day of their happiness, MOIR
Mansie Wauch (1828) n. Lin. She had a sleeping-draught, but
the pain was above it (R. E.C.).

2. Above of.

Som. The 'urd rhoofs . . . peepen' above the apple orchards, an'
a bit o' the grey church tow'r rhisen' above o' them, LEITH Lemon
Verbena (1895) 92.

3. Above-a-bit, more than a little, exceedingly, to a great
degree.

Lan. I'm above a bit behind hand, GASKELL M. Barton (1848)
v. Chs.1 Eh, Polly! aw do love thee above a bit. s.Chs. ',
Stf.1, War.2 Wor. When we came out of church, it peppered
down above a bit, I fancy it rained all church-while (H.K.).
w.Wor.1 These 'ere bad times werrits me above-a-bit, thaay do;
I dunno w'at to do, no more than the dyud. se-Wor.1, s.Wor.1
Shr.1 'E fund as 'e'd got all the work to do 'isself, so 'e off wuth
'is smock an' went into it above-a-bit. Hrf.2 I like that man above
a bit. Glo.1, Oxf.1, Brks.1 Sur. You do look above a bit better,
BICKLEY Sur. Hills (1890) III. xvi. w.Som.1 Maister let-n 'ave it
s-morning 'bove a bit, but I widn bide to hear it ; I baint no ways
fond o' the vulgar tongue. [Aus., N.S.W. He could handle the
ribbons above a bit, BOLDREWOOD Robbery (1888) II. xvi.]

4. Above bank.

Nhb., Dur. Above bank — the surface, NICHOLSON Coal Tr. Gl.
(1888).

[ME. above(n), abuven; OE. abufan=on + be + ufan (cf.
G. oben).]

ABRAHAM, ISAAC, AND JACOB. Lin. A name
of Symphytum ojfficinale (N.O. Boraginaceae), as well as of
other plants having different shades of colour among the
flowers on the same stem.

n.Lin. Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, Borago orientalis; n.Lin.1
Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, (i) the Garden Comfrey, Symphytum
ojfficinale, (2) Pulmonaria officinalis, (3) Borago orientalis.

ABRAID, v.1 [abre'd.] To reprove, upbraid.

n.Yks.2

[I abrayde one, I caste one in the tethe of a matter,
PALSG. 415. The same word as below.]

ABRAID, v? Cum. Yks. Lin. [abre'd, abrea'd, abria'd.]
To rise nauseously in the stomach.

N.Cy.1 Abraid, to rise on the stomach. Cum. Abraide, to have
the acid, LINTON Lake Cy. (1864) 295. Yks. The grossness of the
food, as some say, upbraids him : properly it abraids, HAMILTON
Nugae Lit. (1841) 340. w.Yks. This term is applied to articles
of diet, which prove disagreeable to the taste, and difficult of
digestion, WILLAN List Wds. (1811). Lin.1

[ME. abreyden, to wrench, to start; OE. abregdan, to
twist, to draw a sword. The dialect sense is found in
ELYOT'S Castel of Helth : An appetite to eate or drynke
mylke, to the extent that it shal not arise or abraied in the
stomake (N.E.D.).]

ABREARD, adj. n.Irel. [abria'd.]

N.I.1 Abreard , the condition of a field when the crop appears.

[A-, on + braird, q.v.]

ABREDE, adv. Sc. and the n. counties to Yks. and
Lin. [abre'd, abrrd, abria'd.]

ABREDE

[10]

ABUNDATION

1. In breadth ; to spread abrede, to expand.

Ayr. Spread abreed thy well-fill'd brisket, Wi' pith an' power
BuRNs(ii&riTofiisAuMMare. N.Cy.1 Abrede, in breadth. Nhb.1
n.Yks.2 Quite full abrede [sufficient in breadth]. The wall was onlj
a brick abrede [a single brick in thickness]. ne.Yks.1 T'wall was
nobbut a brick a-brede (s.v. Brede). e.Yks.1 Abreed. n-Lin.1 Tlv
wall's nobut a brick abread.

2. In a loose or scattered manner ; spread or cast about.
N.Cy.1 Abrede, spread out. Dur.1 Cum. Sad wedder, an'

sea mickle hay liggan abreed (M.P.). Win.1 T'rain hes catch'd
t'hay abreed. Tha mun scale that muck abreead. n.Yks.1 [Ol
corn not yet shocked] When Ah passed i' t'moorn, 'twur liggin'
abreead ; but 'twur led afoore neeght. w.Yks.1 T'hay's abreed.
ne.Lan.1 His hay is o abrede.

3. Apart ; in pieces, asunder.

Rxb. Haud your legs abreid till I creep through QAM.). Cum.
T'pye-dish is flown abreed i' t'yubbem (M.P.).

[ME. a brede, on brede (CHAUCER) ; OE. on brcede, in
breadth.]

ABREDE, v. Sc. Cum. To publish widely.

Sc. Abrede, to spread abroad (JAM.). Cum.2 Abreed, to spread
or extend.

[ME. abreden, OE. abrcedan, to broaden, expand.]

ABRICOCK.s*. Chs. Som. [ea'brikok.] The apricot.
See Apricock.

Chs.13 Abrecock, an apricot. Som. (B. & H.); w.Som.1 Our
abricocks 'out be fit to pick vor another fortnight.

[Malus armeniaca is called in Greeke, Melea armeniace,
in highe duche Land ein amarel baume, in the dioses of
Colo Kardumelker baume, in frech Vng abricottier, &
some englishe me cal the fruite an Abricok, W. TURNER
Names of Herbes (1548), 52 ; The fruit is named ... in
English, Abrecoke, Aprecock, and Aprecox, GERARD
(1636) 1449. Port, albricoque, Sp. albaricoque, It. albercocca,
albicocca, Arab, al-burquq, Gr. trpaiKuKiov (Byzantine /3epi-
KOKKia, pi.}, Lat. praecoquum, early ripe.]

ABROACH, v. Yks. [abrua'tj.]

n.Yks. Commonly used in Cleveland (R. H. H.) ; n.Yks.2
Abroach'd, set afloat as a report.

[ME. abrochen, to pierce a cask so as to let the liquor
flow out ; also, to give utterance to. So in Allit. Poems,
i. 1122 : Then glory and gle watz newe abroched. OFr.
abrocher, to broach a cask.]

ABROAD, adv. Sc. Irel., gen. throughout the midl.
and s. counties, but not in gloss, of n.Cy. [abroad,
abrua'd.]

1. Out of doors, out in the air, away from home ; up and
about ; out to sea.

Frf. He was seldom seen abroad in corduroys, BARRIE Thrums
(1890) no. Gall. He went less frequently abroad, CROCKETT
Bog-Myrtle (1895) 236. Ir. God save you, Mrs. M'Gurk ; you're
abroad in great ould polthers, BARLOW Idylls (1892) 95. War.2
Drive them chickens abroad. Shr.1 That peckled 'en's al'ays about
the door 66th 'er chickens ; I wish 'er'd tak' 'em abroad awilde.
Glo. When a man's owld, . . . and can't get abroad as er'd used to,
BUCKMAN Dai-he's Sojourn (1890) ii. Brks. ' A farmer is sometimes
described as gone abro-ad when walking in the fields. e^n.1
Abroad, out to sea, outside the house. Suf. There's a rare waterpot
abroad [it was raining heavily] (C.T.). Sur.i We wants a torn
turkey very bad ; perhaps when you're abroad you may hear of
one. Dev. You don't mean, carrier, that you surmise it's the ' old
gentleman abroad, O'NEILL Told in Dimpses (1893) 43. Slang.
When a boy returned to school work after sick leave, he was said
to 'come abroad,' Winchester Sch. (L.L.S.)

2. Lying scattered, spread about ; in different directions
dispersed ; ail-abroad, in great confusion.

Brks.1 Corn or hay is said to be layin' abro-ad when scattered
about, and neither in cocks nor zwaths. Sur.1 Sus.1 Abroad, in

hnn' H°"S' a^ab°^ (&V- Abusefu"y) He threw abroad all her
shop-goods Hmp.1 Scattered. w.Som.1 Dee -ur, dee-ur! dhu
raayn-z u kaunreen, un aul dh-aay-z ubroa-ud [dear, dear' the
ram is coming and all the hay is lying loose1 and scattered!

draw they

3. In pieces, asunder.
Carria8e has

abroad.

ah™ a. Glo. The brim's broke

abroad m a please or two, look'ee ... but what I says is Never
buy no new un | wear th'owld un till the crownd draps' omon

un; wear un till the zides vail nbroad, BUCKMAN Darke's Sojourn
(1890) iii. Dor.1 The vu'st time he [a wagon] 's a-hauled out
in the zun, he'll come all abroad. w.Som.1 V-utir u-teokt dhu
klauk ubroa-ud? [has he taken the clock to pieces?] Ees ! keodn
diie noart tiie un, voar u wuz u-teokt aul ubroa-ud [yes, (he) could
not do anything to it, until it was taken all to pieces]. Shauk-een
bwuuy vur braik ubroa-ud-z kloa-uz [shocking boy for tearing his
clothes to pieces]. Dev. 'Tez a bit ov mutton ; I've a bowled it
an' I've a bowled et, I've a chowed et an' I've a chowed et, me an"
my ole man tu, an' us cOdden git et abroad, chow za hard's us
cilde, HEWETT Pens. Sp. (1892) 62"; Jelly so stiff that if you were
to throw it over the house 'twouldn't fall abroad, SHARLAND
Dev. Village (1885) 54. nw-Dev.1 Abroad, in pieces. w.Cor. I ca-ant
mend this ' umberella ' afore its taken abroad (M.A.C.) ; I'll tear it
abroad, Monthly Mag. (1808) II. 421.

4. Open, apart.

w.Som.1 My head's splittin abroad. I.aur Jiin ! dhee frauk-s
aul ubroa-ud [law, Jane ! thy frock is all unfastened]. Dev. Yd
mid be zartin Brownie want val coming down hill. Dreckly 'er
veel'th 'erzel a-slipping, 'er spraddleth 'er legs abroad and stapp'th
dead-still! HEWETT Peas. Sp. (1892) 126. nw.Dev.1 Abroad, un-
fastened, open. Cor. Why I never heard et at all, but I kept my
eyes abroard, FORFAR Kynance Cove (1865) 43 ; Cor.1 The door is
all abrawd.

5. Confused, mistaken, ' astray,' wide of the mark, esp. in
all abroad.

Nhp.1 All abroad, an expression used when any undertaking has
failed, and the person is at a loss what fresh steps to pursue;
equivalent to 'all at sea.' Mid. He isn't off his head, exactly, but
— you know that we all get a little abroad, when we lie on our
backs so long as not to know our legs, BLACKMORE Kit (1890) II. ii.
Cor.2 He's all abroad there. Colloq. All abroad, wide of the mark
(FARMER). [Amer. Abroad, confused, staggered (FARMER).]

6. Boiled, cooked, or squeezed to pieces, to a mash, or
liquid condition.

w.Som.1 Skwaut ubroa'ud dhu ving-ur oa un [squeezed his finger
quite flat]. Dhai bee fae-umus tae-udees, dhai-ul bwuuy -ul ubroa-ud
sae-um-z u dust u flaawur [those are splendid potatoes, they will
boil to a mash like a dust of flour]. Dev. ' Be they tatties a ctlked
'et?' "Ess.' 'Well, than, drain urn off or they'll be bowled all
abroad,' HEWETT Peas. Sp. (1892) 55; Ef theyse yer tatties do
bowl inny longer they'll val awl abroad, ib. 45. w.Cor. The sugar
is gone abroad (M.A.C.).

[1. Abroad (in the open air, from home, or not within),
fan's, sub dio, in publico or aperto. As, they often sup
abroad, forts saepe coenanl. There must be a fit place taken
abroad, Idoneus sub dio sumendus locus. He lay abroad
all night, pernoctavit in publico, COLES (1679) ; I am glad
to see your lordship abroad (not confined to your sick-
chamber), SHAKS. 2 Hen. IV, \. ii. 108. ME. For thorw his
breth bestes wexen and abrode jeden, P. Plowman (B.) xiv.
60. 3. ME. His brayne fyl alle abrode, CAXTON G. Leg. 165.]

ABROAD Y, adv. Nhp. Oxf. A child's word for abroad,
out of doors.

Nhp.1 Come, let's go abroadey, or ' all abroadey.' Oxf.1 [Said to
children] Come an' go abroady along o' I.

ABRON, adj. Obs. Shr. Auburn.

Shr.1 'Er wuz a sweet pretty babby, 66th nice abron ar, but too
cute to live.

[This is a i6th-cent. form. Cp. A lustie courtier, whose
curled head With abron locks was fairly furnished, HALL
Virgidemarium (1597) III. Sat. v. 8. ME. aborne, OFr.
auborne, Lat. alburnus.}

ABROOD, adj. w.Som. Dev. [abroe'd.] In the act of
incubating.

w.Som.1 Uur zaut ubreo-d uur veol tuym [she sat on her eggs
her full time]. Dh-oa-1 ain-z ubreo-d tu laas [the old hen is sitting
at last]. Still the common word used. Dev. When tha ducks a
brood wis zot, NATHAN HOGG Poet. Let. (1847) 52, ed. 1865 ; Polly
ought til bring out 'er chicken tu-day ; her'th a zot a-brood vur
dree weeks, HEWETT Peas. Sp. (1892) 153.

[A-, on + brood.]

ABSENT, <K# Stf. Obsol. Intoxicated.

Stf. Monthly Mag. (1816) I. 494.

ABUD, see Aye but.

ABUNDATION, sb. In Chs. Shr. Stf. Wor. Hrf.
Glo. Also written bundation, Glo.1 Hrf.2 [abunde-Jan,
abBnde-Jan.] Abundance.

ABUSEFUL

ACCOUNT

Cns.1 Abundation. in frequent use at Middlewich thirty-five
years ago. s.Chs.1 There'll be very fyow (few) turmits this 'ear.
bu' we shan have abundation o' teetoes. Shr.1 Stf.1 Abundation.
a large quantity. Wor. PORSON Quaint Wds. (1875). Hrf.1, Glo.1

[A late dialect formation, composed of abund- (in abun-
dance) + the suffix -ation. The word does not seem to have
been used at any time in the literary language, although
the formation has the perfect analogy of inundation.}

ABUSEFUL. adj. Yks. Lin. War. Shr. Hrf. Glo.
[abiirsful, abiu'sfslj. Abusive.

n. Yks.2 Abuseful, insolent. m.Yks.1. iLLin.1, War. (J. R.W.),
Shr.1 Hrf.12 Abuseful, abusive. Glo.1 Abuseful, abusive.

Hence Abusefully, adv. in an abusive manner.

Sus. ' As my missus was a-going home a Saddaday night, she met
Master Chawbery a-coming out of the Red Lion, and he treated
her most abusefully, and threw abroad all her shop-goods.

[A late formation. Abuse, sb. +full. The word was not
uncommon in I7th cent, literature ; for instance, it occurs in
BARLOW'S Remains (1693) 397 : He scurrilously reviles the
King and Parliament by the abuseful names of Hereticks
and Schismaticks (N.E.D.). It must have been but rarely
used by later writers, for it does not appear in Gouldman,
Coles, Bailey, or Johnson.]

ABY, v. Obs. Sc. n.Cy. Also written abie, N.Cy.1 To
pay (dearly) for an offence, to expiate, atone.

Sc. I trust he should dearly abye his outrecuidance, SCOTT
Waverley (1814) I. 58. N.Cy.1 Ye shall dearly abie it,

[If I catch him in this company ... he dearly shall abye,
SPENSER F. Q. in. vi. 24 ; Lest to thy peril thou aby it dear,
SHAKS. M.N.D. in. ii. 175. ME. abyen, to buy, purchase ;
OE. abycgan.']

ABY, adv. Nhb. Wm. [abai'.j On one side.

Nhb.1 Aby, aside, that is, a-by or a-oneside. ' Stan' aby there '
is a familiar shout in a crowd when a way is to be cleared. Wm.1

[A-, on + by.]

ACABO, p/tr. Nrf. Suf. [ake'bo.]

Nrf. That would puzzle Acabo, COZENS-HARDY Broad Nrf. (1893)
68. Suf. It would puzzle Acabo (F. H.). Slang. He beats
Akeybo, and Akeybo beat the devil, HOTTEN Slang Diet. (1865).

ACAMY, sb. adj. Sh. & Or. I. and w. & s.Sc. A diminu-
tive thing ; also altrib. diminutive.

Sh.I. Often used for a weakly young creature of any kind (K. I.).
Or. I. (G.P.) S. & Ork.1 Or. 1., w. & s.Sc. Acamy, applied to any
small, diminutive person or animal. Acamy, acamie, small, diminu-
tive (JAM. Sltppl.).

[Prob. the same word as atomy, a diminutive being ; so
in SHAKS. : Drawn with a team of little atomies Athwart
men's noses, R. &°J. i. iv. 57.]

ACANT, adv. n.Yks. [aka'nt.]

n.Yks. A box is acant when it is not level with the ground
(G.W.W.); n. Yks.2 Acant, leaning to one side.

[A-, ou + cant, edge, slope.]

ACAST, adv. Yks. [aka'st, ske'st] Crooked, twisted,
warped.

n.Yks.2 Akest, cast or twisted to one side. e.Yks.It's all akest,
NICHOLSON Flk-Sp. (1889) 5° I e.Yks.1 MS. add. (T.H.)

[A-, on + cast.]

ACAUSE, conj. Nhb. Cum. Yks. Lan. Der. Not. Lin.
Lei. Brks. Sus. Dev. [akcrs.] Because. Also in phr.
acause on, because of.

Nhb.1 He wadn't gan acas he wis (laid. He couldn't run acas on
his bad foot. Cum.3 For noute at o' else but acoase they think he
kens me. n.Yks. Akaws t'sup o' milk's getten scattert, TWED-
DELL Clevel. Rhymes (1875) 36. ne.Yks.1 Acoz. ne.Lan.1 Acos.
e.Lan.1 Ocose. Der. Happen I'm slow acos it's an owd, owd tale
wi' me, and you're quick acos it's a new story to you, GUSHING
Voe (1888) I. ix. Not1 n.Lin.1Acos. Let1 Acoz. Brks^Awunt
come acause thee bist yen Sus. Acus all de family be troubled
wud sich bad eyes, LOWER Tom Cladpole (1831) pt iv. Dev. Her's
a pining acause you be so long away, BARING-GOULD J. Herring
(1888) 325.

[A-, on + cause.]

ACCABE.zVz/. s.Pem. [a'kabl.] An expression of disgust.

s.Pem. Accabe ! there's a doorty owld shanty Maary keeps
(W.M.M.).

[Prob. of LG. origin, the expression being due to
the Flemish colonists in Pembroke. SCHUERMANS gives

(s.v. Aak) ake-puu ! The Holstein Idiotikon (s.v. Akkeu)
has akkefi.' akkefu ! an expression of disgust employed
by nurses to dirty little children. So alike puf in the
Bremen Wtbch.]

ACCASPIRE, see Acrospire.

ACCESS, sb. Sc. Nhb. Ken. Sus. Also written aixies,
exies Sc. N.Cy.1 ; axes S. & Ork.1 Ken. ; axey Sus.

1. An ague fit.

Sc. The cookmaid in the trembling exies, SCOTT Br. of Lam.
(1819) xi; Shiverin an' shakin wi' the trem'lin aixies, HUNTER
/. Inwick ( 1895) xvi. S. & Ork.1, N.Cy.1 Nhb. GROSE ( 1790^ Ken.
N. &> Q. (1885) 6th S. xi. 308. Sus.1

2. Hysterics.

Sc. Jenny Rintherout has ta'en the exies, and done nothing but
laugh and greet, SCOTT Antiquary (1816) xxxv.

[The access of an ague is the approach or coming of
the fit. ... In Lancashire they call the ague itself the
access, as 'such a one is sick of the access," BLOUNT (1670).
The word occurs as early as Chaucer in the sense of an
ague fit: A charme . . . The whiche can helen the of thyn
accesse, Tr. &-° Cr. n. 1316. Fr. acce's, cp. un acces defievre
(HATZFELD).]

ACCOMIE, sb. Obs. Sc. (JAM.) Also written accumie.
A species of mixed metal.

Sc. His writing pen did seem to me to be Of harden'd metal, like
steil or accumie, SCOT (of Satchell) Hist. Name of Scot (1776) 34.

[This word is a form of alchemy, used in the sense of a
metallic composition imitating gold, as if by the art of the
alchemist. In byrnist gold and finest alcomye, DOUGLAS
Aeneis xn ; Alkamye, metalle, alkamia, Prompt. ; Alca-
namy, corinthium, Cath. Angl. The form ockamy (or
occamy) was also once in use. Skinner says : Ockamy,
Metallum quoddam mistum, colore argenti aemulum, sed
vilissimum, corruptum a nostro Alchymy. Steele mentions
'an occamy spoon,' Guardian, No. 26; see NARES.]

ACCORA-EARTH, sb. n.Cy. w.Yks. ne.Lan. Also
written accorah- n.Cy. w.Yks. ne.Lan. ; acora- w.Yks.
[a'kara-iajj.] Green arable earth ; a field.

n.Cy. Accorah-earth, green arable earth, GROSE (1790) ; HOLLO-
WAY. w.Yks. HUTTON Tour to Caves (1781); LUCAS Stud.Nidderdale
(c. 1882) 228. neXan.1

ACCORD, v. Sc. Wor. Hrf. [ako'rd, aka'd.] To agree,
come to an agreement.

Sc. Proceed as we accorded before dinner, SCOTT Waverley (1814)
xix ; The Queen accorded with this view of the matter, CARLYLE
Fted. Gt. (1865) X. 57. w.Wor.1'Im an' 'er can't accard together
no waay. s.Wor.1 Hrf.2

[My consent and fair according voice, SHAKS. R. 6r>J.
1. 11. 19. ME. acorden, to agree : If evesong and morwe-
song acorde, CHAUCER C. T. A. 830. OFr. acorder.]

ACCORDING, adv. Wor. Glo. Som. and van dial,
[akoa-din, aka'din.] Comparatively, in proportion to;
dependent upon (in gen. use).

se.Wor.1 It's as much bigger accardin' as my fut is nur that
there young un's [it is as much larger comparatively, as my foot
is than that child's]. Glo.1 He's the biggest according [i. e. in
proportion to his age]. w.Sora.1 D-ee dhingk ee-ul bee ae-ubl vur
kau-m? Wuul, kaa-n tuul ee nuzaa'klee, t-aez koa-rdeen wuur
aayv u-fun'eesh ur noa [Do you think you will be able to come?
Well, (I) cannot tell you exactly; it is dependent upon whether I
have finished or not].

ACCORDINGLY, adv. Yks. Lin. [akoadinlai'.] In pro-
portion. See According.

n.Yks2. e.Yks.1 Thoos deean varry lahtle (little), an' thoo may
expect to be paid accoadinlye. This word is hardly ever heard in
the sense of consequently. w.Yks. Jack's tallest, but Tom's taller

(M.P.),

Oh, they're a lot cheaper accordingly. It's accordinglyas they do it.

ACCOUNT, in phr. Sc. Brks.Sus.Wil.Dev. [Sc.akirnt;
ake'unt.]

To lay one's account with, to assure one's self of, make
up one's mind to, to reckon on ; to make account of, to
value, esteem ; to set account by, to value ; to take account
of, to pay attention to, value.

Sc. I counsel you to lay your account with suffering, WALKER

C 2

ACCOUTREMENTS

[12]

ACLITE

Peden. (1827) 56 QAM.); You may lay your account with oppo-
sition, Scotic. (1787) 51. Brks. ' Most young men would have
been crippled for life by it.' 'Zo 'em would, the young wosbirds ;
I dwon't make no account on 'em,' said Simon, HUGHES T. Brown
Oxf. (1861) xxxiii. Sus. They don't seem to make much account
of parsons up here, sir, EGERTON Flks. and Ways (1884) 106.
Dev.3 I dawnt zit no account by 'n, 'e idden vit vor much. n.Wil.
She do take a turrible deal o' 'count o that viewer as you give her
(E.H.G.). nw.Dev.1 Doan ee take no 'count o' 'n, my dear; he
waan't aurt ee. I caan't tell ee 'ow many there waz ; I did'n take
no count o' min [i. e. I did not observe them closely].

[I must lay my account with such interruption every
morning, SMOLLETT R. Random, I. 176; To make great
(little) account of, magnifacio, parvi aut nihili pendo, COLES
(1679) ; Estimer, to set by, make much account of, COTGR. ;
Or the son of man, that thou makest account of him,
BIBLE Ps. cxliv. 3 ; A Icon in his rage Which of no drede
set accompt, GOWER C.A. HI. 267 ; I set it at no more accompt
Than wolde a bare straw amount, ib. u. 286.]

ACCOUTREMENTS, sb. pi. w.Cor. [aku'taments.]
Things strewn about.

w.Cor. Pick up your accouterments (M.A.C.).

[In SHAKS. accoutrements is used of a person's dress,
apparel : Point-device in your accoutrements, As You, in.
ii. 402 ; In habit and device, exterior form, outward ac-
coutrements, K.John, i. i. 2ii.]

ACCROSHAY, sb. Cor. A kind of leap-frog.

Cor.1 A cap or small article is placed on the back of the stooping
person by each boy as he jumps over him ; the one who knocks
either of the things off has to take the place of the stooper : the
first time he jumps over the boy says ' Accroshay,' the second
' Ashotay,' the third ' Assheflay,' and lastly ' Lament, lament
Leleeman's (or Lelena's) war ' ; Cor.2 MS. add.

[On inquiry of some of our Board School boys I learn
that here (at Redruth) they occasionally play leap-frog
with the 'pillar boys' arranged in two lines, boys starting
on each line simultaneously, and this they call ' Crossy,'
as my informants the boys say, from crossing each other
continually (T. C. P.).]

ACCUSE, ZA w.Som. [akii'z.] To appoint, invite,inform.

w.Som.1 Uvoar uur duyd uur ukeo'z dhai uur weesh vur tu kaar
ur [before she died she appointed those she wished to carry her].
Ee wuz maa-yn jul-ees kuz ee waud-n ukeo-z tu dhu suup-ur [he
was very jealous because he was not invited to the supper]. Dhai
wu zukeo'z uvoar an-, un zoa dhai wuz u-prai-pae-ur [they were
informed beforehand, and so they were prepared].

[Cf. Fr. accuser, 'signaler, rendre manifested 'J' accuse la
reception de votre lettre.' See HATZFELD.]

ACCUSSING, see Hackaz.

ACE, sb. Nrf. [e's.] In ace and douce, wholly, entirely.

Nrf. He baat the 'Merricans ace and douce, SPILLING Giles's
Trip (1872) 23. w.Nrf. Bate it ace an' douce if yow can find it,
ORTON Beeston Ghost (1884) 9.

ACELET, see Harslet.

ACH, int. s.Pem. In phr. ach upon you.

s.Pem. Ach upon you, LAWS Little Eng. (1888) 419.

ACHANCE, conj. w.Yks. [atjb'ns.] In case that, for
fear that, lest.

w.Yks. Achonce, in case that, Leeds (F. M. L. ) ; w.Yks.5 Let
me tak care on't achance tuh loises it. Tak t'umbrella wi' thuh
achonce it raans.

[A-, on + chance.}

ACHE, sb.1 Chs. Shr. Written aitch. [etj.] A sudden
pain or attack of illness ; paroxysms in an intermittent
disorder. Cf. access.

Chs.1 Hot aitches are flushings in the face ; fainty aitches are
fainting fits. [Also] Fainty haitches, slight indisposition ; Chs.2 ;
Chs a Used to express a paroxysm of an intermitting disorder.
s.Chs i.1 I ye had some despert bad feenty (fainting) aitches leet-
wheiles (lately). Hot aitches are flushings of heat. Shr1 'They
tell n me as poor owd Matty Roberts is mighty bad ' ' Aye 'er^s

faSinttin°atitcehesaitCheS ^^ SP""S *"' fa'L> ' du"na lik* these

[OE. cece, ache, pain.]

ACHE, sft » Cor. [ek eak.] A large and comfortless
place ; used of a room or house.

Cor.2 MS. add. [Perhaps a special sense of Ache1 (T.C.P.).]

ACHE, sb.3 Cor. [etj, eatj.] A plant-name, Bryony.

Cor.2 Ache, bryony. Ache-mor, bryony root, MS. add.

[In BRITTEN £ HOLLAND'S English Plant-names ache ap-
pears as the name of the three following plants : (i ) Apium
graveolens, L. (2) Ranunculus sceleratus, L. ; in Turn., Lib.,
from its celery-like leaves. (3) Fraxinus excelsior, L. ('This
seems to be its meaning in the Plumpton correspondence,
p. 188,' Hall.) The application of the name to bryony
seems to be peculiar to Cornwall. COLES (1679) has ache
for smallage (herb), apium. ME. ache, smallage ; OFr.
ache, celery ; Rom. apia (for Lat. apium}.}

ACHE, v. Ken. Sus.

1. To be weary, tired.

Sus.1 I am afraid you'll ache waiting so long.

2. To long for, desire anything.

Sus.1 Nancy just will be pleased, she has ached after a dole I
don't know the time when.

Hence Aching-tooth, comp.

Ken.1 To have an aching-tooth for anything, is to wish for it very
much. Muster Moppett's man's got a terr'ble aching-tooth for our
old sow.

[To have an aking tooth at one, Indignor, infensum esse
alicui, COLES.]

ACHE-BONE, see Aitch-bone.

ACHER, see Icker.

ACK, v. A mistaken form for Rack, q.v.

ACKADUR, v. S. & Ork. To persevere, endeavour.

Sh. or Or. I. Akkadur, to persevere (Coll. L.L.B.). S. & Ork.1
Ackadur, to endeavour.

ACKER, sb. Sc. Nhb. Yks. e.An. Also written aiker, Sc.

1. A ripple or dark streak on the surface of water, a
' cat's paw ' or ' curl.'

n.Cy. Sailors at sea name it when seen on a larger scale by the
expressive term 'cat's-paw.' The North-country peasant, how-
ever, knows it by the name ' acker,' implying, as it were, a space
ploughed up by the wind, Cornh. Mag. (July 1865) 34 ; N.Cy.1,
Nhb.1, ra.Yks.1, w.Yks.1 e.An.1 Aker, a turbulent current, a com-
motion of a river.

2. The break or movement made by a fish in the water

(JAM.).

[This word occurs in ME. in the sense of a strong cur-
rent in the sea : Akyr of the see flowynge. impetus man's,
Prompt. ; An aker is it clept I understonde Whos myght
there may no shippe or wynd wyt stonde, MS. poem
(c. 1500), quoted by WAY ; Aker of the sea whiche pre-
venteth the flowde or flowynge, impetus man's, HULOET.]

ACKER, v. Nhb. Cum. Yks. [e'kar, a-ka(r).]

1. To ripple, curl, as water ruffled from wind.
N.Cy.1, Nhb.1 Cum. LINTON Lake Cy. (1864) 295.

2. Of the hair.

m.Yks.1 The hair is said to acker when in wavy outline.

[See Acker, sb.]

ACKER, see Acre.

ACKEREL, sb. w.Yks. Not. An acorn.

w.Yks. Hlfx. Wds. ; Ackerils [in Calder Vale], Yks. N. & Q.
(1888) II. 13; Ackeril was in general use when I was a lad, in
Halifax and district. . . . Not very often used now (Letters, per
S.K.C.). Not This word is still used (S.O.A.).

ACKERMETUT, sb. w.Yks. Liquid manure.

w.Yks.2 Ackermetut, Ackermetoota, Ackermantut : the word is
well known to old farmers about Sheffield.

ACKERSPRIT, see Acrospire.

ACKNOW, v. Obs. n.Cy. To acknowledge, confess.

n.Cy.Acknown, acknowledged, GROSE (1790) ; N.Cy.1 Nhb.1

[ME. aknowen, OE. oncnawan.]

ACKNOWLEDGE, v. e.An. [aknolidz.] To give a
'tip.'

e.An.1 Acknowledge, to tip. Nrf., Suf. I hope you will acknow-
ledge me (F.H.).

Hence Acknowledgement, pecuniary gift, without re-
ference to services rendered (F.H.).

ACKWARDS, see Awkward.

ACLITE, adv. Rxb. Nhb. [aklai't] Out of joint,
awry.

Rxb. Aclitc, ackleyt, awry to one side (JAM.\ Nhb.1 Newcastle's
now a dowly place, all things seems sore aclite. For here at last

ACOCK

[13]

ACRE

Blind Willie lies, an honest, harmless wight, GILCHRIST Blind
Willie's Epitaph (c. 1844).

[A-, on + elite, q.v.]

ACOCK, adv.1 Yks. Lan. Glo. [ako'k.]

Astride ; Jig. elated, triumphant.

w.Yks.5 Acock o' t'horse. Acock o' t'bezom. Acock'n a raal.
Glo. To get a-cock of the house, and sit a-cock, GROSE (1790) MS.
add. (M.) Colloq. Ride acock horse To Banbury Cross, Nursery
Rhyme. All-a-cock, highly elated, GROSE (1790) MS. add. (M.)

Hence A-cock-horse, adj. triumphant.

ne.Lan.1

[A-, on + cock, a heap, a hay-cock.]

ACOCK, adv.* Colloq. To knock (a person) a bit acock,
to disable him ; hence, fig. to surprise, discomfit.

War.2 Colloq. I can remember axin' my feyther how it was as
some folks was rich an' some was poor. It knocked him a bit acock,
my axin' him that, MURRAY Nov. Note-bk. (1887) 259-

[A-, on + cock. Cp. cock used in the sense of an upward
turn, as in a cock of the eye, a cock of the nose, a cock of
a hat.]

ACOLD, adj. Won Brks. Cmb. I.W. Som. [akou'ld,
akoird.] Cold.

se.Wor.1 Be yer 'onds acaowd ? come ether an' warm um.
Brks.1 1 be a-veelin acawld. Cmb. (M. J.B.) I.W.1 Acoolde, very
cold. w.Som.1 I be a-cold sure 'nough z-mornin.

[A- (pref.10) + cold. This word is sometimes used as a
quasi-archaic word by the poets of the igth cent. : The
owl for all his feathers was a-cold, KEATS St. Agnes' Eve.
The word is best known from its occurrence in SHAKS.,
Tom's a-cold, K. Lear, HI. iv. 59. ME. Thus lay this pouer
in great distresse Acolde and hongry at_the gate, GOWER
C. A. in. 35. Perhaps the repr. of OE. acolod, pp. ofacolian,
to cool.]

ACORN, sb. Lan. Chs. Lin. Lei. War. Won Hrf. Hmp.

1. In phr. right as an acorn, honest, fair ; sound as an
acorn, without a flaw, free from imperfection ; a red pig
for an acorn ; a horse foaled by an acorn, the gallows.

Lan. Come, aw think o's reel an' square. Reel as a hatch-horn,
WAUGH Besom Ben (1865) i ; Lan.1 Lan. An' seaund as an achurn,
BRIERLEY _/<«£-o (1878)9. Chs.1 As sound as a atchern. w.Wor.1
' As sound as an ackern ' is a local proverb, applied to everything
from a horse to a nut. Hrf.2 Chs.1 A red pig for a atchern.
Slang. A horse foaled by an acorn, the gallows, GROSE Diet. Vulg.
Tong. (1811), (FARMER) ; As pretty a Tyburn blossom as ever was
brought up to ride a horse foaled by an acorn, LYTTON Pelham (1827)
Ixxxii.

Hence, of pigs, Yackery, adj., q.v.

2. Comp. Acorn-mast, acorns, or acorns mixed with mast ;
Acorn-tree, the oak.

Hmp. Akermast, a collective name for acorns and mast, WISE
New Forest (1883) 82 ; Hmp.1 n.Lin. Acorn-tree, Quercus Robur;
n-Lin.1, Lei.1, War.3

ACORN, v. Chs. War. Shr. Hrf. Brks. Sun Hmp. Wil.
Also written ackern War. ; yacorn, atchorn Hrf. ; see be-
low. To pick up acorns ; to feed on acorns. Usually in prp.

Chs.1 ; Chs.2 The pigs are gone o' aitchorning ; Chs.3 To go
atchorning is to go picking up acorns. s.Chs.1 I've sent the
children a-atchernin. War. (J.R.W.) Shr.1 The childern bin
gwun achernin ; Shr.2 The pigs gween a akkering (or o' aitchorn-
ing). Hrf.1 ; Hrf.2 Measter's got 17 on 'em out a yacorning [i. e.
pigs in the woods]. Brks.1 When the acorns fall pigs are turned
into the woods aaykernin. Sur.1 Pigs when turned out in the
autumn are said to be akyring. Hmp.1 The children be all gone
akering. Wil. The old country proverb, ' Ah, well, we shall live
till we die, if the pigs don't eat us, and then we shall go acorning,'
JEFFERIES Hdgrow. (1889) 65.

Hence Akering-time.

Hmp.1 Akering-time, the autumn, when acorns fall, and are
gathered.

ACOW, adv. n.Cy. Yks. Also written acaw N.Cy.1
[akair.] Crooked, askew, awry ; alsoyfp-.

N.Cy.1 n.Yks. Hisshoes is trodden a-cow (I. W.); n.Yks.2A-cow,
on one side, twisted. His mind's a-cow, he is crotchety.

[A-, on + cow ; see Cow, v.]

AC9UAINT, ppl. adj. Sc. n.Irel. I.Ma. [akwe'nt.j
Acquainted.

Sc. He is weel acquent wi' a' the smugglers, thieves, and banditti,
SCOTT Midlothian Xi8i8 xv. Inv. Acquent, acquainted (H.E.F.).

Ayr. John Anderson my jo, John. When we were first acquent,
BuRNsyoA;; Anderson. Gall. The lassie micht no be acquant wi'
the name. CROCKETT Bog-Myrtle ^1895) 173. N.I.1 I'm well acquant
with all his people. I.Ma. But James and me Was well acquent,
BROWNE Doctor (1887) 28.

[ME. aqueynt. With such love be no more aqueynt, Rom.
Rose, 5200. AFr. aqueynt. OFr. acoint, personally known.]

ACQUAINTANCE, sb. War. Wor. Shr. Hrf. Glo.
[akwe'ntans.] A sweetheart.

War.2, s.Wor.1 Shr.1 • Molly, do you know that Miss F — is
going to be married ? ' • Well, sir, I thought I sid 'er 66th an
acquaintance.' Hrf.2, Glo.1

ACQUAINTED, ppl. adj. Rut. Hrf. Nrf. [akwe'ntid,
-ad.] To be acquainted, to be ' keeping company.'

Rut.1 Acquainted, in the first stage of courting. Hrf.2 They've
been acquainted a good while. Nrf. Acquented with, engaged
to be married (E. M.).

ACRAZED, pp. n.Yks. [akri'zd.]

n.Yks.2 A-craz d, wrong-headed.

[From OFr. acraser (mod. e'craser), to break in pieces.
The E. erase is probably an aphetic form of acrase.]

ACRE, sb. ^Various dial, uses in Great Britain and Irel.
See below, [e'ka(r), e3'ka(r), ya'ka(r).]

1. Any piece of land, arable or tilled, a field ; chiefly con-
fined to names of fields, whatever their extent may be.

w.Yks.1 Acker, fine mould. Nhp.2 Fields of much larger extent
than an acre are called by this name, as Green's-yacker, Rush-yacre.
Nrf. Acre, a field, as Castle Acre in Norfolk (K.).

2. A measure of land, differing in various parts of Great
Britain and Ireland from the normal statutable piece of
40 poles long by 4 broad =4840 sq. yds. This variation
sometimes coincides with the different nature of the crop,
&c., which the land yields.

Sc. A Scotch acre commonly - 6084 square yards, ROBERTSON
Agric. in Per. (1799) (N. E. D.); The Scotch acre was nearly one
acre, one rood, two perches of Eng. measure, Libr. Agric. (1830).
Ir. 121 Irish acres do make 196 English statute acres, PETTY Pol.
Anat. (1691) 52. Wm. The acre [has] 6760 yards (C. D.). s.Lan.
Chs.1 The acre is 10,240 sq. yards, and is still in constant use
amongst farmers, especially in the northern half of the county,
and in s.Lan. Chs. land measure is as follows: — 64 square yards
= i rood (i.e. rod), 40 roods = i quarter, 4 quarters = i acre. Lin.
Among the customary English acres are found . . . 200 [perches]
for copyhold land (C.D.). Lei. The acre has 2308! yards (C.D.).
Wales. A Welsh acre is usually two English acres, WORLIDGE
Syst. Agric. (1681) ; In Wales different measures, theberw, the
stang, the paladr, are called acres (C.D.). Cor. [5760 yards] Libr.
Agric. (1830). Var. dial. An acre sometimes is estimated by the
proportion of seed used on it ; and so varies according to the
richness or sterility of the land, WORUDGE Syst. Agric. (1681)
321. Among the customary English acres are found measures
of the following numbers of perches— 80 or 90 (of hops), 107, no,
120 (shut acre), 130, 132, 134, 141, 180 (forest acre), 212, 256 (of
wood) (C.D.).

3. A lineal measure.

Not. Acre is 28 yards running measure (W.W.S.). ; Not.1 The
word ' acre ' is occasionally used by elderly men here instead of
' chain ' — 22 yards — for the measurement of hedging and ditching,
but it is not in common use, nor is it known as a lineal measure
by the majority of country people in this district. n.Lin.1 Acre, a
measure of length. An acre-length, 40 poles or a furlong. An
acre-breadth, 4 poles or 22 yards. Midi. Acre, a species of long
measure, consisting of 32 yards ; four roods, MARSHALL Rur.
Econ. (1790) II. Lei. Acre is 24 yds. running measure (W.W.S.) ;
Lei.1 In addition to its ordinary meaning, [acre] is used as a
measure of length in two distinct senses. In one it is equal to
220 yards : in the other it is equal to four rods of 8 yards, or 32
yards. In measurements of hedging, ditching, and draining it is
. . . used in the latter sense.

4. In his acres.

Cor.1 In his acres, in his glory.

5. Comp. Acre-breadth, see 3 ; Acker-dale, applied to
land apportioned in acre strips ; Acre-length, see 3 ;
-mould, finely tilled earth, see 1 ; -painting, easy paint-
ing of which a great quantity can be quickly done ; '
-stones, field stones, see 1 ; -tax, see below.

Sc. Wad Phillis loo me, Phillis soud possess Sax acre-braid o'
richest pasture grass. Pickcn Poems (1788) 104 (JAM.); Gillmer-
toune . . . being all of it acker-dale land. Somcrvills Mem.

ACRE

[14]

ACT

I. 168 (JAM.). N.Cy.1 Acker-dale lands, common fields in which
(Mill-rent proprietors Imlil portions of greater or less extent.
Nhb.1 Acre-dale or acre-deal lands, land apportioned in acre strips.^
nXIn.1 Acre-length. w.Yks.1 A nice birk at grew atop o' th
Ealand, on some acker moud ; w.Yks. Ah'm dewin' a bit o' acre-
p.-imiin' .KB.'. nw.Dcv.1 Acre-stones, loose stones, such as are
picked up in fields. n.Lln.' Acre-tax, a draining tax on the An-
cholme Level [for maintaining sea-banks].

Hence Ackery, adj. abounding in finely tilled earth.

w.Yks.1 Ackery, abounding with fine mould.

[OE. cecer, field + </«•/, a portion, share.]

ACRE, v. Sc. To make payment at a fixed rate per
acre the basis of any transaction, csp. to pay labourers
at this rate to gather the harvest in. Of a labourer : to
work under these conditions.

Sc. Acre, Ackre, Aikur, to buy, sell, let, deal, or work ... at a
fixed rate per acre (JAM. Sttf>pl.\ Bnff.1 Ma ain servan's arc nae
t'wirk at the hairst wark this hairst : a'm gain' t'ackre 'ta'. A'm
nae gain t'fec this hairst : a'm t'ackre.

Hence Acrer, one who acres ; Acreing, the act of
harvesting grain-crops at a stated sum per acre.

Bnff.1 Ackrer, one who undertakes to harvest crops at a fixed
sum per acre. Sc. Acrcin', Ackrin' (JAM. Suf>j>l.}. Bnff.1 Ackran.

ACRE, see Icker.

ACRE-A-BUNG, sb. S. or Ork.

S. or Ork. Acre-a-bung, fog grass, holcus mollis (Coll. L.L.B.).

ACRER, sb. s.Sc. A very small proprietor (JAM.).

s.Sc. The provincial name of acrerers, portioncrs, and feuars,
Agr. Sun. Rxb. 15 (JAM.).

ACRIMONY, sb. Lei. War. [a-krlmonl.] The deli-
quescence of putrefying animal matter.

Lei.1 The acrimony run out o' the jintcs o' the coffin all down me.
War.s

[The effect of the acrimony of the putrid blood, ABER-
NETHY (N.E.D.).]

ACROOKED, adj. Yks. Lan. Also written acreeak't
n.Yks. ; acreak'd nc.Lan.1 [akriu'kt, akrn'kt] Crooked,
twisted, awry, askew.

n.Yks.2 A-crewk'd. e.Yks.1 Acrewkt, askew. w.Yks. Thi billy-
cock's akrewkt ! (^C.B.) ; w.Yks.1 Acrook'd, awry. ne.Lan.1

[A- (pref.l°)+ crooked.}

ACROSPIRE, sb.1 w.Yks. Also written accaspire. A
kind of stone.

w.Yks. Accaspire, a sort of hard stone containing particles of
flint, Hlfx. IVtis. ; Accaspire, Acrospirc, Acklespire, Ochrcspire,
used in Halifax district, to denote hard nodules of unworkable
stone, occasionally met with in the rock of the lower coal-measures
from which the Yorkshire stone is quarried. Called Iron-stone
round Bradford (W.H.V.).

[Etym. unknown.]

ACROSPIRE, sb? Sc. n.Cy. Lan. Stf. Der. Lin. Nhp.
c.An. Also in the form ackersprit N.Cy.1 Der.1 Lan.1; acre-
spiren.Lin^Nhp.'Nrf^Suf.1 [a-kr3spaie(r),a-kaspaia(r).|

1. The sprouting of corn ; csp. of barley in the process of
malting.

Sc. When [barley] shoots at the higher extremity of the grain
... it is the acherspyre that forms the stalk (JAM.). N.Cy.1 Der.1
Corn shooting at both ends ; Der.2 n.Lin.1 The sprout of corn
before the cars come forth. Nhp.1 We restrict the use of this
word to the germ of barley in the process of malting — the chitting
or sprouting at that end of the grain from which the stalk rises.
>•. A II.1 Acre-spire, or Acre-spit, the sprouting or ' chicking' of barley
in malting. Nrf.1 The sprouting of barley. Suf.1 The sprouting or
chicking of barley in the process of germinating into malt.

2. Of potatoes or turnips : premature sprouting.

n.Cy. Ackersprit, a potato with roots at both ends, GROSE (1790);
N.Cy.1 The premature sprouting of a potato. Lan.1 A potato,
turnip, or other root, with roots at both ends. Stf.1 Akerspirl [sic],
the shoot of a potato. e.An.1 Acre-spire, or Acre-spit, the sprout-
ing or 'chicking' of . . . stored potatoes.
[1. Acherspyre, in making of Malt . . . Dicitur de liordeo,
ibt in praeparatione RVVTJS seu Brasii niniium, Sf ab utraque

extretnitate, gerntinat, SKINNER (1671) L 111 2. Cp. JOHN-
SON : Acrospire, a shoot or sprout from the end of seeds
before they are put in the ground (' Many corns will smilt
or have their pulp turned into a substance like thick cream,
and . . . send forth their substance in an acrospirc,' Mortimer

Husbandry). Etym. doubtful. Prob. spin repr. OE. spTr,
a spike, blade.

ACROSPIRE, v. Sc. n.Cy. Chs. Wor. Shr. Suf. Also
written ackerspier N.Cy.2; ackerspyre Chs.1; ackerspire
vv.Wor.1

1. Of barley in the process of malting : to send out the

first leaf-shoot.

Sc. Barley is said to acherspyre when it shoots at the higher
extremity of the grain, from which the stalk springs up (sec Come).
In the operation of malting, ... it shoots first at the lower end, a
considerable time before it acherspyres JAM.). N.Cy.1 For want
of turning, when the malt is spread on the floor, it comes and
sprouts at both ends, which is called to acrospyro. MORTIMER
Husbandry; N.Cy.2 Used when the blade in mault growes out at the
opposite end to the roote. Nhb.1 Cum.1 When the malting pro-
cess is too long continued and both root and sprout are visible, the
barley is yakkerspircd and injured for malting. Chs.121

2. Of potatoes : to sprout or put forth fresh tubers pre-
maturely.

w.Wor.1 Shr.1 I doubt the tittoes'll ackerspire wuth this wet

Hence Ackerspired, Ackersprit, />/>/. adj. having sprouts
or acrospires.

Chs.1 Potatoes are said to be ackersprit when the axillary buds
on the stem grow into small green tubers, as is often the case in
wet seasons ; Chs.2 ; Chs.3 The potatoes were very generally
ackcrspriL s.Chs.1 Shr.1 Potatoes are ackcrspired, when after
a dry season heavy rain sets in, and the super-abundant moisture
causes them to put forth new tubers, instead of increasing them in
size, thus spoiling the growth. Suf.1 Acre-sprit.

ACROSS, prep, and adv. Yks. Lin. Brks. Dev. Also
written acrass Brks.1 [akro's.]

1. prep. Of time : about.

e.Yks.1 He awlas cums across tea time.

2. adv. On bad terms, unfriendly, at variance.

e.Yks.1 Jim an me's rayther across just noo, MS. add. (T. H.)
sw.Lin.1 They'd gotten a little bit across. Brks.'Gaarge an' his
brother hev a-bin a bit acraas laaytely.

3. Hence, to fall, get acrass, to disagree, quarrel.

Dev. 'Why, pity on us!' said a little cattle-jobber with a squint,
' when folks who look straight before them fall across, how am
I to keep straight with my eyes askew ? ' BARING-GOULD Spitttr
1,1887) vii ; The two who have got across, ib.

ACROUPED, ppl. adj. Dor. [skru-pt] Crouched.

Dor. [The pheasants] are a-croupied down nearly at the end of
the bough, HARDY Woodlandcrs (.1887) I. ix.

[OFr. s'accnwpir, to crouch : Les poults s'accroupissent
pour dorntir.]

ACT, sb. w.Yks. A practical joke ; cf. act, v. 2.

w.Yks. Thowt he'd hcd a act, Dewsbrt Olm. (1865) 4.

ACT, v. Irel. Yks. Stf. Der. Not. Wor. Oxf. Brks. Cmb.
Suf. Ess. Ken. I.W. Som. Cor. [akt, sekt]

1. To do, perform (usually the action is of a reprehensible
nature).

s.Stf. Wot bin ycr actin' at wi my tculs? (T.P.) s.Wor.
F.W.M.W.) w.Som.1 Haul bee aa-kteen oa? [What are you
doing!]

2. Hence, to act mischievously ; to tease, play tricks ; to
act on (? of) /'/, to do wrong.

s.Not Act, to behave skittishly. A driver will say to a skittish
horse, ' Now then, what arc yer acting at?' (J.P.K.) Brks.1
Zo you bwoys hcv a-bin actin on't agin, hev 'e ? Suf. Don't act
[of a person, or animal, such as a horse, creating a disturbance
or acting in an unusual manner] (C.T.) ; Leave off acting with me
VF.H.). I.W.2 Act, to play tricks.
8. To set about any work.

nw-Der.1 Act, to ' shape ' or ' frame,' either (i) at a particular job
of work ; or (a) at the duties of a new situation or calling. How
docs he act?— O, very weel. Ess. Gl (1851).

•1. To behave in an affected or artificial manner; to
'show off.'

Hrf.a Acting (of children), showing off. Oxf.1 Thar Mary do
act, scnce "er 'a lived at Oxford. I.W.2 Dedn't he jest about .»•(.
5. To pretend, simulate ; to act lame, to sham lameness ;
in this sense in gen. use.

Brks.1 w.Som.1 EC aa'k bac-ud un zoa dhai lat un goo [he pre-
tended to be ill, and so they let him go]. [Of an old dog wliicli
was going along limping] He idn on'y acting lame; he always
do, hon he reckonth he've ado'd enough.

ACTIONABLE

[15]

ADDER

8. To act Dan' I, to keep one's own counsel, to ' lie low';
lo act about, to act oneself, to play the fool.

s.Stf. He could hardly help loffin' out, but he kep on actin Dan'l
all thru, PINNOCK Bk. Cy. Ann. (1895). Ken.1 He got acting-about,
and fell down and broke his leg. w.Cor. He was tipsy and acting
himself fine (M.A.C.).

Hence Acting, vbl. sb. ; gossoons' acting, children's play,
or ' make-believe.' Action, sb. unruly or ' skittish ' be-
haviour, pretence, conceits, see 2, 4.

w.Yks. Drop your acting, and come here (F.M.L.). s.Not.
A mother will say to a wilful child ' Stop that acting, and be off
to bed with yer like a good gell' (J.P.K.). Cmb. None of your
acting [rough behaviour] (J.D.R.). Oxf.1 Na then! lens 'a no
actin'. Ir. It's only gossoons' actin'. Suf. None of your actions
(C.TA Cor. He's like a merry antic full of his actions (M.A.C.).

ACTIONABLE, adj. Cum. [a'kjanabl.] Of a horse :
having good action, agile.

Cum. A nice actionable pony (M.P.).

ACTION SERMON, sb. Sc. The designation com-
monly given in Sc. to the sermon which precedes the
celebration of the ordinance of the Supper (JAM.).

Sc. I returned home about seven, and addressed myself to write
my action sermon, IRVING (,i(525) in OLIPHANT Life, I. xi. Per.
About the middle of the 'action' sermon, IAN MACLAREN Brier Bnsli
(1895) 57-

AD, see Od.

ADAM-AND-EVE, sb. [a'dam-an-iv.]

1. A name applied to several plants : (i) Aconitum napel-
lus (Nrf.) ; (2) Arum maculatum, Cuckoo-pint (Yks. Lin.
Lei. Som.); (3) Orchis mascula (Som. Dev. Cor.); (4) Pul-
monaria offidnalis (Cum. Wm. Hmp.).

(i) Nrf. Adam and Eve, Aconitum napellus. On lifting the hood of
the (lower, the upper petals appear as two little figures, (a) n.Yks.
Adam-and-Eve. The dark spadices represent Adam, and the light
ones Eve. n.I.in.1 Lei.1 Adam and Eve, lords and ladies, the
flower of the Arum maculatum. w.Som.1 (3) Ib. Adam and Eve,
the plant wild orchis — O. mascula. Dev. Adam and Eve, the male
and female-handed orchis, if I conceive rightly, Monthly Mag.
(1808) II. 421. Cor. The dark flower-spikes represent Adam, and
the pale ones Eve. w.Cor. (M.A.C.) (4) Cum. Adam-and-Eve,
Pulmonaria offidnalis ; from the two-coloured flowers. Wm.1 The
flowers are red and blue, and the country folk call the red Adam
and the blue Eve. Hmp. Lungwort, called Adam-and-Eve by gipsies
and others about the New Forest, no doubt from the two colours
in its flowers (G. E.D.).

2. The tubers of Orchis maculata (Yks. Lan. I.Ma. Nhp.) ;
the tubers of Orchis mascula (?) (Nhb.).

w.Yks.1 Adam and Eve, the bulbs of Orchis maculata, which have
a fancied resemblance to the human figure. One of these floats in
the water, which nourishes the stem, the other sinks and bears the
bud for the next year. ne.Lan.1 I.Ma. The tubers of O. maculata
(spotted orchis). Nhp.1 The two bulbs of the O. maculata, one of
which nourishes the existing plant, the other the succeeding one.
Nhb.1 Adam and Eve, the tubers of O. latifolia; the tuber which sinks
being Adam and that which swims being Eve. Cain and Abel is
another name for these tubers, Cain being the heavy one, JOHNSTON
Bot. f. Bord. (1853) 193. (Prob. meant for O. mascula, B. & H.)

3. A particular pair of legs in a shrimp (Lin. Wor. Ess.).
nXin.1 Adam and Eve, a particular pair of legs in a shrimp, so

called from a fancied resemblance to two human figures standing
opposite to one another. Wor. (J. W.P.) Ess. There's an Adam
and Evein every brown shrimp, BARING-GOULD Mehalah( 1885) 296.

ADAM'S ALE, sb. Dial, slang in gen. use. [a'damz-el,
-eal.] Water.

Var. dial. HOLLOWAY.

[A Rechabite poor Will must live, And drink or Adam's
ale, PRIOR Wandering Pilgrim (DAV.).]

ADAM'S FLANNEL, sb. [a'damz-nanil.] A plant-
name applied to (i) Dipsacus sylvestris (Lei.) ; (2) Ver-
bascum thapsus (Yks. Chs. Lin. Nhp. War.).

Lei. Adam's flannel, teasel. (2) w.Yks.1 Adam's flannel, white
mullein, Verbascum thapsus. It may have obtained this name from
the soft white hairs with which the leaves are thickly clothed on
both sides. Chs.1 3, nXin.1 Nhp.1 Adam's flannel, great mullein.
War. (J.R.W.)

ADAM'S NEEDLE, sb. Nhb. [a'damz-nidl.] A plant-
name : Scandix pecten veneris, so called from the long
needle-like fruits.

Nhb.1 Edom's needle, Adam's needle, or Shepherd's needle, the
Srandix pecten veneris. Called also Witch's needle, and Deil's
darnin needle.

ADAM'S WINE, sb. Dial, slang in gen. use. [ a'domz-
wain.] Water. A cant phrase for water as abeverage (JAM.).

n-Lin.1 w.Som.1 Adam's wine, water, never called Adam's ale.

ADAPTED, ppl. adj. Hmp. [adae'ptad.] Accustomed
to, experienced.

Hmp.1 A man adapted to pigs, i.e. experienced in the breeding
and care of swine.

AD ASHED, ppl. adj. Yks. [ada-Jt.] Put to shame.

m.Yks.1 1 felt fair [quite] adashed.

[Adashed, ashamed, COLES (1677).]

ADAWDS, adv. Obs. Yks. Also written adauds. In
pieces.

Yks. ' To rive all adauds,' to tear all in pieces (K.). n.Yks. Ise
seaur weese rive up all adawds, MERITON Praise Ale ( 1684) 1. 104.

[A-, on + daw d, q.v.]

A-DAYS, adv. Obs. e.An. and var. dial. At present,
nowadays.

e.An.1 Flour sells cheap a-days. I seldom see Mr. Smith a-days ;
e.An.2 I never heard this word used, as given by Forby, in either
Norfolk or Suffolk. Var. dial. A-days, now, abbreviation of now-
a-days, HOLLOWAY.

[In TOONE (1834) s.y. A, the word adays is cited among
other words containing the pref. a-, in which it is still
retained by the vulgar.]

ADBUT, see Headbut.

ADDER, sb. Sc. Nhb. Dur. Yks. Lan. Chs. Lin. Shr.
Wil. Cor. Also written ather, edder, ether ; see below,
[a'da(r), also e'da(r), etSa(r).]

1. In dial., besides the usual meaning of adder, the use of
the word is extended to any kind of snake.

Shr.2 Edder, ether, of general application for any kind of snake.

Comp. Adder-bead, the stone supposed to be formed by
adders (JAM.) ; -broth, broth made from the flesh of an
adder; -pike, the fish Trachinus vipera : (CD.) ; -stone, a
perforated stone (see below) ; -stung, bitten by an adder ;
-thing, a serpent.

Dmf. [Adders are said to] assemble to the amount of some hun-
dreds in a certain time of summer, to cast off their sloughs and
renew their age. They entwist and writhe themselves among
each other until they throw off their last year's sloughs, half
melted by their exertions. These are collected and plastered over
with frothy saliva, and again wrought to and fro till they are con-
densed and shaped into an adder bead, Rem. Nithsdale Sng. m
(JAM.). nXin.1 Hetherd-broth, a broth made of the flesh of an
adder boiled with a chicken. A specific for consumption. It was
till about fifty years ago the custom for certain wanderers to come
yearly during the hot weather of summer from the West Country
(q.v.) to search on the sand-hills for hetherds which they said they
sold to the doctors for the purpose of making hetherd-broth. Sc.
Adder-stane, the same as adder-bead (JAM.). The glass amulets or
ornaments are, in the Lowlands of Scotland, called adder-stanes,
TOLAND Hist, of Druids (ed. 1814) Lett. I. § 16 (JAM.). Rnf. [A
family was] in possession of a so-called adder-stone and four
Druidical beads, some of which, or all conjunctively, had been
efficacious in curing various complaints, but more particularly those
in cattle. . . .[The adder-stone] is not unlike, in form and size, to
the whorls which, in conjunction with the distaff, were, only a
century or two ago, in general use in spinning yarns, ./V. &Q. (1873)
4th S. ix. 155. N.Cy.1 Adder-stone, also called self-bored stone;
a perforated stone — the perforation imagined by the vulgar to be
made by the sting of an adder. Nhb. A charm'd sword he wears,
Of adderstone the hilt, RICHARDSON Borderer's Table-bk. (1846)
VII. 164 ; Nhb.1 Adder-styen, a stone with a hole through it [hung
behind doors and in fishing boats as a charm]. And vain Lord
Soulis's sword was seen, Though the hilt was adderstone, The
Cout of Keeldar. n.Yks.2 Addersteeans, the perforated fragments
of grey alum shale, the round holes [of which] tradition assigns to
the sting of the adder. As lucky stones they are hung to the
street door-key, for prosperity to the house and its inmates, just
as the horse-shoe is nailed at the entrance for the same purpose.
Suspended in the stables, as are also the holed flints that are met
with, they prevent the witches riding the horses, and protect the
animals from illness. nXin.1 Hetherd-stone, that is, an adder-
stone, an ancient spindle-whorl. It is still believed that these
objects are produced by adders, and that if one of them be sus-
pended around the neck it will cure whooping-cough, ague, and

ADDER-AND-SNAKE PLANT

[16]

ADDLE

adder bites. Hetherd-stung, bitten by an adder. When a swelling
suddenly arises upon any animal without the cause being known
it is said to be hetherd-stung. Hedgehogs and shrews are also
said to bite animals and produce all the symptoms of the • sting'
of the hetherd. Dur. She let some kind ov an etherthing venom
'er, EGGLESTONE Betty Podkins' Let. (1877) 8.

[Adder-stung, said of cattle when stung with venomous
reptiles, as adders, scorpions, or bit by a hedge-hog or
shrew, BAILEY (1721).]

2. A slow-worm.

Wil. It is curious that in places where blindworms are often seen
their innocuous nature should not be generally known. They are
even called adders sometimes, JEFFERIES Hdgrow. (1889) 201.

3. A newt.

Cor.1 The newt is so called in the neighbourhood of St. Mellion
[e.Cor.] ; Cor." MS. add.

4. A dragon-fly, or large fly ; also called flying adder, &c.
N.Cy.1 Tanging-nadder. Nhb.1 The dragon-fly is called Bull

ether, or Fleein ether, flying adder. m.Yks.1 Ether, a large light
kind of fly. eXan.1 Edther, the dragon-fly.

Comp. Ather-bill, Adder-bolt, -cap, the dragon-fly ;
-feeder, the gad-fly ; -fly (C.D.), -spear, the dragon-fly ;
Ether's mon, -nild, a large, long-bodied dragon-fly.

Cld. Ather-bill (JAM.). Lan. A chapter on the natural history
uv cockroaches, edderbowts, un crickets, STATON B. Shuttle Boviton,
64 ; Lan.1 It'll sting like an edder-bout. Chs.1 Edther Bowt, the
dragon-fly. Fif. Ather-, or natter-cap, the name given to the dragon-
fly (JAM.). Chs.1 Edder feeder, a common name for the gad-fly.
[The ploughboy next knocked down what he called a •' gurt adder-
spear,' that is, a dragon-fly, Standard (Aug. 23, 1887) 3.] Shr.1 It
is believed that this dragon-fly [ Cordulegnster annulatus\ indicates
by its presence the vicinity of the adder, whence its local names
— Ether's-mon and Ether's-nild [needle].

ADDER-AND-SNAKE PLANT, sb. n.Dev. Silene in-
flafa (Bladder Campion).

ADDERCOP, see Attercop.

ADDER'S FERN, sb. Hmp. Pofypodium vulgare.
Hmp. It will be observed that most of the plants connected with
the adder appear in spring, when snakes are most generally seen ;
Hmp.1 Adder's-fern, the common polypody ; so called from its rows
of bright spores.

ADDER'S FLOWER, sb. The name given to (i) Lychnis
diurna (Hrt.) ; (2) Orchis mascula (Hmp.).

(2) Hmp. O. mascula, early purple orchis, probably from the
spotted leaves (G.E.D.).

ADDER'S GRASS, sb. The name given to (i) Orchis
maculata (Nhb.) ; (2) Orchis mascula (Nhb. Chs.).

Nhb.1 Adder-grass, the spotted orchis, O. maculata ; called also
Hens, Hen's-kames, and Deed-man's Hand. (2) Chs.1 The orchis
which Gerard distinguishes as adder's grass is O. mascula; Chs.3

ADDER'S MEAT, sb. A name given to several plants,
most of which are poisonous : (i) Arum maculatum (Dev.
Cor.); (2) Mercurialis perennis (Hrt.); (3) Stellaria holostea
(Cor.) ; (4) Tamus communis (Som. Dev.) ; (5) a kind of
fern (Som.).

(i) Dev.4 Adder's meat, Ammmaculatum, applied, not to thespathe
in its early stages, but when the bright red colour of the berries
shows itself. The same name is applied to other red berries .
regarded, whether correctly or otherwise, as being poisonous ; as
for example the fruit of Tamus communis. (5)Som. Fern, commonly
known as Adder's meat, and accordingly feared and avoided bv
country children, PULMAN Sketches (1842).
ADDER'S POISON, sb. Dev. Tamus communis.
n.Dev. Adder's poison, Black Briony. Dev.4
ADDER'S SPEAR, sb. Sur. Sus. Ophioglossumvulgatum.
Sur. & Sus. Adders-spear ointment is made from it in parts of
Sur. and Sus.

ADDER'S SPIT or ADDER-SPIT, sb. The name given
to (i) Pteris aquilina (Sus.) ; (2) Stellaria holostea (Cor.).

ADDER'S TONGUE, sb. Also written edder- Cum. The
name given to several plants : (i) Arum maadatum (Som
SwU (2) G%a?ium Robertianum (Ess.) ; (3) Listera ovata
( Wil.) ; (4) Ophtoglossum vulgatum (Cum. Dev.) ; (5) Orchis
mascula (Chs.) ; (6) Pteris aquilina (Brks.) ; (7) Sagittaria
sagtttifoha (Dev.) ; (8) Scolopendrium vulgare (Dor. Dev.).

w.Som.1 Adder's tongue, wild arum, A. maculatum. (3) Wil The
Tway-blade is at Farley Adder's tongue, Sarum Dioc. Gas. (Jan
1891) 14, col. 2; WiUAdder's-tongue.LKifcra ovata, Twayblade."

(4) Cum. Edder's-tongue, Ophioglossum vulgatum. Dev.* (5) Chs.1
(6) Brks.1 The leaf of the common bracken. (7) Dev.* The old
people say that a cupful of tea every day made of nine leaves of
this plant [Sagittaria sagittifolia] ... is a good strengthening
medicine. (8) Dor. Adder's tongue, Scolopendrium vulgare, Hart's-
tongue (G.E.D.). Dev.*

ADDER WORT, sb. Wil. [ae'dawat]

Wil.1 Adderwort, Polygonum bistorta, bistort.

ADDICK, sb. Som. Dev. [ae'dik.] Adder.

w.Som.1 Whether this means adder or haddock, or what besides,
I do not know, but it is the deafest creature known. ' Su dee-f-s
u ad'ik'is the commonest superlative of deaf. n.Dev. Thart so
deeve as a haddick in chongy weather, Exm. Scold. (1746) 1. 123.
nw.Dev.1 Deeve's a addick.

ADDLE, sb.1 and adj. Sc. and widely diffused throughout
the Eng. dial. See below, [a'dl, Nhb. ; also ya'dl, e'dl.j

1. sb. Putrid or stagnant water : usually in comp. Addle-
dub, -gutter, -pool, see below.

Sc. Adill, Addle, foul and putrid water (JAM.); Aidle, ditch-
water, MACKAY. Ayr. Then lug out your ladle, Deal brimstone
like adle. And roar every note of thedamn'd, BURNS Kirk's Alarm
(1787). Nhb.1 Eddie, putrid water [applied specially to the liquid
manure drained from a dunghill (R.O.H.)]. Sc. Addle-dub, a
hole full of foul putrid liquid. He kens the loan frae the crown
o' the causey as weel as the duck does the midden hole frae
the addle-dub, HENDERSON Prav. (1832) 76, ed. 1881. Dev.1 The
ale was worse, ... a had as leve drink the addle-gutter, ii. 13.
nw.Dev.1 Addle-gutter, a stagnant or putrid gutter or pool ; [as in]
Addle-gutter mud. s.Pem. Addley pulke, a stagnant pool, LAWS
Little Eng. (1888) 419. s.Cy. Addle-pool, a pool or puddle near a
dunghill, for receiving the fluid from it (HALL.). Cor. They carr'ed
Nick hum . . . and thrawed un in the addle pool, TREGELLAS Tales
(1868)88; Cor.12 Addle-pool, a cesspool.

2. Cf. addle, v.1 B.

Rnf. The urine of black cattle (JAM.).

3. An abscess containing pus, a swelling, tumour; a blister.
Som. Addle, a swelling with matter in it, JENNINGS Obs. Dial.

w.Eng. (1825) ; It all come up in addles [blisters] (G.S.). w.Som.1
Ee-vu-gaut u guurt ad-1 pun uz nak, su beg-z u ain ag [he has a great
tumour on his neck as large as a hen's egg].

4. adj. Rotten, putrid, esp. applied to a decayed or
barren egg ; cf. 1.

Cld. Addle, foul, applied to liquid substances (JAM.). Lan. Addle,
rotten, DAVIES Races (1856) 226. Shr.1 I've 'ad despert poor luck
66th my 'en's this time. I set three 66th duck eggs an' two 66th
thar own ; an' three parts on 'em wun aidle. Hrf.2 I be most
afeared as the eggs be all adle. Ken.2 Sus.1 Eddel, rotten.

5. Fig. Weak in intellect, confused : esp. in comp. Addle-
cap, -head, -headed, -pate, -pated.

Ken.1 My head's that adle, that I can't tend to nothin'. e.Sus.
Adle. weak orgiddyinthe head. I am very adle to-day, HOLLOWAY.
Hmp.1 Addle, stupid. Slang. Addle cove, a foolish man, an easy
dupe, FARMER. n-Lin.1 Addle-cap, Addle-head, a weak, silly
person. He's such a waffy addle-head, he duzn't knaw blew fra
red. w.Som.1 Addle-head. N.Cy.1 Addle-headed. e.Yks.1 Addle-
heeaded, of obtuse intellect. ne.Lan.1 Chs.1 He's a addle-yedded
think. Der.2 War.(J.R.W-) Brks.1 Sus.1 He's an adle-headed
fellow. w.Som.1, Dev.1 Wm. My addle paate, HUTTON Bran New
Wa> k (1785)!. 88. nXln.1 Addle-pate. Cor." Dev.1 Addle-pated,
doltish, thickheaded.

[1. OE. adela, liquid filth, foul water ; cf. G. adel, mire,
puddle. 2. Cf. OSw. adel in ko-adel, cow-urine. 5. Cf.
HOOKER: Concerning his preaching their very by-word
was Aoyos (t;ovd(vr)/j.eiios, addle speech, empty talk, Eccl.
Pol. in. 101 ; Thy head hath bin beaten as addle as an
egge for quarreling, SHAKS. R. &>J. (159

ADDLE, adj. Hrf. e.An. Ken. Sur. S

1. Ailing, unwell.

e.An. Adle, unwell (HALL.). Ken.1 Adle. Sus.1 Adle, slightly
unwell. My little girl seemed rather adle this morning, so I kep'
her at home from school.

2. Tumble-down, loose, shaky.

Hrf. Adle, loose, shaky, applied to a paling (W.W.S.). e.An.
Adle, unsound (HALL.). Ken. The word is used to denote anything
that is in a ricketty or shaky condition. Dat waggin be turrbul adle
(P.M.). Sur.1 Adle, weak, shaky, said of a fence the posts or
pales of which have become loose. You shan't have that idle thing
i.e. an old gate] any longer (s.v. Idle).
[OE. Ml, MLG. adel, disease.]

2) in. i. 25.]
[ae-dl.]

ADDLE

ADLAND

ADDLE, si.2 Nhb. w.Yks. [a'dl, e'dl.] Earnings, wages,
usually with in ; in good addle, receiving good wages.

Nhb.1 Eddie, money earned. Savin's good eddle. w.Yks.1 A
poor daital. wheea's i' naa girt addle, ii. 340; He's i" good addle.

ADDLE, sb? Nhp. An adding or addition.

Nhp.1 Two pence and three pence, is five pence : and two groats
and two pence is ten pence. This specimen of village arithmetic
is called ' the old woman's addle.'

ADDLE, v.1 In gen. use.

A. To make abortive, as eggs, by allowing to get cold
during incubation ; fig. to confuse, muddle.

Ir. They had also lost a fat pig, and had a clutch of eggs addled
in an August thunderstorm, BARLOW Idylls (1892) 45. Yks. It's
no use addling your brain with so much learning, it won't make
the pot boil (M.N.). ne.Lan.1 Addle, to coagulate. Not. Addle,

make putrid (T.H.B.). Ken. Dang'd ould hen as addled dem
heggs (H.M.). Som.1 Hens which sit badly are said to addle
their eggs. Nauyz unuuf vur t-ad'l uneebau'deez braa-nz [noise
:nough to addle one's brains]. Dev. 'Twas the hard times addled
his brains, O'NEILL Told in Dimpses (1893) 116.

[See Addle, sb.1 4.]

B. Sc. To water plants.

Rnf. Toaddle,to water the roots of plants with the urine of cattle

AM.).

[See Addle, sb.1 2.]

ADDLE, v? In all the n. counties to Chs. Stf. Der.
Not. Lin. ; also in Rut. Lei. Nhp. War. e.An. ; not in Sc.
Not in gloss, of s.Chs. and Shr. Also written adle N.Cy.2
Lin. SKINNER ; aadle Suf.1 ; eddle N.Cy.1 Nhb.1 Cum.1 3
w.Yks. WILLAN; yeddle Chs.123; aidle N.Cy.1 Nhb.1
Cum. Lin.1 e.An.1 ; aydle c.Cum. ; eddil Nhb. ; adel Cum.
e. and w.Yks. [a'dl. Besides a'dl there occur e'dl in Nhb.
Cum. ; e'dl in Nhb. c.Cum. Lin. e.An. ; ye'dl in Chs.]

1. To earn, acquire by one's labour.

N.Cy.12 Nhb.1 He addles three ha'pence a week, That's nobbut
a fardin' a day, Song, Ma Laddie. Dur.1 Cum.3 I's gan to eddle
me five shillin' middlin' cannily. s.Wm. Ye dunnet addle as mickle
ta day, HUTTON Dia. Storth and Arnsiile (1760) 1. 29. Wm.1 A'd
better git a nag wi panniers an addle mi brass thet wa-a. Yks.
They say he addled his brass i' jute, KIPLING Soldiers Three (ed.
1895) 16. n.Yks.1 Ah's nowght bud what Ah addles; n.Yks.2 To
addle oneself heat [to grow warm with exercise]. ne.Yks.1 He
addles a good wage. e.Yks.1 Ah haint addled saut (salt) ti my taty
this mornin. w.Yks. When he'd addled his shun, BLACKAH Poems
(1867) 13 [said of a horse when he falls upon his back and rolls
from one side to the other. When a horse does this in Hmp. or
Sus. he is said to earn a gallon of oats, HOLLOWAY] ; It isn't
what a chap addles, it's what a chap saves 'at makes him rich,
HARTLEY Budget (1868) 43; w.Yks.1 We mun teugh an addle
summat. Lan. Colliers addle'n their brass ; an' they'n a reet to
wear it as they'n a mind, WAUGH Chimney Cornet (1879) 56 ;
Give a mon a chance of addling a livin', WESTALL Old Factory
(1885) 21.4 Lan.1 m.Lan.1 A mon's heead may be addled, an' his
wage may be addled. n.Lan.1 Chs. [Aw con] yeddle my sax-
pence ivery day, CLOUGH B. Bresskittle (1879) 16; Chs.12 Stf.1,
Der.1 s.Not. I've nothing whativer coming to me but what I addle
(J.P.K.). Not.12 Them line-men addle a sight; Not.3 Lin.
SKINNER (1671) ; Mun be a guvness, lad, or summut, and addle
her bread. TENNYSON N. Farmer, New Style (1870) St. 7 ; An addlin'
th' rent. PEACOCK Tales and Rhymes (1886) 135 ; Lin.1, nXin.1
sw.Lin.1 I'm a disablebodied man. and can't addle owt. Rut.1
Lei. Shi kaint ad-1 moar- nur te-oo ur thrai shil'lin (C.E.); Lei.1
Oi ha' addled my weej. Nhp.12, War.3, e-An.1

2. To gain, procure ; to bring in by labour.

Yks. My kyes' milk addles most of my brass, FETHERSTON
Farmer, 71. Lin. Grows i' the wood, an' yowls i' the town, An'
addles its master many a crown. — Answer, a fiddle (of which the
strings are catgut), N. & Q. (1865) 3rd S. viii. 503. Lei.1 A doon't
addle his maister his weej.

3. To save, lay by a portion of one's earnings.

Yks. My father had addled a vast in trade, And I were his son
and heir, INGLEDEW Ballads (1860) 259. ne.Yks.1 He's addled a
deal o' brass. w.Yks. Wi' a bit o' trouble ah addled thegither five
pun' (W.B.T.). n.Lin. Addle, to lay by money, SUTTON Wds.
(i88O. e-An.1 At last I have addled up a little money; e.An.2

4. Of crops, trees, &c. : to grow, thrive, flourish.

n.Cy. Addle, to grow or increase in size, TOONE. Lan.1 Addle,
formerly used in the sense of to grow, to increase. Chs.123
e-An.1 That crop addles. Nrf.1 Suf.1 Fruit, corn, &c. promising
VOL. i.

to ripen well, are said to aadle: Ta don't fare to aadle. Ess. Where
luie imbraceth the tree verie sore, kill luie, or else tree wil addle
no more, TUSSER Husbandrie (1580) HI, st. 6.
Hence Addled, pp. earned ; Addling, vbl. sb. Cf. 4.
n.Yks.2 A ready addled penny [money easily earned]. w.Yks.5
It's weel addled. Ess. Ivy will, by the closeness of its embraces,
prevent trees from addling, that is, growing or increasing in
size, MAVOR, note to TUSSER Husbandrie (ed. 1812).

[To adle [earn], solarium vel praemium mereri, COLES
(1679) ; To addil, demerere, LEVINS Manip. (1570) ; To
adylle, commereri, adipisci, Calh. Angl. (1483) ; Hu mann
mihhte cwemenn Godd & addlenn heffness blisse, Ormu-
lum (c. 1205) 17811 ; patt mihhte gilltenn anij gillt & add-
lenn helle pine, ib. 17544. CP- ON. ^37«,_refl. Qillask, to
acquire (for oneself) property, cogn. with ddal, property.]
ADDLED, ppl. adj. In gen. use throughout the dial.
Also written aiddled Shr/ GIo.1 See below, [a'dld,
e'dld.] Rotten, putrid ; muddled, confused. See Addle,
sb.1 and ad;.1 4, 5.

N.Cy.1 Addled-eggs, addled, decayed, impaired, rotten. ne.Lan.1
An addled egg. m.Lan.1 One's varra likely to ged wrang wi' this
word iv they're nod keerful, because a mon's heead may be addled,
an' his wage may be addled. Th' fost o' these fits th' payson an'
th' last doesn'd — mony a time. Not.2 You cannot blow addled
eggs [i. e. partially hatched]. Nhp.1 War. (J.R.W.) s.Wor.1
Shr.1 Aidled. Shr. & Hrf. Addled means corrupted, as 'an addled
egg,' one in a state of putrefaction, or one left or forsaken by the hen
after sitting, BOUND Prov. (1876). Hrf.2AdIed. Glo.1 w.Som.1
Addled eggs are those which have been sat upon without producing
chickens. Colloq. We have learned to bottle our parents twain in
the yelk of an addled egg, KIPLING Brk. Ballads (1893) Conundrum
of Workshops.

ADDLING, sb. Rarely sing. See Addle, v1 See below,
[a'dlin.] Wages, earnings ; savings.

. N.Cy.1 Addlings, aidlings, wages received for work. Nhb.1 He's
had good addlins this quarter. Dur.1 Cum.1 Aydlins, c. adlins,sw.
Wm. Addlings hesbeen far better, GIBSON Leg. and Notes (1877) 67 ;
Wm.1 The usual form is addlins. Yks. Mah wayges is altegither
oot of all measure wi' me addlings, WRAY Nestleton (1876) 41;
Short harvests make short addlings, SWAINSON Weather Flk-Lore
(1873)18. n.Yks.1 Poor addlings. Hard addlings. Saving's good
addling. ne.Yks.1 Hard addlins an' nut mich when deean. e.Yks.1
w.Yks.5 Whoas a better house an' I hev ? an' av getten it together,
stick be stick, an' ivvry bit on't, wi my awan addlings. Lan.
Eaut of his own addlins, CLEGG David's Loom (1894) v. ne.Lan.1,
Chs.123, Stf.1 Der.2 Addlings, savings. nw.Der.1 Addlings, savings.
Not.1, n.Lin.1 sw.Lin.1 I doubt he wears all his addlings in drink.
Lei.1, Nhp.1, War.3

ADE, sb. Shr. [id.] A reach in the Severn.

Shr.1 This term is applied by navigators of the Severn to reaches
where there are eddies in the river, as Sweney [sic] Ade, Preen's
Ade, &c. ; Shr2. Boden's Ade, Preen's Ade, Swinny Ade, near
Coalport. This signification is confined to bargemen, owners, and
bowhalers.

ADE, v. Shr. [ed.]

Shr. A word peculiar to Shropshire, meaningto cut a deep gutter or
ditch across ploughed land, BOUND Prov . (1875) ; Shr.2 Ading down
in the follow.

[See Aid.]

A-DEARY ME! int. In var. dial., and colloq. use.
[!• diari mi.] See Deary. Exclamation of sadness or
surprise.

w.Yks. Noabody pities them 'at laups aat o' th' fryin' pan into th'
fire, an' it's a easy matter to miss it. — Aa, dear o' me ! aw think it
is ! HARTLEY DM. ist S. (1868) 115. Lin. A deary-me, Mrs. Cox,
who'd ha' thowt of seeing thee, N. & Q. (1865) 3rd S. vii. 31.

ADEE! int. Wxf. [adr.] Ha!

Wxf.1

ADER, see Arder.

ADIDGE, see Arris.

ADIST, prep. Sc. Also written adiest Ayr ; athist
Dmf. [adi'st, atSi'st] On this side.

Sc. I wish yow was neither adist her, nor ayont her [spoken of
a woman one dislikes], Prov. (JAM.) ; Hegbeg [nettle] adist the
dyke, CHAMBERS Pop. Rhymes (1870) 109.

[Adist, at/list, prob. equiv. to on this (side).}

ADLAND, see Headland.

D

ADMIRE

[18]

ADVISED

ADMIRE, v. In Irel. Wm. Yks. Chs. Lei. Nhp. War.
Oxf. Som. [admai-a(r), Lei. admoi-a(r).]

1. To wonder at, notice with astonishment.

(a) Used simply, or with dependent clause.

Wm. Van wad admire how yau gits sec cauds [colds] (M.P.).
e.Yks.1 There is plenty of macreuse in the markets all Lent, that I
admire where they got so many, Dr. M. LISTER of York (1698).
w.Yks. Admire, wonder, Hlfx. Wds. Som. This . . . contented chap
had had a longish nap, Ta zlape away tha winter, I shoodent much
admire, 'AGRIKLER' Rhymes (1872) 31. [I admire it escaped Mr.
Fuller in his collection ol • Local Proverbs,' MORTON Nat. Hist, of
Nhp. (1712). Amer. To wonder at ; to be affected with slight sur-
prise. In New England, particularly in Maine, the word is used
in this sense, BARTLETT.]

(b) With ace.

e.Yks. An when Ah gat there ; oh, this Ah did admeyr, Ti see
so monny lusty lads, asitting roond the fire, NICHOLSON Flk-Sp.
(1889) 49. Chs.1 Ah could na but admoire him, he looked so
fresh ;— and he's turned seventy. War. (J.R.W.) Oxf. She told me
her husband was looking so ill I should quite admire him, N. <5r= Q.
(1868) 4th S. ii. 605.

(c) With at.

Lim.'Tis to be admired at — such a long distance traversed between
Ireland and America so fast (G.M.H.).

2. To be pleased, to like very much.

Lei.1 Ah should admoire to see er well took-to [I should be de-
lighted to see her well scolded]. Nhp.1 The child admires to go
a-walking. I should admire to go to London to see the Queen. War.3
[Amer. I should admire to see the President, BARTLETT (1848).]

[1. (a) Hear him but reason in divinity And all-admiring
with an inward wish You would desire the king were made
a prelate, SHAKS. Hen. V, i. i. 39 ; Wonder not, nor admire
not in thy mind, why I do call thee so, Twelfth Nt. in. iv. 165.
(b) How can we sufficiently admire the stupidity or mad-
ness of these persons? Sped. No. 575. (c) These lords At
this encounter do so much admire, SHAKS. Temp. v. i. 154.]

Hence Admirable, surprising, wonderful.

Wm. It is admirable [remarkable, wonderful] ; used by old per-
sons (M. P.). w.Yks. Admyrable war his gambols, CAUVERT Slaad-
burn /-aw (1871) 14; w.Yks.3

ADO, v. and sb. Sc. Chs. Nhp. War. [adu-.]

1. v. To do.

Sc. I'll ha'e naething ado wi't, GROSE (1790 MS. add. (C);
I have nothing ado, Monthly Mag. (1798) II. 436; Had nae mair
ado, but to get awa, SCOTT Midlothian (1818) iii. w.Sc. There's
little ado in the market to-day (JAM. Suppl.}.

2. sb. Bustle, confusion; stir, excitement, 'fuss'; Sc.,
in pi., difficulties.

Sc. I had my ain adoes [peculiar difficulties] (JAM.). Lth. I
had my ain adaes wi' him, for he was just a very passionate man,
STRATHESK Bits Blinkbonny (1891) 135. Chs.1 Oo made much adoo
abait it. Nhp.1 Ado, a familiar expression of hearty welcome ; ex-
cessive, officious kindness. They always make such ado with me,
whenever I go to see them I can hardly get away. War. (J.R.W.)

[1. Ado is for at do in the sense of ' to do ' ; see At. The
constr. is found in the Paston Letters : I woll nowt have
ado therwith, Lett. 566. 2. Much Ado about Nothing,
SHAKS. ; We[ll keep no great ado— a friend or two, R. &*J.
in. iv. 23. ME. Ado or grete bysynesse, sollicitudo, Prompt.]

ADONE, int. phr. Sc. Lan. Stf. Lin. Lei. Nhp. War. Wor.
Shr. Glo. Brks. Hnt. Sur. Sus. Hmp. I.W. [edu-n, adirn.]
Cease, leave off.

Sc. Ane spak in wordis wonder crouse, A done with ane mis-
chance! Old Song (J AM.). ne.Lan.1 Adone, cease, be quiet ! s.Stf.
Adone, will yer, I want to be quiet, PINNOCK Blk. Cy. Ann. (1895).
n.Lin.1 Thoo awkerd bairn, a-dun wi' thee ! Lei.1 A doon, will
ye. Nhp.1, s. War. se.Wor.1 Adone 06t! [Have done, will you !]

A j n°w w'en J spake' Gl°-1 Brks.1 A girl would say

Adone then ! or ' Adone ! ' or ' Adone now ! ' on her sweetheart
attempting to snatch a kiss. Hnt. (T.P.F.) Sur.1 Havea-done
there. Sus.1 Oh ! do adone. Hmp.1, I.W.1

[Adone ! is for Have done ! The expression occurs freq.

i bHAKS. : An if thou couldst, thou couldst not make him

live Therefore, have done, R. &• J. ,„. v. 73 ; Therefore

ha done with words, T. Shrew, in ii. 118]

ADONNET, si. Obs Yks. A devil. (The correct form

B PS £ ' •' 1>V°- J"K ks'J°ne sometimes hears the saying,
Better be in with that adonnet than out ' (HALL.).

Yks. I do not remember ever hearing the word Adonnet.
Donnet, however, is a very commonly used word (B. K. ).

ADOORS, adv. w.Yks. Lan. Lin. Nhp. War. [adoa'z.]
Without the door or house, outside ; esp. in out-adoors.

w.Yks.5 It's warm out adoors to-daay. ne.Lan.1 Out-adoors.
Lin. Truly my brother will be flung and thrust out adoores by head
and eares with this gift, BERNARD Terence (1629) 120. n.Lin.'
You're alus clattin' in and oot a-dOOrs. Nhp.1 He's gone out
a-doors. War. (J.R.W.)

[But what, Sir, I beseech ye, was that paper Your Lord-
ship was so studiously employed in When ye came out a-
doors? B. & F. Woman Pleased,\\.'\ ; Nowe shall the prynce
of this worlde be cast out a dores, TINDALE/O/W xii. 31.]

ADOW, adv. Sc. (JAM.) [adair.] Worth.

Rxb. Naething adow.

[A-, ol+dow, q.v. Cp. nocht o' dow, of no value, or
nothing of worth (JAM., s.v. Dow).]

ADOWN, adv. Sc. Hnt. Cor. [adirn, adetrn.] Down.

Sc. His gorgeous collar hung adown, Wrought with the badge
of Scotland's crown, SCOTT Marmion (1808) v. st. 8 ; Adown we
sat, ALLAN Lilts (1874) 18. Hnt.(T.P.F.) Cor. Nor drive too fast
adown the hills, TREGELLAS Farmer Brown (1857) 22.

[An home of bugle small Which hong adowne his side
in twisted gold, SPENSER F. Q. i. viii. 3. Adoun ful softely
I gan to sinke, CHAUCER Leg. G. W. 178. OE. ofdune,
down.]

ADRAD, ppl. adj. Obs. Sc. (JAM.) Afraid.

Cld.

[Adradd, afraid, much concerned, BAILEY (1721). They
were adrad of him, as of the deeth, CHAUCER C. T. A. 605.
OE. ofdrcedd, frightened, pp. of ofdradan, to dread.]

ADREAMED, ppl. adj. Wor. Oxf. [adri'md, adre'mt.]
Dreaming, dosing.

se.Wor.1 ' I was a-dreamed ' for ' I dreamt.' Oxf. You see, ma'am,
all this time she is adreamt between sleeping and waking. Ap-
plied to an infant (HALL.).

[I was a Dreamed that I sat all alone, BUNYAN P. P.
(1693) 66 ; Hee is adreamd of a dry sommer, WITHAL
(1634) ; I was adream'd that I kill'd a buck, LUPTON
(NARES). Deriv. of dream, v. The pref. a- is prob. due to
analogy. If the word adreamed were originally a west-
country word it would be natural to assume that the
a- represents OE. ge- ; see A- pref.2}

ADREICH, adv. Sc. [adrrx.] At a distance.

Sc. On painting and fighting look adreich, HENDERSON Prmi.
(1832) 134, ed. 1881. n.Sc. To follow adreich, to follow at a con-
siderable distance (JAM.).

[Throw ane signe that Quincius maid on dreich, the
Romanis ischit fra thair tentis, BELLENDEN T. Liv. 213
GAM.). ME. He bad tham alle draw tham o dreih, BRUNNE
Chron. (1330) 194. A-, on + dreich.

ADREICH, adv. Sc. Behind, at a distance. See Dreich.

Sc. The steward . . . stood behind, adreich, A. SCOTT Poems
(1808 99 ; The word, though not common, is still in use ,G.W. .

ADRY, adj. Glo. Brks. Cmb. Ess. Ken. Sus. Hmp. Wil.
Som. [adrai-.] Thirsty.

Glo.1 Brks.Ubeadry. Cmb. (M.J.B.) Ess. John was a-dry,CLARR
J. Noakes (1839) 18. Ken.12, Sus.1, Hmp.1 Wil. Who lies here?
Who do 'e think, Why, old Clapper Watts, if you'll give him some
drink; Give a dead man drink?— for why? Why; when he was
alive he was always a-dry, Epitaph at Leigh Delamere, ELWORTHY.
w.Som.1

[You may as well bid him that is sick of an ague,
not to be adry, BURTON Anal. Mel. (1621) 278, ed. 1836.
A-(pref.10) + ary.]

ADVANCE, v. Som. Dev. [adva-ns.] Used refl. ; to
push oneself forward.

w.Som.1 Waut shud ee- udvaa'ns ee-z-zuul vaur ? [what shovild
he push himself forward for ?] A good singing-bird was thus
described : Ee due udvaa-ns uz'zuul su boal-z u luyunt [he does
come forward (in the cage) as boldly as a lion]. Dev. A woman
is said to advance herself when she sets her arms akimbo and gives
one a bit of her mind (P.F.S.A.).

[Avaunce yourselfe to aproche, SKELTON, Bowge of
Courte, 88 (N.E.D.). OFr. avancer, to set forward.]

ADVISED, ppl. adj. Obs. n.Cy. Nrf. With of: ac-
quainted with, aware of.

ADVISEMENT

[19]

AFFURST

n.Cy. I am not advised of it, I am not acquainted of it, HOLLO-
WAY. Nrf. I an't advised of it, I can't recollect it, or am ignorant
of it, GROSE (1790).

[But art them not advised ? (i. e. haven't you been in-
formed ?), SHAKS. T. Shrew, i. i. 191 ; Advised by good in-
telligence Of this most dreadful preparation, ib. Hen. V, n.
Prol. 12. Fr. aviser, to advise, counsel, warn, tell, inform,
do to wit, give to understand (CoxoR.).]

ADVISEMENT, sb. Sc. Advice, counsel.
Sc. There came never ill after good advisement, RAMSAY/V0t/.(i737).

ADWANG, see Dwang.

AE, see A, All, Aye, Ea.

AEFALD, adv. Sc. Also written afald. [e'fald.]
Simple, honest, without duplicity or deceit.

Sc. I was aefaald aye wi Him, WADDELL Ps. (1891) xviii. 23.
S. & Ork.1

Hence Aefaldness, sb. honesty, uprightness, single-
ness of heart (C.D.).

[Aefa/d is the Sc. form of the older northern anfald,
single, simple, sincere, found in Ormulum and Cursor
Miinii'i. OE. anfald, an, one+fatd, -fold.]

AEHY, int. Nhb. [ei1.] Oh ! ah !

Nhb. 'Ae-hy, ae-hy,' kih she, 'azesueraws reel,' BEWICK Howdy
(1850) 9.

AERN, see Erne.

AETH-, see Eath-.

AF-, see Off-.

AFEAR, v. Obs. Nhp. To frighten.

Nhp.2 That dwant afear ma.

[And ghastly bug does greatly them affeare, SPENSER
F. Q. n. iii. 20. The word is of freq. occurrence in P. Plow-
man. OE. afceran, to terrify.]

AFEAR(D, conj. In gen. use in van dial. Also by
aphaeresis feard. Lest, for fear. Cf. afraid.

Nhb. In common use (R.O.H.). Yks. (J.W.) e-Lan.1 s.Chs.1
Go an' tine them gaps, feared lest the key [cows] getten in. ne.Wor.
Don't you go there, afeared the bobby should see you (J.W.P.).
Ess. We didn't stop . . . Afear the Owd un sh'd come out, DOWNE
Ballads (1895) 19. Ess.1 Do you bathe ?— Ny, zir. Why not ? —
Feard a bin drownded.

AFEARD, adj. In gen. dial, use throughout Sc. Irel.
and Eng. See below, [afia'rd, afia'd.] Afraid, frightened,
struck with fear or terror.

Sc. Afeir'd, GROSE (1790) MS. add. (C.). Ir. The bit of a house
there does be that quite and lonesome on me . . . that I'm afeard,
troth it's afeard I am goin' back to it, BARLOW Idylls (1892) 153.
N.I.1 Wxf.1 Aferdth. Nhb.1 Aa was afeard ye warn't comin'.
Cum.1 Afear't (not often heard). Wm.1 ne.Yks.1 Ah's sadly
afeai'd on't. e.Yks.1 Afeeahd. w.Yks. Ize nane afeard, DIXON
Craven Dales (1881) 180. Lan. I'm much afeard there's but little,
GASKELL M. Barton (1848) v ; Lan.1 Get on wi' thee mon ; what arto
afeard on ?- Chs.1 Come on ! who's afeart ? s.Stf. I bai' afeard o'
thee. PINNOCK Blk. Cy. Ann. (1895). Stf.1 2 Der. He was afeard on
the Governor too, LE FANU Uncle Silas (1865) II. 50; Der.2 s.Not.
Ah'm non afeard o' him (J.P. K.). Not.1 n.Lin. The good woman
was nearly as much afeard as you were, PEACOCK R. Skit-laugh
(1870) I. 49. n-Lin.1, Lei.1 Nhp.1 Afeard, a good old word still
current amongst our villagers. War.123, se.Wor.1 Shr.1 Yo
needna be afeard o' gwei'n through the leasow, they'n mogged
[moved] the cow as 'iled poor owd Betty Mathus ; Shr.2 Hrf.2
I'm a'most afeared. Glo. Ur were flitting about i' the night
afeared most despert, GISSING Vill. Hampden (1890) I. vi; Glo.1
Brks.1 'E bent aveard, be 'e ? [You are not afraid, are you ?] n.Bck.
(A.C.) Hrt. Who's afeard? (H.G.) Hnt.(T.P.F.) e-An.1 Nrf.
I'm afeard that flour will be hained [increased in price] again
next week (W.R.E.). Suf.(C.T.); Suf.1 Afeard is still much used.
Ess. Why they wornt afeared I ne'er could understand, DOWNE
Ballads (1895) 22; Ess.1, Ken.1 Sur. You shall have a glass,
donna be afeared, BICKLEY Sur. Hills (1890) I. i ; Sur.1 Sns.
Every man has got his soord upon his thigh, cause dey be afaird
in de night, LOWER Sng. Sol. (1860) iii. 8 ; Sus.^Hmp.1 I.W. I was
afeard to goo in and lay down and leave the yowes, GRAY Annesley
(.1889; III. 173; i.w.i : Wil.1 Dor.1 I bcn't afeard To own it, 302.
w.Som.1 Waut be ufee'urd oa ? [what are you afraid of?] Dev.
Whot's aveard o' now, yii stupid ? Dith zim he'll bite thee ? HEWETT
Peas. Sp. (1892) ; Dev.1 Cor. I shoudn't be afeerd to travel oal
hover London, Jimmy Trebilcock (1863) 10 ; Cor.1 I'm afeard of my
life to go upstairs arter dark.

[I am afeard you make a wanton of me, SHAKS. Ham.v.
ii. 310 ; So wys he was shejwas no more afered, CHAJUCER
Tr. &• Cr. in. 482. OE. afcered, frightened, pp. of afceran ;
see Afear.]

AFER, see Aver.

AFFBEND, v. Sh.I. [a-fbend.] To remove the furni-
ture from a peat-pony.

S. & Ork.1

[Aff, off + bend, used in the sense of harnessing a horse
to a cart : Then Joseph bended his charett fast (juncto
curnt, Vulg.), COVERDALE Gen. xlvi. 29. OE. benaan, to
fasten, to bind.]

AFFEIRING, prp. Sc. [afia'rin.] Appertaining to,
proportionate.

Slk. It's no sae ill, affeiring to [said of any work done by a
person who could not have been expected to do it so well] (JAM.).

[Prp. of affeir, to belong, pertain ; also written effeir.
Under great sums effeiring to their condition and rank,
Act Council (1683) in WODROW Hist. Church Scotland (1721)
II. 318. AFr. afferir, to belong, pertain ; Lat. ad, to +ferire,
to strike, hence, to affect. Cp. COTGR : Afferant (the par-
ticiple of the Impersonal affiert], beseeming or becoming ;
also, concerning or belonging to. See Effeir.]

AFFLUDE, v. Sh. I. To injure the looks or appearance
of anything ; disguise.

Sh.I. To change the appearance, to disguise ; of clothes, to be
unbecoming (W.A.G.). S. & Ork.1

[Cp. Dan. lod, colour.]

AFFLUFE, AFF LOOF, adv. Sc.

1. Without book, offhand. To repeat anything 'afflufe' is
to deliver it merely from memory QAM.).

2. Extempore, without premeditation.

Sc. Whene'er I shoot wi' my air gun, 'Tis ay affloof, DAVIDSON
Seasons (1789) 183. Per. Afflufe. in two words, are still commonly
used. e.g. Aff lufe speaking, extempore speaking (G.W.). Lnk.
How snackly could he gi'e a fool reproof, E'en wi' a canty tale
he'd tell aff loof, RAMSAY Poems (ed. i8ooN II. n (JAM.). Ayr.
I shall scribble down some blether Just clean aff-loof, BURNS
Epistle to John Lapraik (1785).

3. Forthwith, immediately, out of hand (JAM.).
[Aff-, off + loof, q.v.j

AFFODILL,s6. Chs. Also in the form affrodile Chs.123;
haverdril Chs.1 [a'fadil, a'fradil.] The daffodil, Narcissus
pseudo-narcissus.

Chs. Affrodile, Narcissus pseudo-narcissus, but the Cheshire word
is really Havrdril ; Chs.12; Chs.3' Flower of Affadille ' is, in an old
Lincoln Cathedral manuscript, recommended as a cure for madness.

\Affrodille, th' Affodille or Asphodill flower. Hache royalle,
theAffodille orAsphodillflower; especially (the small-kind
thereof called) the Speare for a king, COTGR. M.Lat.
affodillus (Prompt.}, Lat. asphodilus, Gr. dff^ooVXdr.]

AFFORDANCE, sb. Cum. [afua'dans.] Ability to bear
expense.

Cum. Quite right, if you are of affordance [if you can afford it]. It's
beyond my affordance [more than I can afford] (W. K. V n.Cum. Not
known round Coniston ; but in the district round Wigton and the
wideand isolated district ofthe Abbey Holme the word 'affordance'
is well known and generally used (T.E.). Cum.1 Affwordance.

[A deriv. of afford, v. (OE. geforcfian, to advance, per-
form) + -ance, a Fr. suffix.]

AFFRONT, v. Sc. [afru'nt.] To disgrace, put to shame.

Gall. At your time o' life, to dress up for a young man ; I'm
black affrontit, CROCKETT Raiders i 1894; xxxiii.

AFFRONT, sb. Sc. Disgrace, shame.

Per. He hasna an affront [he cannot be put to shame, ' past
feeling '] (G.W.).

Hence Affrontless, adj.

Abd. Not susceptible of disgrace or shame (JAM.). Per. He's
affrontless [shameless, past feeling] (G.W.).

AFFRUG, sb. Sh. I. [afrtrg.] A spent wave receding
from the shore.

S. & Ork.1 Affrug of the sea ; Affrug or Aff-bod, MS. add.

[Lit. a pull-back. Cp. Dan. a/, off + ryk, a hasty pull or
movement ; ON. rykkr, cogn. with rykkja, to pull roughly
and hastily.]

AFFURST, see Athirst.

D 2

AFIELD

[20]

AFORE

AFIELD, adv. Sc. Irel. Dun Nhp. War. Brks. [afi'W,
avi-ld.l Abroad, out in or into the fields. ,.,..,,

Ayr. My only pleasure At hame, a-fiel', *^. *"**&£
Davit. Wxf.iAveel(0fa.). Dur.i Tek the cows afield Nhp^The
master's gone a-field; Nhp.2 Wheer'smaester?-Up afield. War.
He's gone afield [on the farmlands]. Brks.1 A farmer .s said to be
' gone avield ' when he has gone to walk about his farm.

\A-, on + field.]

AFIRE, adv. Nhb. Wm. Chs. War. Dev. [afara(r),
avai'a(r).] On fire.

Nhb.1 Ma keel's aa afire, ma fortin's aa spoiled, CORVAN Keel
Afire (z. 1865). Win.1, Chs.1 War. (J.R.W.) Dev. Urn, Zue,
vatch zom zalt! Tha chimbly's avire ! HEWETT Peas. Sf, (1892).

A-FLAT, adv. Sc. Flat.

Fif. There a jumper falls aflat upon the mould, TENNANT Anst.
Fair (1812) xxvii.

AFLAUGHT, adv. Sc. GAM.) [sfla'xt] Lying flat.

Rxb.

[A-, on +flaucht (flaught), q.v.]

AFLEY, v. Sc. Obsol. To dismay, discomfit.

Sc. Afley, in pp. dismayed, frightened ; still used. The herds
would gather in their nowt . . . HafBins afley'd to bide thereout. FER-
GUSSON King's Birthday (c. 1774) 2, ed. 1845 (N.E.D.).

[OE. qfliegan (Merc, aflegan), to put to flight ; see Fley.J

AFLUNTERS, adv. w.Yks. In a state of disorder.

w.Yks. Aflunters, disarranged, Leeds Merc. Suppl. (Apr. 18, 1891);
Her hair all aflunters (B.K.).

[A-, on + flunter, q.v.]

AFOOT, adv. Sc. Cum. n.Yks. [afi't, n.Yks. sfia't.]

1. Up and about ; esp. able to stand and walk after an

illness.

Wm. & Cum.1 What ailsta, Jammy, Thou's sae soon a-fit, CLARK
Seymon and Jammy (1779) 1. i. n.Yks.2 It'll be a whent while
afoore he's affeeat ageean [a long time before he is well].

2. Fig. to get afoot, to make a start or beginning.
n.Yks.2 Hae ye getten afeeat wi' t' job ?

[Mischief, thou art afoot. Take thou what course thou
wilt ! SHAKS. /. Caesar in. ii. 265 ; To pleye and walke on
fote, CHAUCER C. T. F. 390. A-, on +foot.]

AFORCE, v. Nhb. [afur's.]

Nhb. To hole a board into an adjoining board unintentionally,
GREENWELL Coal Tr. Gl. (1849) ;

[The word occurs freq. in HAMPOLE'S Psalter in the
sense of 'to constrain.' AFr. aforcer, OFr. esforcier; Rom.
exfortiare, to force, constrain ; deriv. of Lat./orfe, strong.]
AFORCED, ppl. adj. e.Yks. Forced, compelled.
e.Yks.1 Ah was afooaced tl gang alang tl gaol, 19.
AFORE, adv. ,o>«/.and prep. Ingen. use in var. dial, of Sc.
Irel.Eng. Also written afoor Nhb. Cum. Lan. Suf.; afooar
e.Yks. Wm. ; aforne e.An. ; atvore Glo. ; avore, avoore
sw. counties ; avaur, avaurn Som. [afoa'fr), avoa'(r).]
1. Of time : before, ere.

Sc. [He] wan there afore the time (JAM.). Abd. Wer ither herd

thol't aye afore To lie ayontthe byre, Goodwife (1867) ver. 8. Edb.

Afore I was fifteen years old, SCOTT Midlothian (1818) ix. Gall.

Afore they could let him gang, CROCKETT Stickit Min. (1893) 24.

Ir. They'll be gettin' oodles o' money on at the fair afore Lent,

BARLOW Idylls (1892)57. N.I.1 Nhb. We'll hae anither fishing bout

Afore we're taen awa', Coquet Dale Sngs. (1852) 59; Nhb.1 Dur.1

Cum.3 We teuk a gud leuk at him afoor anybody spak, i. Wm

Afore we com, Knitters e' Dent (Doctor, ed. 1848) 560. n.Yks.

Ah niwer knew t'rooad . . . seea shooat . . . afooar, TWEDDELL

Clevel. Rhymes (1875) 64. ne.Yks.1 He'll mebbe cum afoor neet.

e.Yks. He hadn't geean monny yards afooar he fell ower summat,

NICHOLSON Flk-Sp. (1889) 33. w.Yks. A've dubbled t'neiv, afoar

ta day , PRESTON Poems, &c. (1864) 4 ; w.Yks.1 That niwer com across

my brain afoar, ii. 324 ; w.Yks.5 I sal be off afore long. Lan. Afore

the week wur eawt, BANKS Munch. Man (1876) viii ; I've hed things

stown afoor to-day, BOWKER 7afcs(i882)65; Lan.1 Chs. Awcannot

tell yo' very much afore, YATES Owd Peter, i. 8 ; Chs.12 Stf.1

nw.Der.1 Three year afore [three eeu-r ufoau-r]. He went an hour

afore us [ee went un)aawurufoauT irz]. s.Not. Ah seed it afore yo

(J.P.K.). Lin. An' 'e maade the bed as 'e ligs on afoor 'e coom'd to

the shire, TENNYSON N. Farmer, New Style (1870) st. 7. se.Wor.1

w.Wor.1 Come an' see we afore yu goes awaay. s.War. 'Ebe a

wik fool az gits up afore egooas t'bed, Why John (G.H.T.) (Coll.

L.L.B.). Shr.l'E's bin theer afore I know, so dunna tell me

Shr.2 Afore lung, before long. Hrf. Thou hadst ought to a come

afore, Flk-Lore Jrn. ^886) IV. ,66. Glo [I] lukkd at thaay
ateers avore y yad mi ta, BUCKMAN Darkei ; Sojourn (1890 ,136.
Brks. He made his braags avoore he died HUGHES Scour. White
Horse (1859) vii. Mid. Afore you takes your snooze, DICKENS
Mutual Friend (1865) bk. iv. i. Hnt. Afore long (T.P.F.). Nrf.
The year afore that he kinder did for my tunnips, JESSOPP Arcady
1887) iii 82 Snf. I'll goon him such a hidm' as he niver had
afoor, e.An. Dy. Times (1892). Ess. You 'ont want to be there
ong Afore you say my wahrd is right, DOWNE Ballads (1895) '!•
Sur > Sus. Afore I know'd what I was about, LOWER Sng. Sol.
(1860) vi 12 n.Wil. What the men call • the dark days afore
Christmas,' JEFFERIES Wild Life (1879) 98. Dor. Avore we git to
Temple Coombe. YOUNG Rabin Hill (1867) 22 ; Dor.1 Avore the
east begun to redden, 57. Som. If his veace was beautivul avore,
LEITH Lemon Verbena (1895) 51. Dev. It mad 'em laugh more
than they did avore. Reports Provinc. (1886) 90. n.Dev. Ad ! chell
ream my heart to tha avore Ise let that tha lipped, Exm. Scold.
(1746) 1. 17. Dev.3 Her's like a duck avore day. Cor. Our boy,
tie wor to school a bit afore aw pitched to bal, FORFAR Pentowan
(1859) i. 7; Cor.1 He took me up afore I were down [corrected
me before I had made a mistake].

2. Of preference : rather than, in preference to, better
than.

w.Yks.5 Afore al du that al heit haay wi a horse ! nw.Der.1 '.
clem afore I'll work for that muney [au)ll tlaem ufoau-r au)ll
wuur-k fur dhaat- mimi]. swXin.1 There's nothing afore bramble-
vinegar [vinegar made of blackberries] fora cough. I reckon there's
nowt afore spring waiter. Wil. Gie I a English shartharn afor a
Alderney, ' AGRIKLER ' Rhymes (1872) 20. w.Som.1 Avore I'd be
beholdin to he, I'd work my vingers to bones.

3. In front, before, in the presence of.

Sc. He ran on afore GAM.) ; He wad hae liked ill to hae come
in ahint and out afore them this gate, SCOTT Rob Roy (1817) xxxvi.
Ayr. Ae Hairst afore the Sherramoor, I mind't as weel's yestreen,
BURNS Halloween (1785). Nhb. Wi' canny care she claps't
afore them, GRAHAM Maori. Dia. (1826) 6 ; Nhb.1 Can on afore.
Wm.1 It's reet afooar tha. n.Yks.2 Ahint an' afoore, behind and
before. w.Yks. Mah vaineyird 'at is maine, is afoor mah, LITTLE-
DALE Craven Sng. Sol. (1859) viii. 12 ; w.Yks.5 Gehr afore him an'
keep afore him. Lan.1 Now, Sally, gan thi ways afore me, an'
oppen t'door, WAUGH Jannock (1874) iii. s.Chs.1 s.Stf. He
come an' stood right afore me, PINNOCK Bk. Cy. Arm. (1895).
nw.Der.1 He's a mile afore me [ee)z ii mahy'l ufoau-r m6e].
Where is Sam? — He's afore [weeu-r is Saarn' ? 6e)z ufoau-r].
Der.2 Doff thy hat mon, afore thy betters. Shr.1 Theer wuz the
child right afore the 'orse. Brks.1 Avorn is ' before him.' Avoort
is ' before it.' Sur. He's afore you entirely, HOSKYNS Talpa (1852)
183. Wil. Vootsteps did rouse my pensive ears, An he avore
I stood, SLOW Rhymes (1889) 21. Som. Get avaur un, stoopid,
JENNINGS Dial. w.Eng. (1869). w.Som.1 A little knot of flowers
avore the house. Captain's the best oss to go avore. n.Dev. And
whare a wou'd be ovore or no, Exm. Scold. (1746) 1. 14.

4. Until.

w.Som.1 Us can wait avore you be ready, sir. Uur oan lat-n
uloa'un uvoa'ur ee-z u-broakt [she will not leave it alone until it
is broken]. n.Dev. Th'arst always a vustled up ... avore zich
times as Neckle Halse comath about, Exm. Scold. (1746) !• Io8-

5. Comp. Afore all, nevertheless ; -fit, indiscriminately,
all without exception (JAM.) ; -hand, aforran, before-
hand, ready ; -long, shortly ; -time, formerly ; yene, over
against.

n.Dev.Yeet avore oil, avore voak. tha wut lustree, Extn. Scold.
(1746) 1. 291. Frf. Some says ye mak them up aforehand, BARRIE
Thrums (1889) 39. n.Cy. Aforran, in store, in reserve (HALL.).
Nhb.1 Nowt aforran, nothing ready. Cum.3 It's o' settl't afoorhan'.
n.Yks. Bill axt ma afooarhand what Ah thowt, TWEPDELL Clevel.
Rhymes (1875) 66. e.Yks.1 Ah likes ti gan tl chotch a bit afooar-
hand. Noo, get on wi' thi wahk; Jack's afooarhand o' tha. MS.
add. (T.H.) w.Som.1 Mind you get em in readiness avore-hand.
Aay wuz uvoa-ran'z wai un, vur au~l u wuz zu kluvur[I outwitted
him (or got the better of him), notwithstanding that he was so
clever]. Dur.1 See y'agen afore lang. n.Yks.1 ; n.Yks.2 Riddy
for off afoorelang [ready to set out soon]. It'll happen afoorelang
gans [it will happen at no distant period]. nXin.1, Lei.1 Nhp.1
I shall go afore long. Glo. It's you as ought to go before the magis-
trates, and will do afore long, GISSING Vill. Hampden (1890) I. »•
Som. Come it did, sure enuff, avore lang, LEITH Lemon Verbena
(l895) 38- n.Yks.2 An aud afooretimes body, an antiquated per-
sonage. ne.Lan.1 n.Lin. Thaay was big foaks afooretime (M.P.);
n.Lin.1 Som. Afore-yenc, over against, directly in front of (HALL.')

AFORWARD

[21]

AFTER

6. Phr. to live afore the friend, to live on the charity of
friends.

w.Yks. A chap hez a deal to swallo when he'z livin' afore t'l'riend
J. R. •

[If I do not . . . drive all thy subjects afore thee like a
flock of wild-geese, SHAKS. i Hen. IV, n. iv. 152. ME. To
hem that riche were afore, GOWER C. A. n. 88. OE. on-
fomn, before.]

AFORWARD, adv. Glo. Forward, in front.

Glo. Get the wurk avorard, carnt ee ! (S.S.B.) ; A shepherd
would tell his dog to ' go avorard,' meaning ' get ahead of the
sheep' (J.D.R.i.

\_A-, on + forward, q. v.]

AFRAID, conj. Irel. and var. dial, [afre'd.] Also for
afraid, and, by aphaeresis, fraid. Lest, for fear that.

Ir. I put it there, afraid you should find it. I wouldn't go out
to-day afraid I should miss you (A.S.P.) ; I wouldn't undertake
to say for fraid I'd tell a lie, YEATS Flk. Tales (1888) 187. Dub.
Run indoors, God bless you, for afraid the cows 'd run over you
[said to a child by a man driving cows] (G.M.H.). nXin.1 She
weant goa by trip-traains for fraaid o' sum'ats happenin'. ne.Wor
I'll just go with you part of the way, afraid you shouldn't find it
•J.W.P.). Suf. I shall put on my hat afraid I shall catch cold
(Common. ' For afraid ' is less common) (F.H.).

{Afraid (conj.), contr. for ' being afraid.' For afraid is
due to association with the phr. ' for fear.' Afraid is pp.
of affray, vb. to frighten, AFr. affrayer, OFr. effreer, esfreer.]

AFRAWL, prep. Won Suf. [afrp-l.] For all, in spite of.

se.Wor.1 ' Now, Billy, thee cossn't come this a-road.' Billy : ' I
sh'll come afrawl thee.' Suf. Afrawl, for all, in spite of (HALL.).

[A-,pref."+forall.]

AFRESH, adv. and adj. In gen. use. [afre'J.j

1. adv. Over again.

Brks.1 Thee hast done the job zo bad thee mus' do't avresh.

2. adj. Unknown before, new, fresh.

Stf.2 It's naut afresh far im ta bei drunk. Brks.1 A be a-doin'
things in the parish as be quite avresh.

[1. Dead Henry's wounds Open their congeal'd mouths
and bleed afresh, SHAKS. Rich. Ill, i. ii. 56. A- (prob. = of,
as in anew) + fresh. 2. As an adj. afresh is prob. not
exactly the same word as that above ; the a- representing
in this case not of, but the pref. surviving in western
dial, from OE.ge-.]

AFRIST, adv. Sc. QAM.) [afri'st] On trust or in a
state of delay.

Sc. All ills are good afrist, Prov.

[A-, on + frist. ON. frestr, OE. fierst, space of time,
respite. ME. Do bou nouth on frest, Hav. 1337).]

AFRO, v. Sh. I. To dissuade.

Sh.I. (W. A.G., Coll. L. L. B.) S. & Ork.1

[Dan. afraade, to dissuade (cp. G. abraten) ; Dan. of,
off+raade, to advise; ON. rafta, OE. rcedan.]

AFRONT, «<&. Yks.Lan. War. Brks. [afnrnt, avnrnt]
In front.

w.Yks.5 He wur afront an' we wur aback on him. ne.Lan.1
War. (J.R.W.) Brks.1 Thee get on avront o' I, ther yent room
vor us bwo-ath in the paath.

[A-, on + front.}

AFRORE, ppl. adj. sw. counties only. Hmp. Dor. Som.
Dev. Also written avrore Dor.1 Dev. ; avraur, avroared
Dev. See below, [afroa'(r), avroa'(r).] Frozen, stiff with
frost.

s.Hmp. Ye must be nigh famished, and afrore too, VERNEY L. Lisle
(1870) xxiii. Hmp.1 Froar, Vrore. Dor.1 Som. My vingers be
all a-vraur, JENNINGS Dial. w.Eng. (1869). n.Dev. Tha chield's
avroared, tha conkerbells Be hangin to un, ROCK Jim an' Nell (1867)
5 ; Or whan 'tes avore [misprint : 1771 has avrore] or a scratcht,
Exni. Scold. (1746) 1. 123 ; Avrore, frozen, frosty, Exmore, GROSE
(1790). Dev.1 'Twas so hard avrore that the juggy-mirc was all
one clitch of ice, pt. iii. 18. nw.Dev.1

[OE. gefroren, pp. offreosan, to freeze.]

AFT, adv. n.Yks. [aft]

1. Backward, in fig. sense.

n.Yks.2 They went aft, instead o' forrat [met with reverses
rather than things favourable].

2. As super/.

n.Yks.2 Aftest, the hindmost, the laziest of the lot.

AFT-CROP, A*. Sc. Written eft-, eff..
1. After-crop, also called tail-crop, i.e. the grass that springs
up among the stubble after the crop is cut (JAM. Suppl.). 2.
A crop of the same kind as the ground yielded last year (ib.).
3. Aft-crop is the same as aftermath.

Gall. (A.W.)

AFT-CROP, v. Sc. (JAM. Suppl.) Written eff-. To
after-crop, i. e. to take two successive crops of the same
kind from a field.

Per. Tenants were restricted not to eff-crop the infield [not to
take two successive crops of oats], ROBERTSON Agric. (1799) 23.

AFTER, prep., adv., v., and adj. (in comp.) Var. dial.
uses in Sc. Irel. and Eng. See below, [a'fto(r), e-fta(r).]

1. prep. Of place : following the course of, alongside of.
Alsojig. following, in accordance with.

aLin.1 \_Fig. sense] He said his peace wo'd for wo'd efter th' book.
Nhp.1 Go arter the hedge. Glo.1 Go athirt that ere ground, and
you'll find the path after the hedge. Som. After, along (J. S. F. S. ) ;
W. & J. Gl. (1873).

2. Behind.

Ir. I left him after me (G.M.H.).

3. Of time : used instead of ' past ' when speaking of the
time of day.

s.Oxf. I'll mash the tea as soon as ever it goes 'alfaater three, ROSE-
MARY Chilterns (1895) 181 . Suf. (M. E. R. i Dev. I stap'd thare til haf
arter zix I shudespose, NATHAN HOGG Poet. Let. (1847) 15, ed. 1865.

4. adv. Even with, keeping pace with.

w.Som.1 Dhu ee'njiin wain zu vaa-s, wuz foo'us vur t-ae-u tue-
vur t-an- dhu shee-z — wairn keod-n nuuth'een nee-ur keep aup
aa'dr [the engine went so fast, (we) were obliged to have two
(men) to hand the sheaves— one could not nearly keep up after —
i. e. the supply even with the demand],

5. (i) Following a v. of motion : to fetch. (2) prep, used,
the v. being understood. (3) prep, used as a v. pure and
simple.

(i) Nrf. I'll go arter it (E.M.). w.Som.1 With any verb of motion
[after] means to fetch. Zain aa'dr, goo aa'dr, uurn aa'dr [send,
go, run — to fetch]. (2) n.Yks. He efter Betty ageean, TWEDDELL
Clevel. Rhymes (1875) 13. ne.Yks.1 Ah efther him. w.Yks. They
teld her whear he'd goan, soa shoo after him (a very common form
of expression), HARTLEY Yks. Xmas.Ann. (1879) 12. (3) w.Yks.
Iwery dog thear wor in it [the village] afterd us, TOM TREDDLE-
HOYLE Bairnsla Ann. (1854) 35. Nhp.2 He got the start, but I
preshus quick atter'd him. Bdf. BATCHELOR Anal. Eng. Lang.
(1809). s.Hmp. What did that fellow Ned mean by aftering me
like that, VERNEY L. Lisle (1870) xxv.

6. When used with a progressive tense it indicates:

(1) that an action is about to take place ; (2) completed
action, cf. Fr. venir de ; (3) present action ; in the last
sense it is freq. otiose.

(i) Inv. I will be after telling him [I willtellhim](H. E. F.). Chs.3
He's after taking another farm. e-An.1 The hen is after laying.
Suf. I now after fetching it (C. G. de B.). (a) Inv. I am after
telling him [I have just told him] (H.E.F.). Ir. She told them in the
prisoner's presence that he was after hanging her up against the
door with a rope, Dublin Dy. Expr. (Mar. 26, 1891) ; I am after
dining [I have dined] (G.M.H.); Jos was after balragging the
priest, KENNEDY Even. Duffrey (1869) 81 ; They were after hangin'
a lad up at the jail, BARLOW Lisconnel (1895) 169. s.Ir. It is not
every lady that would be after making [would have made] such an
offer, CROKER Leg. (1862) 220. Wxf. Yes, indeed, sir, and I only
after composing a new prayer to-day, KENNEDY Banks Bow (1867)
186. (3) Ir. Then it's fitter . . . for you to be after putting your sign
there in your pocket, BARRINGTON Sketches (1830) I. xvii ; Is it
Lanigan you'd be afther comparin' me to ? LOVER Leg. (1848) I. 225.
s.Ir. I would not beafter sayingsucha thing. CROKER Leg. (1862)291.

7. To be after: (i) to court, to be in love with ; (2) to be
in pursuit of, to follow ; (3) to be engaged upon ; (4) to
aim at ; (5) the word also conveys the idea of a state or
condition in the immediate future, and (6) of a recently
completed action.

(i)Inv. I am after so and so [I am in love with so and so] (H.E.F.).
n.Yks. (I.W.) Chs.1 1 expect he's after our Polly. War.(J.R.W-)

(2) Inv. I will be after you [I'll follow you] (H.E.F.). n.Yks.
(I.W.) Chs.1 The policeman's after him. War. (J.R.W.) (3)
n.Yks. (I.W.) Chs.1 What are you after ? Lin. He'll be efter ye
soon, I'll uphowd it, PEACOCK R. Skirlaugh (1870) I. 189. n-Lin.1
I could tell what he was efter, though he kep' very squat. War.
(J.R.W.) Nrf. What are you arter there (E. M.). (4) sjr. Is

AFTER

[22]

AFTERINGS

that what you'd be after, you spalpeen ? CROKER Leg. (1862) 269.
Colloq. ' Look here ! Dunham,' said Staniford sharply, ' what are
you after?' HOWELLS^TOOS/CO* (1883) xii. (5) Ir. The child is
after the measles. (6) I am after my dinner (G.M.H.).

8. After long and last, at the end.

I.Ma. That's where we'll all be after long and last, CAINE
Manxman (1894) pt. n. xv.

9. Comp. After-burden, after-birth (placenta); -butter,
that made from after-fleetings, q.v. ; -cast, consequences,
effect, what may ensue (JAM.) ; -cleckin, -clep, -cletch,
see below; -come, consequence, what comes after;
-comer, a stranger, visitor, ' follower ' ; -daylight, -end,
-feed, -fetch, see below; -fleetings, cream from milk that
has been twice skimmed ; -gang, to follow ; -grass, -held,
see below; -leavings, slime containing ore ; -leys, -mead,
-most, -shear, -shot, -smatch, -temsings, see below;
-temsing-bread, bread made from coarse flour, the refuse
of the sieve or temse ; -wald, the outfield, arable land
which is not manured, but cropped until it is worn out
(JAM.) ; -winding, see below.

Lin. After-burden, after-birth, STREATFIELD Lin. and Danes
(1884) 3J5- n-Lin.1 The afterburden should oht to be alus putten
upo' kitchen fire-back at neet when foaks hes gone to bed. Bck.
That which is afterwards skimmed makes what is called an after-
butter, MARSHALL Review (1817) IV. 546. Rxb. He durst na do't
for fear o' the aftercast (JAM.). Dur.1 Efter-clecking, one of a
second brood. ne.Yks.1 Efter-clecking, a brood of chickens, &c.,
hatched after the first brood of the season [also in pi. applied to
the brood]. Them fahve geslins is eftthercleckins. n.Yks.2 Efther-
clep, the brood that happens to come after the usual breeding
time. Dur.1 Efter-cletch, an after or second brood in the same
year. s.Sc. And how are ye to stand the aftercome ? Brownie of
Bodsbeck, ii. 9 ; I fear she is ruined for this world, — and for the
aftercome, I dare hardly venture to think about it, ib. ii. 48 (JAM.).
Gall. He wad like to dee but for the thocht o' the after-come,
CROCKETT Moss-Hags (1895) xxiii. n.Yks.2 Efther-comers,
followers. e.Yks.1 Efther-cummers, visitors, strangers. e.Lan.1
After-dellit, night [after daylight]. n.Yks.2 Van's efther-end
condition [one's state after death]. n-Lin.1 After-end, the
autumn; more commonly [called] the back-end or fall. Oxf.
Afterfeed, the grass that grows after the first crop has been
mown, and generally fed off, not left for an aftermath, as in some
other counties (HALL., WRIGHT); Still in freq. use (K.B.). Cum.1
Efter fetches, after-thoughts or actions. Ess. Butter which
is made from the after-fleetings of the milk, MARSHALL Review
(1817) V. 164. Abd. They . . . gae a nod to her to aftergang,
Ross Helenore (1768) 86. w.Som.1 After grass, the grass which
grows after the hay is gone. It is not a second crop to be
mown, but to be fed. Wgt. After-heid, grass springing up in
the stubble after the crop is cut (A.W.). Cor.2 After-leavings in
washing tin (s.v. Loobs). Brks. After-laies, After-leys, aftermath
or rowinge (K.). Hrt. Our after mead, or second crop, ELLIS
Mod. Husb. (1750) IV. i. 95. e.Yks.1 Bill's awlas efther-most on
'em all, MS. add. (T.H.) Hmp.1 After-shear, the aftermath.
Dor. Another person claims a right to the after-shear, MARSHALL
Review (1817) V. 261. Sc. In the process of distilling whisky, the
strong spirit which comes away first is called the foreshot or fore-
shots; and that which comes last, the aftershot or aftershots
(JAM. Suppl,). n.Yks.2 Efther-smatch, the flavour of anything
after it is swallowed. Dur.1 Efter-temsings, coarse flour. m.Yks.1
After-temsins. w.Yks.1 I hed some efter temsin breead i' t'Aumry.
Cai. Afterwald, that division of a farm which is called outfield in
other parts of Scotland. The outfield land [provincially after-
wald], Agric. Surv. of Cai. 87 (JAM.). nw.Dev.1 Arter-wmding
or Arter-winning, small or light corn [after-winnowing]. Cor.1
After-winding, waste corn.

AFTER, v. Yks. (?) Stf. Der. To take the last milk
irom cows. See Afterings.

Yks. I have only heard this word once in Yks. (M.F.) Stf.1
After, to extract the last milk of a cow the second time ; Stf.2
rak ois Iitl kan, an gu an after th' kai. Der. After the youths had
milked the cows, I aftered them, getting a pint or so from each
(U.K.).

. ARE, adj., prop. phr. Sc- Uniform, equable.
Sc. bne s nx t my lot maist after ane, COCK Simple Strains (1810)
69 (JAM.). Bnff.1 Ye canna gang wrang t'him : for he's eye efter-
ane : an he niver sehns awa ony ane wee a sair hairt

[Syne eftir ane my toung is and my pen, DOUG. Virg.
453> 3°-J

AFTERCLAP, sb. Sc. Yks. Chs. Stf. Der. Lin. Lei.
War. Shr. Glo. Oxf. Ess. I.W. Wil. Som. Dev. Cor. Not in
gloss, of e. An. [a'ftatlap, a'ftaklap.]

1. Ulterior and unexpected consequences, generally un-
pleasant : evil consequence (JAM.).

e.Yks.1, w.Yks.2 s.Chs.1 Unpleasant consequences ; e. g. of the
results of over-indulgence in eating. Stf2 Dunna crow too soon,
wait till th' afterclap. nw.Der.1 I want it sattled ; I dunno want
noo afterclaps [au) waan't it saat-'lt; au) diin'u waan-t ndo aaf--
turtlaap-s]. Der.2 War. (J.R.W.) ; War.2 Shr.1 It's al'ays
best be earful an' sen' some one as knows thar business an'
then theer's no afterclaps ; Shr.2 The consequence, issue, result,
generally received in malam partcm. Glo.1 Oxf.1 After conse-
quences, a relapse. Ess. Which being descried, take heede of
you shall, For danger of after claps, after that fall, TUSSER Hus-
bandrie (1580) 107, st. rf. Wil. SLOW Gl. (1892); Wil.1 Som.
SWEETMAN Wincanton Gl. (1885). Cor.1 Something happening
after the cause is supposed to have been removed.

2. Anything occurring when it has ceased to be expected;
a sequel, anything that comes after ; an after-thought.

n.Yks.2 Efther-claps, incidents which arise after matters were
thought to be concluded. w.Yks. BANKS Wkfld. Was. (1865).
s.Chs.1 A sequel, anything that comes after ; e. g. a prayer meeting
after a preaching service, a distribution of bread after a tea meet-
ing, &c. n.Lln.1 Rachel Taylor's 'e a fine waay ; she hed her tent
bairn nine year sin, an' noo she's fallen doon wi' twins ; it's a sore
after-clap for her. Lei.1 Way'n got a affter-clap o' winter this
turn (in reference to a frosty week in April). I.W.2 I don't want
noo aaterclaps. w.Som.1 •Arriere pensee. Au'nur bruyt un noa
aa'dr-klaaps [honour bright and no afterclaps] is a constant ex-
pression in contracting bargains or agreements. Dev. And it [yet],
'tis best as 'tis, perhaps ; We mert a catch'd zom arterclaps, PETER
PINDAR Middlesex Elect. (1816) IV. 206. Cor.1 After-clapses, after-
thoughts. [Amer. An attempt to unjustly extort more in a bargain
or agreement than at first settled upon, FARMER.]

3. In pi. superfluous finery.

Cor.1 I caan't manage the after-clapses.

[What plaguy mischiefs and mishaps Do dog him still
with after claps, BUTLER Hud. i. iii. 4 ; For had he been a
merchant, then perhaps Storms, thunderclaps, or fear of
afterclaps Had made him long ere this the food of worms,
TAYLOR Life of Old Parr; He can give us an afterclap
when we least weene, LATIMER Serm. (WRIGHT) ; It was a
sorry happe, (he) doubted him of an afterclappe, PERCY'S
Fol. MS. (MATZNER). After + clap, a slap, blow, q.v.]

AFTER-CROP, see Attercop.

AFTER-DAMP, sb. Tech. Nhb. Dur. w.Yks. [a'fte-
damp.] The noxious gas resulting from a colliery explo-
sion (WEDGWOOD).

Nhb. & Dur. After-damp, carbonic acid, stythe. The products
of the combustion of fire-damp, NICHOLSON Coal Tr. Gl. (1888).
Nhb.1 After-damp, the noxious gas resulting from a colliery explo-
sion. This after-damp is called choak-damp and surfeit by the
colliers, and is the carbonic acid gas of chymists, HODGSON A
Description of Felling Colliery. w.Yks. The after-damp completed
their death, N. & Q. (1876) sth S. v. 325. Miners' tech. Carbonic
acid gas, or choke damp, which the miners call after-damp, CORE
(1886) 228.

[After + damp, q.v. ; cp. choak-damp.]

AFTERGAIT, adj. Sc. QAM.)

1. Seemly or fitting.

Lnk, That's something aftergait.

2. Tolerable, moderate, what does not exceed.

Rxb. I'm ill o' the toothache; but I never mind sae lang as it's
ony way aftergait ava. I'll be there if the day's ought aftergait.

[After + gait, way, i. e. after, not out of the ordinary way.]

AFTERHEND, adv. and prep. Sc. n.Cy. Afterwards,
after.

Sc. Mark ye me, friend, that we may have nae colly-shangie
afterhend, SCOTT Guy Mannering (1815) xliv; Get the ferm, an'
efterhand that, ye may kiss, LUMSDEN Sheep-Head, 270 ; It lookit
as if the craytur had gotten its ain back afterhand, ROY Horseman's
Wd. (1895) i. n.Cy. Afterhend, Border Gl. (Coll. L.L.B.)

[Marshall did sweare afterhend that he had not fylled
him at all, Hist. Kirk 1634-46 (N.E.D.) ; Then is he wise
after the honde, GOWER C. A. n. 31. After+hand; cp.
beforehand, behindhand.]

AFTERINGS, sb.pl. Sc. Yks. Lan. Chs. Stf. Der. Lin.

AFTERMATH

[23]

AGAIN

•. Shr. GIo. w.Cy. Also in the form afterlins w.Yks.1
See below. [a'ftarinz.J

1. The last milk that conies before a cow's udder is
empty ; locally called strippings, drippings, or strokings.

Sc. Till she frae her the massy aft'rins draw, MORISON Poems
(1790) 185 (JAM.). s.Sc. More generally known as jibbings or
dribblings, N. & Q. (1882) 6th S. vi. 54. Dmf. [Jane] furnishes
butter and afterings (jibbings) for tea, FROUDE Thomas Carlyle
(1882) II. 27. Yks. It were only yesterday as she aimed her leg
right at t'pail wi' t'afterings in ; she knowed it were afterings as
well as any Christian, GASKELL Sylvia (1863) xv (DAY.). w.Yks.
Afterings, the last milk of a cow. Also called strippings, Hlfx.
Wds.; w.Yks.1 Afterlins, the last milk of a cow. Lan.1 Jem, let
owd Mally have a quart o' aftherins for a custhert or two. e.Lan.1
Chs.1 2 Afterings, the same as strokings ; Chs.3 The last milk
(generally considered the richest). So called because in all well-
managed dairies, a milker follows after the others to make sure of
the afterings. Stf.12 Der. The strokings, or last of a cow's milk,
GROSE (1790); Der.12, Lin.1 n.Lin.1 Afterlings [are] said to con-
tain the most butter. War. (J.R.W.) Shr.1 Afterings, cf. Drip-
pings. Glo.1 w.Cy. MORTON Cycl.Agric. (1863).

2. The surplus, remainder in a more general sense (JAM.).
Fif. The aft'rins o' a feast.

3. Fig. Outcome, results, consequences QAM.).

Ayr. The bloody afterings of that meeting, GILLHAIZE, iii. 88.
[2. These are the iorepjjuoTa, afterings of Christ's suffer-
ings, BP. HALL Serm. (N.E.D.)]

AFTERMATH, sb. Very widely distributed in midl.,
e.An. and s. districts ; but not given in gloss, of Sc. Dev.
Cor. Also written efter-math n.Yks.2 ; attermath Glo.2 ;
aftermeath Ken.12 [a'ftamajs n. and e.Yks. e'ftamajj,
se.Wor. a'ta-, Glo. ae'ta-.] The second crop of grass which
grows after the field has been mown. Freq. used in pi.

n. & s.Cy. Aftermaths, the pasture after the grass has been mowed,
GROSE (1790). n.Yks.2 Efther-math, the second mowing of grass
yielded by a field in one season. e.Yks.1 w.Yks.4 After-maths,
after mowings, the grass in the meadows, that grows after the
mowing — the eddish. Stf.1 n.Lin.1 The grass that grows when
the hay is cut, more commonly called eddish. Lei.1 Nhp.1 In
strictness aftermath is the second or latter mowing ; but with us
it is equally applied, whether the second crop be mown, or eaten
off the ground ; Nhp.2 War. (J.R.W.) ; War.3 Sometimes used in
wider sense. He cannot expect much aftermath now, he has had
two crops off the meadow this season. se.Wor.1, Shr.1, Pern. (E.D.)
Glo. There was not much hay this year, but the aftermath has been
good (A. B.): Glo.^Brks.1 Bck.N. &Q. (1853)151 S.viii. 102. Hit.
ELLIS Mod. Hush. (1750) IV. ii. 76. e.An.1 Nrf. Yow can mow
the grass, ye know, and than (then) let the aftermath for £$ (W.R.E.);
Aftermath eddish, same as aftermath, N. & Q. (1853) Ist S. viii.
229 ; Nrf.1 The feed left on meadows after having been mown.
Suf.1 Ken.1 Aftermeath, the grass which grows after the first crop
has been mown for hay; called also roughings [usually called
rowens in e.Ken.] ; Ken.2 Aftermeath, aftermowth, i. e. that which
comes and grows after the mowing. Sur.1 Called also rowen.
Hmp.1 Called also lattermath. I.W.1 n.Wil. The aftermath in the
meadows beneath will not grow, JEFFERIES Wild Life (1879) 21 ;
The feed left on meadows or grass-land after having been mown.
Also called lattermath, BRITTON Beauties (1825). w.Som.1

[After + math, OE. mizd, a mowing; cp. G. mahd, OHG.
mad. The word occurs in FITZHERBERT Husbandry 63,
WORLIDGE Diet. Rusticum, BAILEY (ed. 1721), LISLE Hus-
bandry (Aftermass).]

AFTERNOON, adj. Lin. Wor. Glo. Hrt. Mid. Nrf. Sur.
Som. Dev. See below. Late in performing any work,
procrastinating ; dilatory, slow.

sw.Lin.1 1 call him nobbut an afternoon farmer ; he got no seed in
last back-end. War.3 s.Wor.1 An afternoon farmer, [one] who takes
things easily. se.Wor.1 Atternone-folks, people who are in the
habitof beginning work late in the day. Glo. (A.B.) Nrf. No, no;
he's no business man. We call him an arternune farmer (W. R. E. ).
Hrt. In Hertfordshire we call [declining farmers] afternoon farmers,
ELLIS Mod. Hush. (1750) III. ii. 4. Mid. N. & Q. (1894) 8th S.
v. 153. Sur.1 He's pretty much of an afternoon man. w.Som.1
Purty arternoon farmer, sure 'nough (s.v. Arrish). nw.Dev.1
Colloq. The ram and snow have come too soon fora few ' afternoon
farmers,' who have not yet put in all their wheat, Standard (Nov.
28, 1889 , 2, col. i. [Amer. Afternoon farmer, . . . one who pro-
crastinates, or who misses an opportunity. ... It is only slang
when used figuratively apart from agricultural pursuits, FARMER.]

AFTERNOONING, sb. w.Yks. [a'ftanuinin.]

w.Yks.Afternooinin, refreshment between dinner and tea, BANKS
Wkfld. Wds. (1865). Afternooning is still heard round Wakefield
but is rapidly becoming obs. (W.F.)

AFT-HANKS, sb. Sh.I. [a'ft-haijks.] That part of a
boat where the bands come together at the stem and stern.
See Hank.

s. & Ork.1

AGAIN, prep. Van dial, uses in Sc. Irel. and Eng.
Also written agaan, agean, agen, agin, agyen. See
below, [agia'n, age'n, agi'n.] Used for against, in most
of its mod. meanings.

I. Of position.

1. Near, beside.

n.Yks. Just ageean t'pleeace where Ah wur bred, Broad Yks.
(1885) 27 ; n.Yks.2 ne.Yks.1 Oor spot ligs agaan Helmsla. e.Yks.1
w.Yks. Nelly always sits again John (F. P.T. ) ; Poor Bill, he wur
leynd ageean t'wall, PRESTON Poems, &c. (1864) 24. Lan.1 Agen
th' heawse-eend wur a little cloof o' full o brids and fleawrs.
Chs.1 He lives agen th' chapel ; Chs.3 Stf.1 2 sw.Lin.1 They've
taen a farm agen Eagle Hall. Rut.1 Agen the hedge. Lei.1 It's
close again Bosworth. Nhp. 'Tis agen the running brook, CLARE
Poems (1820) 140, ed. 1873 ; Nhp.1 He lives agen me. s.War.1 He
lives just agin us. Shr.1 Lave that bouk agen the pump w'eer
I put it ; Shr.2 Shut 'em agen the backside o' the house. Brks.1
I left the prong over agin the staayble door. e.An.1 She stood
again the door. If she stood very near the door, it would be more
correct to say ' close again,' or ' right again ' ; if facing it, at some
little distance, ' over again.' Nrf. Agin our gates are all mander
o' plasant fruits, GILLETT Sng. Sol. (1860) vii. 13. Cmb.1 It's up
to your boot-tops in mud agin the Brick Clamp. Ken.1 He lives
down de lane agin de stile. Sur.1 Sus.1 He lived up agin the
Church. n.Wil. Veed yer kids agen th' shepherds' tents, KITE
Sng. Sol. (c. 1860) i. 8.

2. In contact with, touching, resting against.

Nhb. When Dicky's corf was fill'd wi' sic, He let his low and
stuck't agyend [again it], WILSON Pitman's Pay (1843) 27. Cum.
Stand aboot int' lonnin, or lig ageann t'dykes, DICKINSON Cumbr.
(1876) 6. e.Lan.1 Chs.1 Th' ladder were rared agen th' waw.
Lin. Ay, roob thy whiskers agean ma, TENNYSON Tiresias, &c. (1885)
Spinster's Sweet-arts ; Sa I runs to the yard fur a lether, an' sets
'im agean the wall, ib. Owd Rod (1889). Oxf.1 'Ee's alen'in
[leaning] agen your warnut tree. Dor. Did fondly lay agean your
zide His coal-black nose an' russet ear, BARNES Poems (1863) 2.

3. Opposite to.

Shr.1 Oud it up agen the light an' then we shan be able to see
w'eer the faut is. Glo.12 e.An.2 Over agin the gate, opposite
the gate.

II. With v. of motion.

1. Against, in violent contact with.

Nhb.1 The keel went bump agyen Jarrow, An' three o' the bullies
lap oot, Little Pee Dee. Yks. He came wi' a crack again t'chap,
BARING-GOULD Oddities (1874) 1. 240. e.Yks. He tummel'd ageean
t'bucket, an cut his heead, NICHOLSON Flk-Sp. (1889) 49. w.Yks.
When one o' my mates shoved another chap ageean her, CUDWORTH
Dial. Sketches (1884) 2 ; w.Yks.1 He ran agaan him. ne.Lan. I geet
my yed jowled agen th' frame o' th' loom, MATHER Idylls (1895)
317. Lan.1 An then — he's hardly wit enough to keep fro runnin
again woles i' th' dayleet, WAUGH Sketches (1857) 28. Der.2 Oi'll
jowl thy yed agen a stoup. Not.2 He joled his 'ead agen a balk.
Nhp.1 They ran again me, and knocked me down. Glo. How the
rain do druvagin one ! BUCKMAN Darke' s Sojourn (1890) x. Cmb.1
When I want to write, there's allus one o' y'r a-joggling agin the
table. Sur. And then he run agin' a man at the bottom of the road
here, JENNINGS Field Paths (1884) 165. Sus.1 He's hind leg flew
up and het agen t'other horse, EGERTON Fits, and Ways (1884)
26. I.W.2 He veil agen it. Som. The wind 'twas beaten' the
drops vrom the chestnut leaves agen' my veace, LEITH Lemon
Verbena (1895) 47. w.Som.1 Ee droa-vd au-p ugiin dhu gee'ut [he
drove against the gate]. Dev. The bellows banged agin' the wall,
O'NEILL Idylls (1892) 26.

2. Phr. to come, go again, to come, go to meet (see
Against, 2); to run again, to meet by chance.

s.Pem. I went again him, down so far as to the bridge. Father,
he'll come again me (E.D.). s.Stf. I chaunced to run agen Steve
Hodgkiss, PINNOCK Blk. Cy. Ann. (1895) 5. Sur.1 To run agin' any
one is to meet him.

III. Of opposition or resistance.
1. Against, in resistance to.

Sc, In case mine enimie say, Thae prevailit agayne him, RIDDELL

AGAIN

[24]

AGAINST

Ps. (1857) xiii. 4. Nhb.1 Cum.1 Ageann t'hand, inconveniently
placed, interfering with progress. w.Yks. For strength, I prayed,

yo (J.P.K.).

Why there Almighty ceare mid cast A better screen agean the
blast, BARNES Poems (1863) 68. Som. It ain't no use a runnin'
agin the law, PALMER Mr. Trueman (1895) 141. Dev. Ha gid min
power agin onclayn spurrits, BAIRD St. Matt. (1863) x. i.

2. Averse to, in opposition to, in depreciation of; with
obj. of person.

Sc. Deacon Clank, the white-iron smith, says, that the Govern-
ment folk are sair agane him, SCOTT Waverley (1814) Ixiii ; Fortune's
been sair agane him (JAM.). Frf. She was ane o' the warst agin
me at first, BARRIE Thrums (1889) 120, ed. 1895. Ir. Cross she
was too, if anythin' went agin her, BARLOW Kerrigan (1894)
43. Nhb. What have ah dune that folkes sud set theirsels' again'
me, CLARE Love of Lass (1890) I. 72. Com.3 Hev ye gitten owt
agean me? 12. e.Yks. Ah dooant kno what theyr sa mitch
ageean ma for (W. H.). Lan. Th'wust witness agen hissel,
BRIERLEY Layrock (1864) vi. Chs.1 We'n nowt agen th' chap.
Der. You hanna towd us why t'other two were agen him, GUSHING
Voe (1888) III. vii. swXin.1 He seemed to tak' agen the child.
I've nowt agen him, but I've heard a many say a deal agen him.
Lei.1 Oi doon't knoo nothink agen 'im. Bdf. Saunders was talking
agen him, WARD Bessie Costrell (1895) 24- s.Hmp. We mustn't
go agin him, VERNEY L. Lisle (1870) xxii.

3. Opposed to, averse to, contrary to ; with obj. of thing.
Gall. Cleg Kelly was again ' tracks,' CROCKETT Stickit Min. (1893)

166. Yks. I was agin it, I was agin it — my mind misgave me,
BARING-GOULD Pennyqks. (1870) 54, ed. 1890. w.Yks. It's agean
orders to tak onny passengers, but tha can come as commodore,
HARTLEY Seets (1895) iii. Lan. We spoke up again' it, GASKELL
M. Barton (1848) ix ; Aw connot tak' money fur savin' a choilt's life.
It's agen' mi conscience, BANKS Manch. Man (1876) i. Chs.1 1 were
allus agen his goin' : Chs.3 Agen the marriage. s.Chs. ' I'll see [say]
nowt agen that. Not. A've nowt to say agen it (L.C.M.). Lin. An'
i' the woosto' toimes I wur niveragin the raate.TENNYsoN A'. Farmer,
Old 5/7/^(1864) st. 4. Lei. He were always again it (C.E.). Wor.
Tom's very bad to come to school, 'e's bitter agen it (H. K.).
Shr.1 'E wuz agen the weddin' altogether ; Shr.2 I'm totally agen
it. e.An.1 I am not for it but again it. Stir. I should like to
hear from your own lips what you've got to say agin it, HOSKYNS
Talpa (1857) 172.

4. In exchange for ; as an equivalent for.

n-Lin.1 1 sattled his bill, an' he gev' me three an' six agean a
sov'rin. Sur. I'll back Common Sense agin' Chemistry any day,
HOSKYNS Talpa (1857) 172-

Hence, of a change of clothes : in turn with, in succession.

s.Not. Ah'll knit Mm another pair o' stockings, then 'e can wear
won again tother (J.P.K.).

5. In dealing with, as regards. [Cf. 'he is a match for it.'l
Hrf.2 He [watchmaker] 's a pretty good un up agin a clock. I

dunna know what a' might be agin a waatch.

6. In comparison with.

s.Not. Yo can faight a bit, but noat again our Bob (J.P.K.)

IV. Of time.
1. Before, against, by, towards.

Sc. Sicken a blythe gaedown as we had again e'en ! SCOTT Guy
Mannering (1815) xxii ; It'll be ready agane Saturday (JAM.).
Ir.And will you be gettin' married agin Shrovetide? BARLOW
Lisconnel (1895) 24. Cum. Dalston singers come here agean Sun-
day, ANDERSON Ballads (1808) Nichol the Newsmonger. Lan. All
customers are expected bi seven o'clock, agen which time the beast
will be kilt, Rossendel Beef-Neet, 6. Chs.1 Our pump allus maks a
mze agen rain. s.Chs.1 My leg's auvay woss agen [on the approach
of] reen [rain]. nXin.1 Th' herse collars is al'us as weet as muck
agean raain. Nhp.1 1 shall be ready agen to-morrow Shr.2 Agen
to-morrow ownder. Hrf.1 1 will do it agin next Sunday • Hrf.2 He'll
come agin Christmas. Glo.2 I'll be ready agen zhip-zhearing.
Luk for t agen Mi-elmas. Oxf.1 1 au'lus 'as a new cwut agen Wis-
suntide. Dor. An' deaisies that begun to vwold . . . Aeean the
night, BARNES Poems (1869) 14.

2r' " Anim5 foiYn view of> in readiness for, any future event.

Ir All this while I had a right to be doin' me messages at

Hanlon s, and the flour and salt a-wantin' agin the supper, BARLOW

Ke'J'gan (1894) 66. sir. That the poor beast may be rested

again the fair, CROKER Leg. (1862) 42. Cum. A youthfu' pair .

'r/'V T invited Agean that dav' STAGG ***• p°»»'*

The Bndewam. w.Yks. Thah mun get mi shooin soil'd

agean to-morn o' t'neet (JE.B.). Shr.1 If I start now I shall get
theer agen the onder. Brks.1 I hev a-got money put by agin
a raainy day. w.Som.1 Mus sae-uv dhai gee-z giin Kuursmus [(I)
must keep those geese in preparation for Christmas].

3. Until.

w.Som.1 Aay kaa-n paay ut gun Zad-urdee nait [cannot pay it
until Saturday night].

[I. 3. He stired the coles til relente gan The wex agayn
the fyr, CHAUCER C. T. G. 1279 ; Than taketh the cristal
stoon ywis Agayn the sonne aYi hundred hewes, ib. R. Rose
1577. II. 1. Lyk betyng of the see ... again the roches
holowe, ib. Hous F. 1035. III. 4. And do good ajeyn
uvel, P. Plowman (A.) xi. 150. IV. 1, 2. Ageyn this lusty
someres tyde This mirour . . . He hath sent, CHAUCER C. T.
F. 142. OE. Otlgtgit, cp. G. entgegen.}

AGAIN, conj. and adv. Sc. Irel. and var. dial, of Eng.
Not in gloss, of e.An.

A. conj.

Of future time : by the time that, before, until. (Cf.
Again, prep. IV. 2.)

Nhb.1 Aa'll be there agyen ye come. Dur.1 Agane (i.e. the time)
he comes hame. n.Yks. Ageean I come yam [home] (I.W.).
w.Yks. Have it ready agean I come back, Hlfx. Wds. s.Chs.1
I shall be theer agen yo bin started. Stf.1 Again, by the time.
s.Not. That'll last yer agen I'm back (J.P.K.). sw.Lin.1 1 got their
teas ready agen they came home. Nhp.1 I shall be there agen
you come. Shr.1 Mind an' 'ave the oven whot agen I come wham;
Shr.2 Agen a mon's paid for iviry thin it taks a dhell o' money.
Glo.1 I'll have it ready agen you come back. Mid. I also destroy
black beedles with a composition which I always keep with me
again it's wanted, MAYHEW Land. Labour (1864) III. 17. Wil.
Mother, cut I 'nother bit 'gin I done this, AKERMAN Tales (1853)
30. Dev.1, Cor.1

B. adv.

1. At a future time, by-and-by.

Sc. Again, at another time; used indef. This will learn ye,
again, ye young ramshackle. Reg. Da/ion, I. 199 (JAM.). Ir. I didn't
do it yet, but I'll do it again (G.M.H.). War.2 Shr.1 1 hanna got
it now, but I'll gie it yo' agen. Wei. I'll pay yah again. When
will yah come then? — Oh, again [not now, next time] (W.M.M.).
s.Pem. I thought as how you'd done with'n, but I can fetch'n again.
Not you trouble to move, I can get it again (E. D.).

2. Phr. to and again, to and fro.
s.Chs.1 To an' agen. Stf.2

3. To one side ; back ; gen., esp. in phr. turn again, to
turn back.

s.Not. Ah'm tired, granfayther, let's turn agen. Auve again,
Oieet again, Come again, and Gee again, various commands to the
horse to turn either to the right or the left. [Within the last few
years] ' gee again ' has been replaced by ' gee back' (J.P.K.). [Turn
again, Whittington, thrice Lord Mayor of London! Pop. Tale.}

4. Of reciprocal action : in return, back. Hence in inten-
sive sense (cf. 'to ring again').

Nhb. She aye gives ye tweyce as gude aghayn, BEWICK Howdy
(1850) 12. w.Yks. It fair dithered ageean (JE.E.}. Der.1 He
snored again. Lei.1 A let 'im 'ave it loike nothink agen [he gave
him a sound thrashing].

5. Comp. Again-call, to revoke (JAM.) ; -calling, recall ;
Agane-say, to recall (JAM.) ; -wards, towards ; -ways, by
the roadside.

S. & Ork.1 Sc. Again-calling, recall, revocation (JAM.). n.Yks.2
It Hew ageean wards o' me [to the place where I was standing].
[Agen ward, back again, COLES Eng. Diet. (1677).] n.Yks.2Ageean-
ways, by or against the roadside.

[A. His cap and pantofles ready . . . And a candle again
you rise, MASSINGER City Madam (1632) in. i. ME.
Ajeyn this cachereles cometh, Pol. S. 151. Cp. the use of
ajeines in P. Plowman : Ajeines thi greynes . . . bigynneth
for to ripe, B. xix. 314. B. 1. I will not again curse the
ground any more for man's sake, BIBLE Gen. viii. 21. 2. To
and again, i.e. to and fro ; see Autobiog. of Sir S. D'Ewes
H. 353 (NARES). 3. Nay, come again, Good Kate, I am a
gentleman, SHAKS. T. Shrew n. i. 217. 5. Ane amerciament
of ane fals dome againe said in the Justitiars court, is ten
pounds, SKENE (N.E.D.).]

AGAINST, prep, and conj. Freq. in Som. Dev. Cor.;
occas. in other counties (see below), but usually replaced
by again, q.v. [agi'ns, agi'nst.]

A-GAIRY

[25]

AGATE

A. prep.
Near, beside.

Not.1 You sit against me.

2. In a contrary direction to ; hence, to go towards, to
meet.

w.Som.1 A young man speaking of a young woman said : Aay
waint ugins ur [I went to meet her]. Dev. I am going out against
him, GROSE (1790) MS. add. (C.) ; Jane is late home til-night . . .
I wish, Jimmy, yii'd go against her! 'Tez gitting dark; us 'ad
better go aginst Jenny, or 'er'Il be a skeard out ov 'er life, HEWETT
Peas. Sp. (1892) ; Tom Wheedon was sent against me with a horse,
O'NEILL Idylls (1892) 21. nw.Dev.1 As I waz komin' back-alung,
I zeed min komin' aginst ma.

3. To go against, to inform against.

Dev. Squire Stephens tanned Dick Carter last night up tfl tha
Cat and Fiddle, and I be summoned til-day tu go against un,
HEWETT Peas. Sp. (1893).

4. In exchange for ; in payment ot.

Dev. Silver against a guinea, GROSE (1790) MS. add. (C.); I
wanted that money bad enough to go against the boys' boots,
O'NEILL Idylls (1892) 40.

Hence, of a change of clothes : in succession, in turn with.

s.Not. I shan't let him wear his flannel shirt till I've made him
another to wear against it (J.P.K.).

5. In competition with ; compared with.

s.Not. I'll mow an acre against any man in the place (J.P.K.).
Dev. Young against him, GROSE (1790) MS. add. (C.)

6. Of time : before, near the time of.

e.An.1 Close against thunder; i.e. thunder is in the air. Cor.3
I'm happy against my birthday. As dazed as a duck against [on
hearing] thunder.

7. In readiness for, in time for.

w.Yks. I'll go against Sunday (J.T.). Som. One of the puddings
kept over from Christmas against sheep-shearing, RAYMOND Gent.
Upcott (18931 60.

B. conj. By the time that (of past or future time).

Dev. Against she had finished her broth, all the items were
packed away in her head, O'NEILL Idylls (1892) 9; Against I got
there it was night, GROSE (1790) MS. add. (C.) nw.Dev.1 You
waan't ha' time vor do't, I tell ee ; 'ginst you've had dinner, twull
be time vor go home again.

[A. 1. Against the Capitol I met a lion, SHAKS. J. Caes. i.
iii. 20 ; Against this fire do I shrink up, ib. K. John, v. vii.
33. 2. Agayns his doghter hastilich goth he, CHAUCER
C. T. E. 911. 4. And do good ajeines yvel god hymself it
hoteth, P. Plowman (B.) x. 199. 5. Hir paroch-prest nis
but a beest Ayens me and my company, R. Rose, 6875.
6. The whyte swan Ayeins his deeth begynnyth for to
synge, CHAUCER Leg. G. W. 1356. 7. Against this coming
end you should prepare, SHAKS. Son. 13. B. Urijah the
priest made it against king Ahaz came from Damascus,
BIBLE 2 Kings xvi. n ; I'll charm his eyes against she do
appear, SHAKS. M. N. D. in. ii. 99. Against, ME. ajeinst (in
P. Plowman), a development with a parasitic t of ajeins,
a)eines, formed from ajein (again, q.v.) with the adv. gen.
ending -es.]

A-GAIRY, adv. Or.I. [age-ri.]

S. & Ork.1 To go a-gaairy, to leave one's service before the term-
day.

AGALD, see Haggle.

AGAR, adj. Cor. [ae'ga(r).] Ugly.

Cor.12 [Cornish, hager, ugly, foul, naughty, fierce (ROGERS).]

AGAR, int. Obs. ? Dev. A form of oath.

n.Dev. No agar, zeys I, vor th'art too ugly to be made a pretty
vella, Exm. Crtshp. (1746) 1. 350 ; There are so many forms of the
exclamation By God ! that Agar is quite likely to be still in use.
The forms generally heard at the present day are Begar ! Begur !
Begor! Begorz ! (R.P.C.)

AGARIFIED, ppl. adj. Suf. [aga'rifaid.] Having ague.

Suf. May be heard frequently. Rather, every one knows it and
uses it at times (F.H.).

AGAST, ppl. adj. Irel. Som. Dev. Also written egast
Wxf.1; ageest, agest, agush'd Dev. [aga-s(t), agrs(t).]
Terrified, afraid.

Wxf.1 Egast, fear. Egasted, frightened. w.Som.1 I be agast
'bout they there mangle ; I verMy bleive the grub'l ate every one
o'm. n.Dev. Agest, terrified, GROSE (1790) MS. add. (C.); Cham
agest hare'll dra en into a promish wone dey or wother. Exm.

VOL. I.

Crtsh/i. '1746) I. 584 ; O Gracey ! I be all ageest, ROCK Jim an' Nell
(18671 '5 ! Agush'd and Gush'd, for agasted, dismayed, GROSE
(,1790) MS. add. (H.) Dev.3 Agushed, confounded with fear.

[This is a common word in ME. But thei weren affraied
and agast and gessiden hem to se a spirit, WYCLIF (1388)
Luke xxiv. 37; Ne how the ground agast was of the light,
CHAUCER C. T. A. 2931. Agast is the pp. of ME. agasten,
to terrify (found m_P. Plowman), agesten (in Ancren Riwle).
OE. a- (pref?) +gcestan, to frighten.]

AGASTMENT, sh. Dev. [agae-stment.] Also in the
form agushment. Sudden terror.

Dev. GROSE (1790) MS. add. ;H.) ; Dev.3 Agushment, consterna-
tion. Agastment, terror.

[This terror and agastrnent, NASHE (1594) (N.E.D.).
Agast (see above) + -ment.]

AGATE, sb. War. Oxf. Brks. Mid. Som. [ae-gat.]
The best kind of playing marble, made of glass with
variegated colours.

War. Now obs., but in occas. use about thirty years ago (W.S.B.V
Oxf.1 MS. add. Brks. (M.J.B.) Mid. Aggy marbles were known
round Hammersmith some years ago (F.W.L.). Som. (H.G.)

AGATE, adv. Sc. and all the n. counties to w.Lin.
n.Shr. ; also in Not. War. Wor. Glo. Cor. Also written
agaitSc. n.Yks.1 w.Yks.1 ne.Yks.1 Lan. Lin.1; agyetNhb.1;
ageatCum.2; ageatt Cum.1; agaate Yks. n.Lin.1; ageeat
e.Yks.1 [age't Nhb. Cum. Wm., also agia't. Besides age't
there also occur agia't in the n. and e., and agest in
w.Yks. ; s.Chs. agye't.]

1. On the way, afoot, astir, going about (as opposed to
lying down, confined to house or bed). To gang agate, to
go on the way, make one's way, proceed.

Sc. Agait, on the way or road. Ye're air agait the day (JAM.).
N.Cy.12 I am agate. Nhb.1 Aa's pleased to see ye agate agyen.
Cum.12 Wm.1 Aa's glad to see em ageeat agen. [Also] set
loose, as a horse in pasture. n.Yks. Let's gang agait into t'field,
ROBINSON Sng. Sol. (1860) vii. n; n.Yks.1 Thou's early agate this
morning. m.Yks.1 He's always agate. w.Yks. She wor awlus
ageeat, BLACKAHPo«ms(i867) 37. ne.Lan.1 Chs. I am agate (K.);
Chs.1 Is Jim at work yet? — Oh, aye! he's getten agate again ;
Chs.3 Sometimes when you ask after a sick person you are told
' He's agate again ' ; s.Chs.1 Not.3 He's been laid up for weeks,
but he's agate again. Lin. How the doctor switched Bob Robinson
for saying he'd been agate early, FENN Dick o' the Fens (1888) viii.
s.Wor.1 Glo. Agate, moving, occurring, BfcvLisDial. (1870); Glo.1
Cor.1 p. All agate, descriptive of earnest attention ; iv. Agait, very
attentive, earnest ; Cor.2 All agate, full of expectation, all eye and
ear, on the qui vive.

2. Said of disease or the like : going about, prevalent.
Lan. There's a deal of mourning agait, GASKELL M. Barton (1848)

xxv. w.Wor.1 Thahr's a dill o' fevers agate this 'ot weather.

3. Of a machine or the like : going, in motion, in action.
w.Yks. Wen th' railway gets fairly agait, Haworth Railway (1867)

7, ed. 1886 ; Captain sooin hed wun squirt agate playing at t'glass
winder, Pudsey Olm. (1887)20; w.Yks.3 T'bells is agate [ringing].
Lan. Gooin intu o Factri, wi o steym ingun ogate sumwheer, Sam
Sondknocker, 14. s.Chs.1 Is the machine agate yet ? Stf.2 n.Lin.
When's a uven nota uven ? — When she's agaate, PEACOCK Talesand
Rhymes (1886) 120.

4. Of an operation, process, business, affair: going on,
about.

Nhb. What for sud ye gan, lad ? ... What's agate ? CLARE Love of
Lass(iSgo) I. 124. w.Yks. There is naught agate that fits women
to be consarned in, BRONTE Shirley (1849) xviii ; w.Yks.2 The
washing is agate ; w.Yks.4 The business is agate. Lan. Sin they' rn
so mich sodiering ogate, ORMEROD Felley fro' Rachde (1864)!;
What have they agate at th' owd mill ? WAUGH Besom Ben (1865) i.
Chs.3 At the time of the last comet's appearance some one
observed ' There's a comet agate. ' s.Chs.1 I've gotten my hee [hay]
agate yet. Stf.2 Der. We have brewing a-gate, washing a-gate,
GROSE ( 1 790) MS. add. (P. ) Not.3 What have they got agate now ?
sw.Lin.1 It was a long time agate, but he got master on it at last.
War.2 Wor. It's bin agate a long time (H. K.). w.Wor. Thur
be summat agate, S. BEAUCHAMP Grantley Grange (1874) II. 162.
se.Wor.1 What's agate now ? s.Wor.1, Glo.1

5. Started, set to work ; to get agate, to begin ; to set agate
wi', to start with, get on with ; to set one agate, to start him,
set him on ; to be agate o' or on, to tease, plague, assault ;
to be, go, take, agate, go agate with, to accompany.

E

AGATE

[26]

AGENT

o
agate ;

ageeat wi' pleewing.

Flk-Sp. (1889) 50. w.Yks. It's easy enuff to ramble after yo ve once
started, but its this gettin' agate 'at's soa mich trouble, HARTLEY
Budget (1871) 125; w.Yks.1 m.Lan.1 Iv he were to tek a lass
agate when hoo were gooin' hooam, an' he coom to a gate, id
wod be for him to ged agate o' oppenin' thad gate. s.Chs.1
There'll be noo stoppin thee, nai tha't gotten agate. s.Not. As

get agate my

job, as soon as yo'n a mind. Cum. I set him ageat, RICHARDSON
Talk (1886) 2nd S. 33 ; Ctun.3 Whatever schemes yel set ageeat
'ill widder. Wm.1 Tha set oop a hullybaloo an set t'horse ageeat.
ne.Yks.1 He'll set 'em all agate. m.Yks.1 He was set agate of it.
Lan. Betty set ogate o scrikin ' Murder ! ' LAHEE Owd Yem, 8 ;
Th' injin set agate o' goin, Widder Bagshaw' s Trip (c. 1860) 7 ; You
can find him something to do, Jim ? — Oh ay, I'll set him agate,
WESTALL Birch Dene (1889) I. 303. ne.Lan.1 Stf.2 Der. To set
anything a-gate, is to begin it, or set it a-going, GROSE (1790) MS.
add. (P. ) ; Der.1 Not.3 Set him agate with the weeding o' that plot.
m.Yks.1 He's been agate o' him again. w.Yks. Awlus agaate o'
sumbody, BANKS Wkfld. Wds. (1865) ; A child will come crying to
its mother and say somebody has 'been agate on him,' Yts. Mag.
(1871) I. 30 ; w.Yks.5 Agaat on his poor wife agean ! [beating her].
Lan.1 Mother, aar Jem's agate on me. e.Lan.1 The boys are agate
of one another [teasing one another]. Chs.1 Oo's [she is] allus
agate o' me. Stf.2 'Er's got a temper like a red-'ot iron, 'er's agate
o' iverybody. e-Lan.1 I went agate with my friend [I went a part
of the way with him]. Chs.2 I have been agate a woman [direct-
ing her in the road].

6. Of a person : going on with work, busy, occupied, en-
gaged upon.

Wm. T'nebbers hard him agaet wi his screeapin' (t'fiddle),
Spec. Dial. (1880) pt. ii. 45. n.Yks. To watch us all agaat, MUNBY
Verses (1865) 65. ne.Yks.1 Ah's kept agate. e.Yks.1 He's ageeat
on a theakin job. w.Yks.1 What's 'to agait on ? w.Yks.3 Who's
been agate o' this? Lan. Get forrard wi what thae'rt agate on just
now, WAUGH Besom Ben (1865) viii ; Aw went an wur soon at
th' Potteries, an ogate, Abrum o' Flup's Quortin' (1886) 12. ne.Lan.
Yo'd nobbud been agate seven-teen year, MATHER Idylls (1895)
331. Chs.2 I am agate a new cart. Stf.2 Not.3 He's agate of a fresh
job now. n-Lin.1 All's gooin' on reight ; she's hed twins and is
agaate yit. When he's agaate on oht noht'll stop him. w.Wor.1
Owd Jem's agate now uv 'is taay'ls ; thahr'll be no stoppin' un.
Shr.1 Whad han yo bin agate on ?

7. When used with a gerund, with or without o', it is
almost otiose, or indicates continuance of action.

Yks. This set ma agate a roaring agean, BINNS Tom Wallop
(1861) 4 ; They kept me agate teaching other folk, TAYLOR Miss
Miles (1890) i. n.Yks.2 It keeps ageeat coming. m.Yks.1 He's
agate o' breaking sticks. w.Yks. Men are agate making new
limmers, LUCAS Stud. Nidderdale (c. 1882) v; w.Yks.1 He then
gat agait o' fabbin me, ii. 293. Lan. They were'n olez agate o'
feightin, WAUGH Chimn. Corner (1874) i8,ed. 1879; 'At set mi e'en
agate a runnin', Lan. Sngs. (1867) n; I hope thou'rt not got
agate of meeting-going, FOTHERGILL Probation (1879) vi. s.Lan.
Anoethertoyme, when aw're agatefeyghtin,BAMFORD Walks(i&w)
The Traveller. e.Lan.' We are now agate of working. It keeps
agate of raining. Chs. Bill agate o' 'ammering the last nail,
WARBURTON Hunting Sngs. (1860) 91 ; Her father treated her
mother very cruelly ; he did not beat her, but was always 'agate'
calling \\z<c,Altrinch. Guard. (Apr.24, 1895) ; Chs.1 Agateo' thrashin.
If tha'lt git agate o' getting ait a bit, tha'l git better; Chs.2 He is
agate marling, or ploughing. s.Chs.1 Agate o' mowin'. Der. I was
agate o goin' to Yewdle Brig, GUSHING Voe (1888) I. ix. s.Not.
They've got agate o' mekking paraffin artificially (J.P.K.). Lin.
She'd keep one man agate o' mendin' creddles, PEACocKR.Skirlaugft
(1870) ii; To get a-gait o' coughing, STREATFIELD Lin. and Danes
1,1884) 315. sw.Lin.1 They've gotten agate a-reapering.

8. Apace, briskly.
N.Cy.1 The fire burns agate.

9. Agate o' (?), along of, in course of, by reason of.

I.Ma. Child screwed agate o the teethin', BROWNE The Doctor
(1887) 4.

[A-, on+gate, way, path, road; ON. gala; see Gate.
Some of the mills . . . were set on gate by reason the
streams were so hugelie augmented, HOUNSHED (N.E D ).

ME. He dijt him deliverly and dede him on gate, Win. of
Pal. 1119.]

AGATEWARDS, adv. n.Cy. Yks. Der. Not. Lin. Also
written agateurse n.Lin.1, &c. [age'tadz, agea'tadz,
agi'taz.] On the way towards home ; to gang agatewards
with any one, to accompany part of the way home.

n.Cy. I will set you agates, or agateward, I will accompany you
part of the way, GROSE (1790). w.Yks. To go a-gatewards was
to conduct a guest towards the high-road, the last office of
hospitality, necessary both for guidance and protection, when
the highway lay across an uninclosedand trackless country, amidst
woods and morasses, Hlfx. Wds. ; w.Yks.1 1 gangs agaitards wi
him ; w.Yks.4 To go agatewards with any one is to go part of
his way home. Der. Let's gang agate'ards [go home] (H.R.).
nw.Der.1 Agatart [ligyai-turt]. Not.8 It's time I were getting
agatesward. To go agatesward or agatehousing [agatessing] is to
go part of the way home with a friend. Lin.1 n.Lin.1 If thoo'll
nobbut waait a bit I'll go agateus wi' thee o' th' waay hoam.

[Agate + -ward, with -5, -es the adv. gen. suffix, as in
towards. In agatesward this adverbial s is transposed.]

AGE, v. Van dial. Not given in any s. gloss, except
w.Som.1 [edg, w.Som. eadgi] To show signs of age, to
look old ; to cause one to seem old.

n.Cy. He begins to age, GROSE (1790) MS. add. (P.) Nhb.1,
Dur.1, Cum.1 e.Yks.1 To show signs of the infirmities of old age.
w.Yks.1 My daam ages fast. Chs.1 He's agein' very fast. Stf.12
Der.2 He ages fast. Not.1, n.Lin.1 Lei.1 It's eeged 'im very
sadly, his loosin' on 'er. Nhp. l He ages apace, i.e. looks older in
a short space of time. War.12 Shr.1 The maister's beginnin' to
age oncommon fast, an' 'e inna whad yo' met'n call so owd, about
fifty, or fifty sa'one. Brks.1 Mother's a-bin aaygin vast laaytely
ater her cawld at Kursmas. e.An.1 To grow old, to assume the
appearance of age. Suf., Nrf., e.Sns. He ages very much, that is,
he grows old very fast, HOLLOWAY. w.Som.1 Siinz uz wuyv duyd,
ee du ae'ujee maa'ynlee [since his wife died he ages mainly].
I was a frightened to zee how the old man d'agy.

AGEE, adj. and adv. Sc. Irel. and the n. counties to
Lan. and Lin. ; also Dev. Also written agye n.Cy. Wm.1 ;
ajee Sc. Yks.1 23 Lan. ; ajy Wm. & Cum.1 [adgi'.]

1. Crooked, uneven, awry.

Sc. His nose aye lay On's cheek a-jee, DRUMMOND Muckotr.achy
(1846" 40; Heaven kens that the best-laid schemes will gang
ajee, SCOTT S/. T?OK<IH (1824) x. Inv.Agee, off the straight (H.E.F.).
Rxb. His hat was set awee ajee, RIDDELL Poet. Wks. (ed. 1871)
I. 89. N.I.1 n.Cy. To look agye, to look aside, GROSE (1790) ;
HOLLOWAY ; N.Cy.1 It went all agee. Nhb.1 Hae ye seen my
Jocker, comin' up the quay, Wiv his short blue jacket, and his
hat agee? NUNN (d. 1853) Jocker. Dur.1 Cum. Wardle's [world]
sadly gean ajy, GWORDIE GREENUP Vance a Year (1873) 27 ; Aa's
war'nt ta things'll nit be sa far ajye efter o', DICKINSON Joe and
Geol. (1866) suppl. 4 ; The parson' wig stuid aw ajy, ANDERSON
Ballads (1808) Worton Wedding. Wm. It mud a bin o' a jie, fer
it tummalt slap ower a top et flewer reel afooar ma, Spec. Dial.
(1885) pt. iii. 5. Wm. & Cum.1 Our lot of leyfe's not far a-jy, STAGG
New Year's Epistle, 159. Wm.1 Yeeat hings agye. Yks. 'To look
agye,' to look awry, to look on one side (K.). n-Yks.1 It was all
agee, quite crooked ; n.Yks.23, e.Yks.1, m-Yks.1 w.Yks. When
you've missed attending to things two or three times they go agee
(F.P.T.). n.Lan. T'ian's streit, an t'udar's nat far ajai (W.S.).
ne.Lan.1, nXin.1, Dev.1 [Amer. To have one's hat ajee, BARTI.ETT.]

2. Of a door or gate : half-open, ajar.

Ayr. But warily tent, when ye come to court me, And come na
unless the back-yett be a-jee, BURNS Whistle, and Til come to you.
Edb. When the door was pat ajee, MOIR Mansie Wauch (1828) x.
Wm.1 Set t'dure agee. w.Yks.2 « Lan.1 Tint dur ; its ajee.

3. Of mental states : agitated, disturbed, slightly deranged.
Sc. It is sometimes applied to the mind, as expressive of some

degree of derangement His brain was awee agee, but he was
a braw preacher for a' that (JAM.). Lan.1 An" when aw meet wi
my bonny lass, It sets my heart ajee, WAUGH Sngs. (1859) Sweet-
heart Gate.

[A-, on + gee. Cp. the gee.' orj'ee/ of a wagoner calling to
his horse to move to one side. Hence the primary sense
of agee, on one side.]

AGENT, v. Sc. [e-dgant] To manage, whether in a
court of law, or by interest, &c. (JAM.)

Sc. I'll employ my ain man o' business to agent Effie's plea,
SCOTT Midlothian (1818) xii ; The Duke was carefully solicited to
agent this weighty business, BAILLIE, I. 9 (JAM.).

ACER

[27]

AGIVE

[Agent, sb. (in the Sc. sense of a solicitor for the Court
of Session or other courts), used as v.]

AGER, see Eagre.

AGEREVER, sb. Obs.l Cor. A fish-name ; the Pollack.

Cor.3 In common use with the fishermen of St. Michael's Mount
and Marazion.

AGESOME, flrf/. Obs.J Sur. Elderly.

Sur. I should say he's somewhat agersome, N. & Q. (1883) 6th
S. vii. 165 ; Sur.1 [Quoting the above, adds] I have never heard the
word in this part of Surrey.

AGEST, see Agast.

AGETHER, adv. Obsol. Irel. Together.

Ir. Agether is becoming obsolete ; hardly ever used by the
peasantry (S.A.B.). Wxf.1

[OE. ongeador, together (in Beowulf).]

AGG, sb. Sh. I. [ag.]

(i) S. & Ork.1 A short breach of the sea. (2) Sh.I. A collection
of light floating articles, such as morsels of straw, scraps of sea-
weed, &c. , found drifting between the string of the tide and the
backwash from the shore ; usually met with on a calm day or
when there is a slight swell (K. I.).

AGGERHEADS,s6.//. Yks. [a'gariadz.] Loggerheads.

m.Yks.1

Hence Aggerheaded, adj.

w.Yks.2 ' He's an aggerheaded fellow ' means he is a dull, stupid
fellow.

AGGL, v. Sh. I. [a-gl.] To soil, to defile.

S. & Ork.1

AGGUCKS, sb. Sh.I. [a-guks.] A kind of fish, the
same as awmucks.

S. & Ork.1

AGHENDOLE, see Eightindole.

AGHT, see Out.

AGIF, conj. e.Yks. [agi'f.] As if; although.

e.Yks. It was twenty year last Cannlemas, bud Ah mind it like as
agifit was nobbut yisthada, NICHOLSON Flk-Sp. (1889) 96; e.Yks.1
He ramped as-a-gif he was mad. Ah likes a bit o' fun agif Ah is
awd, MS. add. (T.H.)

[A-, all +#/(OE. gif) if; see Algif.]

AGIG, adj. Glo. See Gig. [agi'g.]

Glo. Agig, giggling, excited (F.H.); Used by school-children
when racing with one another. He's getting agig [getting first or
foremost] (S.S.B.).

AGIN, conj. Yks. and n.Lan. [agi'n.] As if. See Gin.

n. Yks.1 ; n. Yks.2 It leuk'd agin it was asleep. m.Yks.1 w.Yks.1
I can tell agin't wor yusterday, sin thou hed as nice a long waist
as onnybody, ii. 297. ne.Lan.1

[A-, all +gin, if, prob. a contraction of gie'n, given, i. e.
granted.]

AGIST, sb. Yks. Lan. Der. Not. Lin. War. Suf. Not
in Sc. gloss. Also written gist, jeist, joist (see below),
[dgaist, dgais, Lan. Lin. Der. also dgoist.] Pasturage let
out during the summer for cattle at a fixed price per nead.
Also used adjectivally.

Yks. Gisk \sic~\, pasturage, MORTON Cyclo. Agric. (1863). n.Yks.2
Gist money, the payment for pasturage of cattle that are agisted,
or fed at a stipulated price. ne.Lan.1 Gist [cattle], cattle taken'
in to depasture at a stipulated price. Der.2 Joist, a cow's summer
eating. Not. He takes in a lot of joist beast (L.C.M.) Not.3
Joist, agistment. sw.Lin.1 We've a lot of jeist beast down here
now. War. Joist (J.R.W.). Suf. Joist cattle, CULLUM Hist.
Hawsted (1813) J4°-

[See Agist, v.]

AGIST, v. Cum. Wm. Yks. Lan. Der. Not. Lin. Rut.
Lei. Nhp. w.Cy. Also, by aphaeresis, gist, joist, &c. ;
see below. To receive cattle to graze for a fixed sum ; to
put out cattle to pasture. (The same as Tack, q.v.)

w.Yks.2 Jiste, to feed cattle for hire. Ajist, to take cattle in
to pasture for hire ; w.Yks.3 Jiste, to 'agist' or feed cattle for
hire: used chiefly in the participle 'jisting.' e.Yks.1 Ajist, to
rent a right of pasturage. Jeyce, to agist, or pasture cattle at so
much per head. Lan. Joyst, to summer grass feed ; to let out for
another's stock, MORTON Cyclo. Agric. (1863) ; Lan.1 Gise, Gist.
ne.Lan.1 Gise, Gist, to pasture cattle on hire. Der. Them two
sheep as is in the croft to joist, VERNEY Stone Edge (1868) ii.
Not. To joist, to take in cattle to feed for hire, BAILEY (1721);
Not.23 Agist. Lin. Each agists his cow at is. 6d. per week, Ann.
Agric. (1784-1815) ; Lin.1 Joist, agist, or to hire for a season

certain pasturage for feeding cattle. M.Lin.1 Giste. They are forced
to sell their heeders, and joist their sheeders in the spring, YOUNG
Lin. Agric. (1799) 325. sw.Lin.1 They tak' in beast to joist. We've
joisted them out by the Trent. Rut.1 It's on'y some ship [i.e.
sheep] he's got a-joisting. Lei.1 Joist, to take or send in to ' ley '
or 'tack.' Nhp.2 Joist. The word is still in every-day use, and
is a Nhp. word of some two centuries standing. w.Cy. To joist,
LISLE Husbandry (1757).

Hence Agisted, ppl. adj.

Cum. Joistered, pastured, LINTON Lake Cy. (1864) 306. Wm.
Cattle may be kept through the months of summer upon joisted
fields at a cheap rate, Agric. Suru. (1793-1813).

[To agist signifies to take in and feed the cattle of
strangers in the King's forest, and to take money for
the same, BAILEY (1721) ; To take in and feed cattel of
strangers in the King's forest, and to gather the money
due for the same for the King's use, BLOUNT (1681) ; Glan-
dager les porceaux, to agist, or lay, swine in masty woods,
COTGR. OFr. agister, to lodge, to make to lie, a+gister,
Rom. jacitare (deriv. of Lat. jacere, to lie), cp. Fr. giter:
avoir son gite, ou lieu ou ton trouve a coucher, HATZFELD.
The following illustrations of the aphetic forms may be also
quoted : To gise ground, is when the owner does not feed
it with his own stock, but takes in other cattle to graze in
it, BAILEY (1721); To gise or juice ground, is when the
lord or tenant feeds it not with his own stock, but takes
in other cattel to agist or feed it (K.) ; To joist or jeist
horses, i. e. equos alienos certo et condicto pretio inpascuis suis
alere, vox agro Line, usitatissima, SKINNER (1671) Ddd 2.]

AGISTER, sb. Yks. Not. Lei. Nhp. Hmp. Also written
joister Nhp.2 &c. [adgoi'sta(r), Yks. adgai-sta(r).] An
animal fed by ' agisting.

w.Yks.3 Jister, the animal so fed [i. e. by agistment]. Not He's
got no stock of his own, only joisters (L.C.M.). Lei.1 Joister, an
animal taken or sent in to joist. Nhp.2

[Agist, vb.-^-er. This word seems to occur only in the
dialects. It should be distinguished from agister, AFr.
agtsfour, an officer of the royal forests who takes charge
of cattle agisted.]

AGISTING, sb. n.Cy. Lan. Rut. War. By aphaeresis
gisting Nhb.1 &c. See below, [adgai'stin, adgoi'stin.]

1. The pasturage or ' keep ' (q.v.) ofcattle put out to graze.
N.Cy.1 Gisting, pasturage of cattle, in some places Gisement.

Nhb.1 Gisting, the agistment ofcattle (ois.). w.Yks.5 The ' gisting-
day' is the day whereon pasture-owners have agreed to take in cattle
at a stipulated price per head to feed. The times of agistment are
advertized in the local papers by some of the principal landowners
in the neighbourhood. Lan.1 Gistin. ne.Lan.1 Gisting. s.War. !
What must I pay for his joisting ?

2. Payment for pasturage.

Rut.1 Ajoisting, a payment for feeding and depasturing of cattle.

AGISTMENT, sb. Yks. Lan. War. Hmp. Wil. Also
written egistments RAY. [adgrstment] The feeding of
cattle at a fixed rate ; pasturage ; the right of herbage ; a
tithe. (In the two latter senses, a legal term.)

N. Cy.1 The tithe due for profit made by such gisting, where neither
the land nor the cattle otherwise pay anything, [is] agistment.
w.Yks. Agistment, Fryston Park. — Gaits to let for cows at £2 each,
from May I3th to November ist, 1889. Good water and shelter.
Excellent grass, Advi. in Leeds Merc. (May 4, 1889). e.Yks.1
Ajistment, a right of herbage. ne.Lan.1 The feeding of cattle in
a common pasture for a stipulated price. War. (J.R.W.) s.Cy.
Egistments, cattle taken in to graze, by week or month, RAY (1691).
Hmp.1 Wil. Agistment, the taking in of cattle to keep by the
week or month, DAVIS Agric. (1813).

[Gisement (a contraction of Agistment), foreign cattle so
taken in to be kept by the week, BAILEY (1721) ; Agist-
ment, Agistage, the function of taking cattle into the King's
forest, &c., the herbage or feeding of cattle in a forest,
common, &c., ib. ; Egistments (agistments), cattle taken in
to graze, or be fed by the week or month, WORLIDGE
Syst. Agric. (1681) ; Glandage . . . th' agistment or laying
of swine into mastie woods, COTGR. OFr. agistement, deriv.
of agister.}

AGIVE, v. Dev. [agi'v.] To be pliant, yielding. See
Give.

Dev.3 The frost agives.

E 2

AGLE

[28!

AGREAT

[That they [hops] may cool, agive, and toughen, WOR-

LIDGE Svs/. Agric. (1681). OE. iigifan, to give up, to yield.]

AGLE. see Aigle, sb.2

A-GLEG, adj. n.Yks. [agle'g.] Asquint.
n.Yks.2

AGLET, sb. Sc. Cum. Yks. I.W. Also written yiglet
Cum., aiglet Sc. (JAM.) [a'glat, e'glat.]

1. The metal end or tag of a bootlace, &c. (Cf. aiglet, sb?
Sc. Aiglet, a tagged point (JAM.). Cum.8 Aglet, the metal end of

a bootlace, &c. n.Yks.3 To an aglet, to a nicety, to a tittle. It fits
to an aglet.

2. An icicle.

I.W. Haglet, an icicle (J.D.R.) ; I.W.2

[Aglette, bracteolum, LEVINS Manip. ; Affiquet, a little
brooch, flower, button, aglet, COTGR. ; An aglet [tag of
a point], Aeramentum ligulae; also, an aglet [a little plate
of metal], bractea, bracteola, COLES ; Aglet, the tag of a point,
a little plate of metal ; also a substance growing out of
some trees before the leaves, BAILEY (1721). Fr. aiguillette,
a point (COTGR.), dimin. of aiguille, a needle ; see Aigle.]

AGLEY, adv. Sc. Nhb. Cum. n.Yks. Also written
aglee Sc. [aglr.]

1. Obliquely, aslant, turned to one side.

Sc. Let faction gang fairmaest and right gang aglee, The People
(June 16, 1889) 13, c. 3 ; Why sud I be like til ane wha gangs
agley frae the hirsels o' thy frien's ? HENDERSON Sng. Sol. (1862)
i. 7; Whare has thy belovet gane agley ? lA.vi. i. Lth. Yet bunkers
aften send aglee, Altho' they weel did ettle, STRATHESK More Bits
(1885) Curler's Song, 274. Ayr. The best-laid schemes o' mice
an' men Gang aft a-gley, BURNS To a Mouse (1785). N.Cy.1 Nhb.
His neet-cap thrawn on all aglee, WILSON Pitman's Pay (1843)
46 ; Nowt holy ye can find in hor, she's bewty g'yen aglee, ROBSON
Evangelim, &c. (1870) 361. Nhb.1 Cum.2 Sae fine she goes, sae
far aglee, Thatfolksshe kenned she cannotsee, BLAMIRE Poet. Wks.
(1842) 192.

2. To gang agley, to err. go wrong. Used in a moral sense
GAM.).

Rnf. Wehaenamenselike cruel man; Yet tho" he's paukier far than
we, What reck ! he gangs as aft aglee, PICKEN Poems (1788) I. 67.

[A-, on+gley; see Gley, v. (to squint).]

AGNAIL, sb. n.Cy. Lan. Not. Lin. Lei. Nhp. Nrf. Cor.
Also called angnail, angernajl, hangnail, nangnail,
gnangnail. See below, [a'gnel, a'rinel, na'nnel, Yks.
ne-rjnel.] See Nangnail.

1. A loose piece of skin at the base of the finger-nail. With
great variety of names in the dialects, e. g. backfriend, step-
mother's blessing, idle wheal, fan-nail, idle-warts, idle-
welts, thang-nail, warty- wheals (Nhp.1).

Nhb.1 Anger-nail, a piece of skin at the side of the nail which has
become semi-detached and gives pain. Cum. He had a trouble-
some backfriend or agnail, at which he often bit, LINTON L. Lorton
(i867)xxiv; Cum.iAngnails, Anger-nails, jagsround thenails- nails
grown into the flesh. w.Yks.' Hang-nails, skin over-lapt finger-
nails. Not.1 nXin.1 Nang-nail, a partly detached piece of skin
beside the finger-nails, which gives pain. Lei.1 Nhp.1 A trouble-
some and disagreeable little piece of reverted skin at the side of
thefinger-nail; more frequently called Idle Wheal. Nrf. Hang-nails
shvers, which hang from the roots of the nails, and reach to the
tips of the fingers, HOLLOWAY.

2. A corn, bunion ; ingrowing toe-nail.

Cum. Ang-nails, corns on the feet. GROSE (1790); HOLLOWAY
N.Cy.1 Ang-nails, corns on the toes. w.Yks. Nangnails. Opinions
are divided as to this word : i. Ingrowing toe-nails, 2. corns, *
bunions (S.K.C.) ; Being troubled wf corns and nangnails shoot
not fit for mich walkin' at present, HARTLEY Seets (i89s) ii •
w.Yks a Gnang-nails, corns on the toes. neian.1 Angnail a corn
the toe. nXin.1 Nangnail, acorn, a bunion. There is a black
toSrc^rS^8^8^ UnderthC — of Nangnai, salve

3. A whitlow.

Cor.2 Agnail, a whitlow.
[1. Ane-nail, a sore or imposthumation under the nail of

of ananZY7 (l?°o) \ ^T? a sliP of skin attheroo
BLOI™T ^T VI72I)- 2" ASnaiI> a corn uP°n toes,
toes rW ! *#"$*> a,.corn or aSne'e in the feet or
toes. Garret, an agnail or little corn upon a toe COTGR •
Agnayle upon ones too, corret, PALSGR. P3. A
Ptengtum, COLES (1679). The Yks. and Lin.

is for an older ang-nailwhh the n of the indef. art. prefixed.
OE. ang-ticfg/, the original meaning of which seems to have
been a corn on the toe or foot, a compressed, painful, round-
headed excrescence fixed in the flesh like an iron nail. OE.
angncegl, ang- compressed, tight (cp. ang- in angmod
anxious, angness anxiety, angstim narrow, Goth, aggwiis)
+ ncegl, an iron nail, clavus. Meanings 1 and 3 are due to
a popular association of the word with na.i\ = it»giiis.]

AGO, pp. s.Irel. and Dev. Also written ee-go Wxf.1
[ago', agua'.] Gone, finished.

Wxf.1 Hea's ee-go. Dev. Awl tha tatties be ago. missis ; there
idden wan a-layved, HEWETT Peas. Sp. (1892) 45 ; They be all ago,
there idn oneo'm a left, Verb. Prov. (1886)89. n.Dev. There's Dame
an' Maister's chair ; Wi' thick I zem they ba'nt a-go, ROCK Jim an'
AW/ (1867) 28; The blue of the plum is ago, zure, Monthly Mae
(1808) II. 421.

[ME. For now is clene a-go My name of trouthe in love
for ever-mo ! CHAUCER Tr. &> Cr. v. 1054 ; And thus ar
Tisbe and Piramus ago (i. e. dead), ib. Leg. G. W. 916 ; My
lady bright Which I have loved with al my might Is fro me
deed, and is a-goon, ib. B. Duchesse 479. OE. agan, pp. ot
agan, to pass away. See Agone.]

A-GOG, adv. Yks. Som. Dev. [ago'g.] On the move,
going.

w.Yks.5 Gee him a sup o' drink an' he'll soin be agog on't,
alluding to a hobby of a tale that a man is in the habit of telling.
[Of a child on a moving rocking-horse] There, now he's agog !
Som. Off we started, all agog, PULMAN Sketches (1842) 25. n.Dev.
When tha art zet agog, tha desent caree who tha scullest, Evnt
Scold. (1746) 1 228.

[Six precious souls and all agog, COWPER John Gilpin ;
On which the saints are all agog, BUTLER Hud. n ; The
gawdy gossip when she's set agog, DRYDEN Juv. Sat. vi.
OFr. agogiie. In a poem of the I3th cent, occurs the phrase
tout vient a gogue \ HATZFELD). Cp. COTGR. estre en ses
gogues, to be frolick, lusty, lively, wanton, gamesome ; all-
a-hoit, in a merry mood.]

A-GOGGLE, adv. Brks. Hmp. [ago'gl.] Trembling,
shaking with palsy.

Brks.1 An old man was spoken of as being agoggle; he was the
terror of little children from this involuntary shaking of the head
at them. Hmp.1 His head is all agoggle.
[A frequent, of agog. See above].
AGONE, adv. Irel. Shr. Glo. e.An. Ken. Hmp. I.W.
Som. Dev. Cor. [ago'n.] Ago, since.

s.Ir. We started three days agon, LOVER Leg. (1848) II. 291.
Wxf.1 Shr.2 An archaism very common at Wenlock. Glo. They
have told me as 'e be dead twelve months agone, GISSING Both of
this Parish (1889) I. 14 ; Glo.1, e.An.1 Nrf., Snf. HOLLOWAY. Suf.1
Tis three months agon. Ken. GROSE (1790) MS. add. (P.) Hmp.1
Ten years agone. I.W.1 Som. We should a-bin' out o' parish
years agone, RAYMOND Loveand Quiet Life (1894) 193 ; W. & J. Gl.
(1873) ; w.Som.1 Twas ever so long agone. Zabm yuur ugau-n
kaum Kan-lmus [seven years ago next Candlemas]. Such phrases
are quite familiar to all West-country folk. Dev. When old fayther
died, two weeks agone, BRAY Desc. (1836) I. 3a ; 'Twas zome time
agone herwent up til gert ouze, HEWETT Peas. Sp. (1892) 45. n.Dev.
They say ' time agone ' for ' some time since,' JEFFERIES Red Deer
(1884) x. Cor. Some years agone, TREGELLAS Rural Pop. (1863) 8.
w.Cor. He went to Africa some time agone (M.A.C.).

[Oh, he's drunk, Sir Toby, an hour agone, SHAKS. Twelfth
JVt. v. i. 204 ; For long agone I have forgot to court, ib. 7 wo
Gent. in. i. 8s; A while agon, GOWER C.A. (Tale of the
Lowers, 9) ; Nat longe agon is, CHAUCER C.T. D. 9. OE.
agan. See Ago.]

AGONIES, sb. pi. Pem. Glandular swellings (?).
LAWS Little Eng. (1888) 419; Never heard [agonies] in this
sense. I he word is used for any great pain. Swelth is the word
for glandular swellings (W.M.M.).
AGRAFT, v. e.An. Suf. [agra-ft, agravft.]
e.An. To lay in, of a tree put into the soil so as to just cover its
roots. Suf. To graft a stock below the surface of the ground. An
old gardener says it is nearly obsolete, and known in no other
sense than the above (F.H.).

AGREAT, adv. Lei. Nhp. Also written agret Nhp.1
[agre-t, Nhp. also agre-t.] Of work : done by the piece.

Lei. Nhp.1 By the great, work taken or let out to be done by
quantity instead of by the day.

AGREE

[29]

AHOME

[Agreat, by the great, by the job, ASH (1795) ; To take
work agreat, i.e. by the piece, BLOUNT (1681) ; A-great,
universe, COLES (1679); A-great, by the great or lump,
COLES (1677) ; Agreat or altogither, universe, BARET ( 1580).
A-, on + great.}

AGREE, v. Sc. GIo. [agrr.] Agree with, agree to.

Sc. I do not agree with it, Monthly Mag. 1^1800) I. 324. Inv.
Used all over Scotland, and very common about Inverness (H.E.F.).
Glo.1 Agree with, to put upwith. What! be you washing the dumb
animal [i.e. a dog] ? a' seems to agree with it very well.

[Agree with his demands, SHAKS. M.for Meas. in. i. 254.
OF r. agreer ; Rom. aggratare, to make pleasing.]

AGREEABLE, adj. In gen. colloq. use. [agria'bl.J

1. Acquiescent, compliant, willing.

w.Yks.1 I's parfitly agreeable tul't, i. 4. Chs.3 He is not agree-
able [refuses his consent]. n.Lin.1 Robud ax'd me if I would hev
him. and I says, ' Well, Bob, I'm agreeable.' Nhp.1 I'm quite
agreeable to it. Oxf.1 MS. add. Brks.1 1 be agra-able vor um to get
married if um be agra-able on t'other zide. e-An.1 1 am agreeable
[agree to your proposal]. Sur.1 1 ast "un to come along of us, but
he didn't seem noways agreeable. w.Som.1 Wau-d-ee zai tile u
kwairrt? — Aay bee ugrai'ubl [What do you say to a quart?— I am
willing to join you].

2. Convenient, suitable.

s.Stf. We'n expect yer when yo con mak' it agreeable to come,
PINNOCK Blk. Cy. Ann. (1895).

[1. Agreeable or conformable, consentiens, concurrens,
ROBERTSON (1693) ; Agreable . . . consentyng to a thynge,
agreable, PALSGR. 305. 2. Agreeable or convenient, con-
sentanens, conveniens, aptus. He hath a nature agreeable . . .
and suitable to all things, ROBERTSON (1693) ; consenlanens,
agreeable, meet, convenient, RIDER (1649). OFr. agreable,
deriv. of agreer. See Agree.]

AGREEN, sb. Cum. [agrrn.] Plant-name, Senecio
Jacobaea (Common Ragwort).

Cum.1 [Also called] Booin, Grundswathe, Muggert, Grunsel.

AGROUND, adv. Lan. Wor. Hrf. Glo. Brks. [agreu'nd,
Lan. agnrnd.]

1. On the ground.

ne.Lan.1 Agrund, on the ground.

2. On foot.

s.Wor. Known in this sense in Stoulton (H.K.). Hrf. Going
aground [on foot], heard some time ago in the Ledbury district
(H.K.). Glo. Commonly used in Vale of Berkeley. Are you going
to Dursley in the cart ? - No, I'm going aground. [Also] used by
an old gamekeeper, at Snowshill (near Stanway) thirty years ago
(J.D.R.) ; Glo.1

3. Of a fox : to earth.

Glo. (J.D.R., Brks.1 The vox be gone aground.

4. Fig. in phr. to run aground, to slander, depreciate.
s.Wor. (F.W.M.W.

[A-, on + ground.}

AGUE, sb. e.An. [e'giu.] Swelling and inflammation
from taking cold.

e.An.1 An ague in the face is a common consequence of facing a
Norfolk north-easter. Ague-ointment, an unguent made with elder
leaves for ague in the face. Suf. Ague, or swelling in the face,
e.An. (1866) II. 325.

[A vehement ague causing an inflammation in the mouth,
emphysodes, ROBERTSON (1693). This is a peculiar use of
E. ague, a feverish attack followed by a cold and shivering
stage. OFr. ague, MLat. acuta, an acute fever.]

AH, int. In gen. use throughout the dialects. Also
written eh. [e.J Interrogative exclamation = What ? What
did you say ? See Ay.

Nhb^Aah! Eh-ah ? n.Yks.2 A-ah, said you ? w.Som.1 Eh ?
Used interrogatively and alone, it means ' what dp you say ?' at the
end of an interrogative sentence repeats the question. Wuur-s
u-biin- tiie, ai ? [where hast been, eh ?]

AHEAD, adv. Dev. [a-e-d.] Overhead.

Dev. Zes I tu a chap, ' What dee call thic a-head ? ' Zes he, 'Aw
that air's tha balune's little maid ' [a small pilot balloon sent up
before the large one], NATHAN HOGG Poet. Let. (1847) 19, ed. 1858.

[A-, on-f head.}

AHEIGHT, «rft>. Yks. [a-ei't] On high, aloft.

n.Yks. [Of a ball, &c.] Shy itupaheight (G.W.W.) ; Lift it up
-height (I.W.).

[Look up a-height ; the shrill-gorged lark so far Cannot
be seen or heard, SHAKS. K. Lear, iv. vi. 58. A-, on + height.}

AHENT, see Ahind.

AHIND, prep, and adv. Sc. n.Irel. and all the n.counties
toChs. and Lin. Also in Lei. Nhp. War. Glo. Also written
ahint Sc. Nhp.1; ahinSc. N.I.1 Seebelow. [Sc.Nhb.Cum.
Wm. o-hi-nt ; Lin. a-ai'nd, a-i'nt ; Lei. a-ornd, Ir. a-hi'n.]

1. prep. Of place : at the back or in the rear of; also fig.
Sc. Vich Ian Vohr and ta Prince are awa to the lang green glen

ahint the clachan, SCOTT Wawrify (1814) xliv ; Hide yoursell ahint
ta Sassenach shentleman's ped, ib. Rob Roy (1817) xxii ; Snawlies
ahint the dyke, SWAINSON Weather f Ik-Lore (1873) 12 ; A woman
cam' ahint him, an' touchet the hem o' his garment HENDERSON
St. Matt. (1862) ix. 20. Frf. Gie the door a fling-to, ahent ye,
BARRIE Licht (1888) 173. Per. There's something ahint that face,
IAN MACLAREN Brier Bush (1895) 25. Bwk. Ahint the kye, HENDER-
SON Pop. Rhymes (1856) 79. Feb. Here he comes with the dog
running ahint him (A.C.). Gall. He canna shut them ahint him,
CROCKETT Bog-Myrtle (1895) 367. N.I.1 Ahin, behind. Nhb. Ahint
the bush that bauds the thrush, Coquet Dale Sngs. (1852) 116; Nhb.1
Ahint yor hand [to have some one to look after your interest in
your absence]. Dur. Behowld, he stands ahint our wo, MOORE
Sng. Sol. ( 1859) ii. 9. Cum. ' You oald donkey,' sez a fellow ahint
me, Mary Drayson (1872) 16. Wm. & Cum.1 A stomach fit to eat
t'horse ehint t'saddle, Borrowdale Let. (1787) 131. Wm.1 It stands
ahint t'dure. ne. Yks.1 It's nut mich ahint t'uther. w.Yks.5 Cloise
ahint him. ne.Lan.1 Chs. Lookingk at th' sarvant wench ahint
mi back, CLOUGH B. Bresskittle (1879) 7. n.Lin. An' reaper, 'at's
swingin' ahind 'em, PEACOCK Tales and Rhymes (1886) 80. n.Lin.1
Lei.1 Ahent, Ahind. Nhp.1 Ahint. Not frequent, and confined I
believe to the northern part of the county ; Nhp.2 Ahent.

2. Of time : after, behind.

w.Yks.5 Tha't awlus ahint thee time, ah think.

3. adv. Of place : in the rear, at the back, behind ; fig.
concealed ; ahind afore, hind-foremost ; to walk ahind afore,
to walk backwards.

Sc. Here heids had humps ahint that, tow'rin', seemed A fairy
helmet, ALLAN Lilts (1874) 65. Per. A' mind him gettin' a tear ahint,
and the mend's still veesible, IAN MACLAREN Brier Bush (1895) 240.
Gall. The reed lowe jookin' through the bars, and the puir, puir
craiters yammerin' ahint, CROCKETT Raiders (1894) xvii. N.Cy.1
To ride ahint. Nhb. Ah canna rightlys mak' him oot noo ! There's
somethin' ahint, Ah doot ! CLARE Love of Lass (1890) I. 50; We
stagger'd a hint se merry-o, A^. Minstrel (1806 -7) pt. iv. 81; Nhb.1
Come in ahint [the familiar cry of the drover to his dog]. Wm.1
Tha's alias ahint like a coo's taal. n.Yks.1 He's close ahint.
w.Yks.2 To ride at-hint [to ride behind another person on the same
horse]. War.3 Why bless me, child! you've put your hat on ahind
afore. Glo. But this 'ere time I'd a 'ad to leave Willum a-hind,
BUCKMAN Darke's Sojourn (1890) 60.

4. Behindhand ; backward (of the state of vegetation).
n-Yks.1 I'm afraid I'm late? — Nae, thou's nane sae mich ahint;

n.Yks.2 All's a-hint w.Yks. Ahinthand (JE.B.).
B. To be ahind, (i) to be in error, (2) to come out of an affair
at a disadvantage ; to come in ahint one, to take the ad-
vantage of one ; to fall ahint, to be disappointed in one's
expectations ; to get on ahint one, see below ; not to be
ahint, to be equal with respect to retaliation or revenge ;
cf. to be even with.

(i) Sc. Ahint, expressive ol error or mistake in one's supposition
in regard to anything (JAM.). (2) n-Yks.1 They say Josey's come
badly on ?— Nae, he's not that far ahint. Sc. 'Had M'Vittie's folk
behaved like honest men,' he said, ' he wad hae liked ill to come
in ahint them, and out afore them this gate,' SCOTT Rob Roy (1817)
xxxvi ; Ye've fa'n ahind there. To get on ahint one, to get the
advantage of one in a bargain, to take him in [said to allude to the
practice of leaping up behind an enemy on horseback, and holding
his hands]. I shanna be ahint wi' you (JAM.).

t4-, at (pref.s) + -hind (cp. behind). Cp. ME. at-hinden,
cet-hindan : Se cyning ferde him aet-hindan, the King
went after them, Chron. A.D. 1016.]
AHM, see Harm, v.

AHOME, adv. prop. phr. Sc. Yks. Lan. Chs. Stf. Der.
War. Shr. Wil. Written a-whoam Yks. Lan. ; a-wham
Shr.1 ; a-whom Der. ; a-whum Stf.1 ; a-wom Chs.1 War.
[Sc. s-he-m ; Lan. &c. a-wo'm, a-wirm.] Within doors,
at home.

Ayr., Gall. Ye better bide ahame the day (JAM. Suppl.). Yks.
I felt almost a-whoam, FETHERSTON Farmer, 5. Lan. I ax thur if

AHOMEL

AIGLE

Mr. Justice wur o Whoam, TIM BOBBIN View Dial. (1746) 27
ed. 1806 ; Lan.l For there's no peace i'th world iv there's n
peace awhoam, WAUGH Sags. (1859) Jamie's Frolic. Chs.1
Stf.1 Is the doctor a-whum ? Der. You sitten a-whom here, an
thinken, HOWITT Clockmaker, i. nw.Der.1 Awhom. War. (J.R.W.)
War.2 Awum, s.v. A, pref. Shr^'E wunna-d-a-wham. Wil. The
Headborough shud not ha kept them a whome, Masque (1636; 9.
[A-, at (pref?) +home.]
AHOMEL QAM.), see Awhummel.
AHORSE, adv. n.Cy. (HALL.) Not found in any
n. gloss, or books ; doubtful whether any such wore
exists. On horseback.

[ME. They scholde him sende al the knyghtis That on
hors ride myghte, A/is. 2611.]

A-HUH, adj. Cum. Yks. Lan. War. Nhp. Shr. e. An. Sus.
Hmp. Som. With great variety of forms. See below.
[a-5', 3-5', w.Yks. awoir, a-iu\]

1. Awry, lop-sided, aslant, esp. in ntt-a-huh, all-of-a-huli,
nll-a-one-hoh.

Cum. A-heh, to one side (J. P. ). n-Yks.1 All-ahuh, all on one side,
awry, askew. m.Yks.1 w.Yks. [Of a faulty knife] Ah, I see, it's
all awow (S.O.A.). ne.Lan.1 Ahuh. All-of-a-heugh, all on one
side. Nhp.1 You've put your shawl on all ahuh. If the word
is preceded by the pronoun ' one,' the a is dropped, and it is said to
be ' all of one huh ' ; Nhp.2 The luoad's all ahoh. War. Ahuh, all-
of-a-heugh (J.R.W. ). Shr.1 All-a-yock, all awry ; Shr.2 Ayoh,
Ahuh, Aumph, All ayoh. Brks.1 A rick is said to be all-a-ho when
settled out of the perpendicular. e.An.1 Ahuh, better Ahoe, and
sometimes All-of-a-hugh ; e.An.2 That is not flush,— it stands all-a-
one-hoh. Sns. Ahuh, HOLLOWAY. Hmp.1 All-a-hoh. I.W.2 All
of a hoogh, out of shape, or place. That ere wut rick is all of
a hoogh. Wil.1 All-a-huh, All-a-hoh, unevenly balanced. That
load o' earn be aal-a-hoh ; Wil.2 All-a-hoh. w.Som.1 Why, thee's
a got the rick all a-ugh ; he'll turn over nifdus-n put a paust toun.
An' wunt yer onner ha that wee-wowy auld olive down ? I do
zim he do grow all a huh like. Dhik-ee pau's uz au-1 uv u uuh
[that post is quite one-sided]. Poor old fellow, he is come to go
all of a ugh. Tech. Slang. Why, 'tis all-a-hoh like a dog's hind-
leg [in printing, of matter made up ' out of the straight '] (W.W.S.).
2- Fig. (i) Wrong, not 'straight,' straightforward, or open ;
cf. Agley, 2 ; (2) upset, vexed, anxious.

( i) Yks. It was all ahug on 'em to deu that way ; they wanted to
deceive 'em (W.H.). (2) Hmp.1 He was quite a-hoh because a
shower came^on, he thought 'ud spoil his hay.

[OE. awoh, aslant, wrongfully, comp. of woh, crooked,
awry ; cp. Goth, wahs (in unwatts, blameless).!

A-HUNDRED-FALD, sb. n.Cy. [a-vrndadfald.] Ga-
hutn verum, Our Lady's Bedstraw.

n.Cy. As the flowers are exceedingly numerous and clustered our
common people call the plant A-hundred-fald, JOHNSTON Bot e
Bord. (1853) ioo.

A-HUNGERED,//. Brks. [a-u-ned.] Hungry.

Brks.1 I be a-veelin' ahungerd.

[He was afterward an hungred, BIBLE Matt. iv. 2 (Alt the

last he was an hungred, TINDALE). In P. Plowman occur

the : forms an hungred (c.) x. 85, ahungerd (-s.) xix. 123. OE

V-fyngroct wof of-hyngrian, to be excessively hungry.]

•5 UI*GRY, ao). Wor. [a-B'rigri.] Hungry.

se.Wor.1 A-ongry, hungry.

JPSF** a'tends vou- sir.— I am not a-hungry, SHAKS
M.Wves i. ,. 280. The prefix is perhaps duf to the in-
fluence of a-hungered (above) ; see A- W«n

AL, see A-, Oa-, Ou-, Ow-.

AIBLINS, see Ablins.

. Obs. Sc. (JAM.) An echo.

the

Sc'

To echo.

s aiken-

siAeMof^cL, uled forTa?^"' * ™
[Etym. unknown.]

frae bank to

. »"o«t

AICHEE, sb. Glo. Also written akee. [ai'kl, a'ke.]
The hedge-sparrow.

Glo.1

[Perhaps forms of 1 key, familiar form of Isaac (hedge-
sparrow), probably by popular etym. for ME. /leysugge
(hedge-sparrow) in CHAUCER M. P. v. 612, and Owl & N.
505. OE. hegesugge. See Haysuck.]

AID, sb. Shr. Also written ade Shr.2 [ed.] A gutter
or ditch cut across a ploughed field.

Shr.1 Aid, a gutter cut across the'buts'of ploughed lands to carry
off the water from the 'reans' ; Shr.2 I imagine it means simplvan
aid for the water to escape.

[Perhaps the same word as Ade, q.v.]

AID, see Hade.

AIDEN, see Eident.

AIFER, sb. Obs. Sc. (JAM.)

Slk. Aifer, a term used by old people in Ettrick Forest, to denote
the exhalations which arise from the ground in a warm, sunny day :
now almost obsolete.

[Etym. unknown.]

AIG, sb. Obs. or obsol. n.Cy. Sourness.

N.Cy.1 Aig, sourness, in a slight degree. The milk has got an aig.

[Cp. Fr. aigre, sour ; see Aigre.]
AIG, ad'

— , Jdj. w.Yks. [eag.] Eager.

'.Yks.5 Speaking of a profitless occupation, a man says that he
isn't so aag after that business.

[Fr. aigre, eager ; see above.]

AIGAR, sb. usually in pi. Obs. or obsol. n.Sc. Also
written aiger, egger, egges. See below.

n.Sc. Aigars, grain dried very much in a pot, for being ground in
a quern or handmill (JAM.).

2. Comp. Aigar-brose, Aigar-meal.

n.Sc. Aigar-brose [is] a sort of pottage made of [aigar] meal.
Aigar-meal is meal made of grain dried in this manner (JAM.).
Sc. I have met with only one person having heard of aiger-meal.
She had many times heard her mother with several old people tell-
ing that when children [came] running in hungry at dinner-time,
it would be said to them, ' You are coming in for your aiger-meal '
MACDUFFSC.M 6- g. (1891) IV. 78; Others made use of egger meal,
consisting of equal portions of oat, pease and bear meal. It took
rise from the beggars mixing different kinds in the same bag,
RAMSAY Sc. in Eighteenth Century (1888) II. 202. Per. It is known
to many old people in Thornhill, but the word [aigar-meal] is not
now used because the mixture— oatmeal and pease meal, the larger
proportion being pease meal — is no longer made (G.W.).

[Etym. unknown.]

AIGH, v. w.Yks. [e.]

Aigh, to frighten, to control through fear, or awe,' Hlfx. Wds.

[Cp. ME. aighe, eighe, OE. ege, cege, fear, dread, Goth.
agis ; related to ON. agi, whence lit.E. awe.]

AIGHINS,s6.//. n.Sc. (JAM.) Owings ; what is owing
to one ; esp. used as denoting demerit.

n.Sc. I'll gie you your aighins [used in threatening to correct a
child].

[Aighin, vbl. sb. of aigh (lit.E. owe], OE. agon, to possess.]
AIGLE, sb. Midi, counties, Shr. Also in Dev. Also
written agle S.Wor.1 [egl.]

1. An icicle.

Midi. MARSHALL Rur. Econ. (1790). Lei.1 Aigle, Iggle. War.3
3ron. iggle. w.Wor.1 See ahl them aigles 'angin' to the thack;
tis mighty teart this marnin'. Shr.1 It must a bin freezin 'ard

the neet, theer's aigles o' ice 'angin' from the aisins.

2. A spangle, tinsel ornament. ? Obs.

Shr.1 Aigles, obs. ? Han 'ee sin Bessy Pugh sence 'er'scomen back
nrom Lunnun ; 'er's got a bonnet as shines all o'er like aigles on
i showman ; Shr.2 Aigle, Aiglet, a spangle, the gold or silver tinsel
irnamenting the dress of a showman or rope dancer.

3. Scintillations such as appear on the surface of iron pots
when removed from the fire.

Shr.1 Aigles ... are supposed to be lamillae of salts of iron,
aused by the decomposition of the pots by the gases from the fire.
Mind w eer yo' put'n that marmint aw'ilde the aigles bin on it.

4. Comp. Aigle-tooth, a tooth sharp and pointed like a
needle.

n.Dev. Stiverpowl George, wi' th' aigle tooth, ROCK Jim an' Nell
1867) 31.

[Fr. aiguille, a. needle, also used of various things termi-
nating in a point (HATZFELD). See Aglet, Haggle-tooth.]

AIGLED

AIM

AIGLED, ppl. adj. Shr. Covered with ' aigles.' See
Aigle, 2.

Shr.2 He's aigled all o'er.
AIGRE, adj. n.Cy. w.Yks. Lan. Dor. Obsol.

1. Sour, tart.

n.Cy. Eager, Aigre, sour, tending to sourness, sharp, GROSE ( 1790)
MS. add. (P.1) Cum. GROSE (1790). Yks. Aygre . . . still in use
(HALL.). w.Yks.1 ; w.Yks.5 Aagar beer, turn'd sour with, or by
reason of, the thunder. n.Lan. It's a lile bit ower aigre [said of
vinegar] (W.H.H.). Dor. Eiger, BARNES Gl. (1863).

2. Of wind: sharp, cutting.

Cum. Eager, Aigre, sharp, sometimes applied to the air, GROSE
1,1790). n.Lan. '.W.H.H.)

[1. It doth posset And curd, like eager (aygre, 1602)
droppings into milk, SHAKS. Ham. i. v. 69 ; Aigret, some-
what tart, sharp or eager, COTGR. ; Breed Kneden with
eisel strong and egre, CHAUCER R. Rose 217. 2. It is a
nipping and an eager ayre, SHAKS. Ham. i. iv. 2. OFr.
aigre, sharp, keen, sour.]

AIGRE, see Eagre.

AIK, see Hake.

AIKER, see Acre.

AIKERIT, adj. Obs. Sc. (JAM.) Also written aikert,
yaikert.

Twd. Aikerit, eared. Weil aikerit, having full ears ; applied to
grain.

[A deriv. of OE. cehher, eher (Nhb.), ear (WS.), an ear of
corn ; see Icker.]

AIKIE GUINEAS, sb. pi. Sc. (JAM.)

Rnf. Aikie guineas, the name given by children to small flat
pieces of shells, bleached by the sea.

AIKRAW, sb. s.Sc. The Lichen Scrobiculatus (JAM.).

s.Sc. L. Scmbiculatus, pitted warty Lichen, with broad glaucous
leaves: Anglis. aikraw, LiGHTFOOT/YoraS«>ftaj(i792)85o-i(jAM.).

[Aik, oak + raw. For raw, cp. Stane-raw, a name of the
Rock-liverwort.]

AIL, sb.1 Yks. Hrt. Hmp. Som. [eal, el.] An illness,
ailment, or complaint.

Hrt Staggers and other ails, ELLIS Mod. Husb. (1750) III. i. 69.
Hmp. The ail or complaint layalong th' chine, WHITE Selborne(l^8S)
280, ed. 1853.

2. An evil.
n.Yks.2 Ails, evils.

3. Comp. Quarter-ail.

Som. Ail, ailment, disease in the hind-quarters of animals, quarter-
ail, W. & J. Gl. (1873).

[An ayl, an illness, sickness, BAILEY (1721) ; Aile, tnor-
bus, COLES (1679). ME. The word occurs in the form
tile, meaning pain, in Ancren Riwle (c. 1230) 50. OE. egle,
troublesome, grievous. Cp. Goth, agio, distress.]

AIL, sb.2 Rarely sing. Nhp. War. Won Hrf. Glo. Brks.
Hrt. Ess-. Ken. Sur. Sus. Hmp. I.W. and all sw. counties.
Also written aile Wil. Cor.1 ; eyle Wil.1 ; ile War. Hrf.2
Ess.1 Ken.12 Wil.1 w.Som.1 Dev. Cor.1; oil Sus.1 Hmp.1
Dev.4; oileCor.1; hail Wil. ; hile Dev. Cor.1 ; hoilDor.1;
hoile Ken.1 See below, [ail, m. oil.]

1. The beards or awns of barley or any other bearded
grain ; rarely, the husk of any corn.

Nhp.1 Ail, or Ayl, the beard or awn of barley. Pile is synony-
mous in Stf. and Wor. War. Ails, or lies (J.R.W.). se.Wor.1
Hrf.2 lies, awns of barley, cone wheat, &c. [see Spiles]. Glo.
Ails, called awns in the north, GROSE (1790) MS. add. (M.) ; Glo.1
Ails. Hrt. Tails, or Ails, ELLIS Mod. Husb. (1750) VI. iii. 71. Ess.
Ails, see Awns, RAY (1691). Ken.12, Sur.1, Sus.1 I.W.12Aails,
beards of barley, called barley aails. Wil.1 The black knots on the
delicate barley straw were beginning to be topped with the hail,
JEFFERIES Gt. Estate 1^1880) i. Dor.1 w.Som.1 Ails, the beard of
barley when broken off from the grain. These little spears are
always called baar'lee aayulz. The individual husks of any corn
are also called aayulz. The term is only applied to the separated
spear or husk— never when still attached to the grain. Ee-v u-gau -t
u aa-yul u daewst een dh-uy oa un [he has an ail of dust — i.e. a
husk in his eye]. Dev. Yu can't use barley-dowst vurbedties, 'cuz
tha iles wid urn inttt 'e, HEWETT Peas. Sfi. (1892) s.v. Barley-ile.
Cor.i Hile, Aile, Ile.

2. Comp. Barley-ail.

Brks.1 Barley-oyles. Hmp.1 Barley-oils, the beard or prickles.
Dev. Barley-ile, the beard of ripe barley, HEWETT Peas. Sp. ^1892,.

Hence Aily, adj.

Nhp.1 If any of the awns adhere to the corn after it is dressed for
market, it is said to be ally.

[Ails, beards of wheat, BAILEY (1721) ; An oile (beard
of corn), arista, COLES (1679); Iles, or Giles, WORLIDGE
Syst. Agric. (1669) ; Areste, the eyle, awme, or beard of
an ear of corn, COTGR. ; These twice-six colts had pace so
swift, they ran Upon the top-ayles of corn-ears, nor bent
them any whit, CHAPMAN Iliad (1603) xx. 211. OE. egl;
occurs in Gospels, Hwi gesihst J>u ba egle on bines brobor
eagan ? Luke vi. 41.]

AIL, v. In gen. dial, use in Sc. and Eng. Also written
eelieSc. [el.]

1. To aftect with pain or uneasiness ; to trouble.

Sc. What's ailin' ye, Peter? IAN MACLAREN Auld Lang Sync
(1895) 122. Wm. & Cum.1 What ails ta Jemmy, CLARK Seymon
and Jammy (1779) 1. i. n.Yks.2 That's in 'em that ails 'em [persons
have naturally the kind of temper they usually exhibit]. ne.Lan.
Whatailsthee? MATHER/rfy//s(i895)258. e-Lan.1 Not.2 What ails
thee ? Nhp.2 Dunna kneow what ealt him. Glo. What ails you ?
BAYLIS Illtts. Dial. (1870). [What aileth you ? (K.).]

2. To be unwell or suffering in body, to have something
amiss with one ; to ail away, to dwindle.

Sc. The strangirs sail eelie awa'. RIDDLE Ps. (1857) xviii. 45;
Ane skaddaw that eelys awa', ib. cii. i r. n.Cy. (W.W.S.) Nhb.
Ailiet away (R.O.H.). Cum. She's varra ailing, LINTON Lake Cy.
(1864) 295; Gl. (1851). w.Yks. It niver did ailowt at aw know
on, HARTLEY Budget (1867) 20. e.Yks.1 Hoo's thy wife, John ?
— Whah, shee's nobbut ailin'. Wor. Mr. Jones enjoys a very
fair share of health ; he's allus ailding (H.K.). w.Wor.1 This
casselty weather dunna suit the owd folks; grandad's but aildin'
like. Ess. More stroken and made of when ought it [a calf]
doo aile, More gentle ye make it, for yoke or the paile, TUSSER
Husbandrie (1580) 81, st. 31.

3. To have cause for dissatisfaction against, to object to.
Sc. What ails ye at them as they are, OLIPHANT Lover and Lass,

ix. Yks. What does ta ail at him (S.P.U.); What do you mean
about a new chapel, Sammy ?' What ails ye at t'oud 'un ? TAYLOR
Miss Miles (1890) ii. Dev. Somebody eales me, or is railing at me,
GROSE (1790) MS. add. (M.)

4. To hinder, prevent.

Sc. What suld ail me to ken it? SCOTT Rob Roy (1817) xviii.

[' What can the fool mean ? ' said old Richard, ' what
can he ail at the dogs ? ' HOGG Tales &° S6. 288. What
ayled the O thou see that thou fleddest, COVERDALE Ps.
cxiv. 5. OE. eglan, to trouble, afflict.]

AILDY, a<#. Yks.(ofe.) Nhp.Hnt. [el'di.] Ailing, poorly.

n.Yks. Ise grown seay healdy, I mun gang to bed, MERITON Praise
Ale( 1697) 1.246. Nhp.1 1 be very aildy to-day. Hnt. Aildy (T.P.F.).

[A pronunc. of aily, ail, vb. + -y.]

AILE, see Aisle.

AILER, see Helen

AILING, vbl. sb. Sc. Yks. [e'lin.]

Sc. Ailin, sickness, ailment (JAM.). w.Yks.5 A long-standing ill-
ness is an ailing.

[See Ail, v.]

AILING-IRON, sb. War. Som. [e'lin-aian, ea'lin-
aian.] An implement for breaking off the ail or spear
from barley, sometimes called a piling iron or barley stamp.

War. Ailing-iron, hand implement for hummellingbarley, MORTON
Cyclo. Agric. (1863). w.Som.1 See Barley-stamp.

[A deriv. of Ail, sb.2]

AILSA-COCK, sb. Sc. n.Irel. [elsa-kok.] The Puffin,
Fratercula arctica ; so called from its breeding about Ailsa
Craig in the Frith of Clyde (C.D.). See Puffin.

Sc., Ant. Ailsa Cock (so called from its favourite haunts), the
Puffin, SWAINSON Birds (1885) 220. N.I.1 See Puffin.

AILSA PARROT, sb. Sc. Ant. The Puffin.

SWAINSON Birds (1885) 220.

AIL-WEED, see HeU-weed.

AIM, sb. Lan. Chs. Stf. Der. War. [em.] An idea,
conjecture ; a like aim, a shrewd guess.

Lan. I don't know, but I have a like aim (H.M.). Chs.1 Do
you know who did it? — Now, bur aw've getten a loike aim.
s.Chs.1 I shall have a better like aim, if yo'n tell me yur price.
Stf.2 Used by old people in the Audley district. Bles dhi,
wensh. oiv nu loikaim Der.2 Aim, attempt nw.Der.1 Aim, idea,
comprehension of any matter. War. (J.R.W.)

AIM

[32]

AIR

[But fearing lest my jealous aim might err, And so un-
worthily disgrace the man, SHAKS. Two Gent. in. i. °
See Aim, v. 2.]

AIM, v. Cum. Wm. Yks. Lan. Der. War. Wor. Hrf.
Glo. Dor. Som. Dev. See below, [yam, iam, earn, em.]
1. To plan, intend, purpose ; to attempt, endeavour.

Cum. I nobbet aim't 1 11 ha' kiss't her, GILPIN Pop. Poetry (1875)
64 Cum.1 He aims to be a gentleman. Cum. & Wm. ' Now
mistress,' said a hospitable farmer to his wife when a friend called.
'if you aim us owt, give us't suin'[if you intend to give usaglass,
do it at once] (M.P.). Wm. Aaiming to hev a good conscience,
HUTTON Bran New Work (1785) 1. 24. Yks.1 Ah dizzint seea hoo
thoo yams tu keep a wife when thoo's gitten her, MACQUOID
D. Barugh (1877) xxii. n-Yks.1 Ah's seear he aimed o' coming.
w.Yks. Ah hedn't aimed hevin' ony (J.R.) ; w.Yks.5 Whear's
tuh aam going to morn ? Lan.1 Hoo'd ha made a rare wife
for onybody 'at had ony sense — hoo would that ! Awd aimt
her dooin weel, and hoo met [might] ha done weel too,
WAUGH Owd Blanket (1866) iii. Der.2 Aim, to attempt. War.2
I aim to do my best for him. I aim and scheme, but nothing
goes well. Wor. Aim to, to intend to (H. K.). w.Wor.1 'Er aimed to
pick it up, but 'twere too 'eavy fur 'er to 'eft it. Hrf.2 You bain't
haimin to muv. I did aim to come. Glo.1 I aimed to come to
Gloucester last wick. Dor. Aiming to arrive about the breakfast
hour, HARDY Tess (1891) 204, ed. 1895. w.Som.1 Niivur muyn
dhur-z u dee-ur, ee daed-n aim t aa-t ee [never mind, there's a
dear, he did not intend to hit you]. Ee du aim tu bee mae-ustur,
doa-unur? [he intends to be master, does he not?] Be sure
nobody widn never aim vor to break in and car away your flowers
[' carry away ' is a common euphemism for steal]. Dev.3 He aimed
to kill his missus, and then he cut his own droat.

2. To suppose, conjecture ; to anticipate, forecast, expect.
Yks. Ah aims there's shops in Steersley, MACQUOID D. Barugh

(1877) bk. i. i. n.Yks.1 What o'clock is it, aim you? I never
aimed he wad ha' ganned yon gate ; n.Yks.2 I aim'd varry badle
[I acted on mistaken views]. w.Yks.5 Whears tuh aim o' going
tul . . . when tuh dies if thah cheats a body an' leuks 'em it't faace
i' this waay ?

3. To aim for, to have : designs upon; of a road, &c., to aim
to, to run in the direction of.

e.Yks. Ah'Il yam fo' sum rich farmer sun, Spec. Dial. (1887) 10.
ne.Yks.1 Yon rooad yams ti Whidby.

4. To prepare to throw, to throw.

w.Yks. He's aimed a stoan at mi heead (S.K.C.). War.2 Don't
you aim at me. Glo.1 Aim, to throw stones.

[1. The ground which we aim to husband must be fat,
WALKER (1680) ; That never aim'd so high to love your
daughter, SHAKS. Per. n. v. 47. 2. Heli therfor eymyde
hir dronken, WYCLIF (1382) i Sam. i. 13 (gesside, 1388) ;
Ah, Nell, forbear ! thou aimest all awry, SHAKS. z Hen. VI,
n. iv. 58. OFr. aemer, aesmer, to esteem, consider ; Rom.
adestimare ; Lat. ad+ aestimare.}

AIM, adj. Yks. Chs. Stf. Der. War. Wor. Shr. Hrf. Ess.
Also written earn, eem Chs.1 ; erne Shr.12 [em.]

1. Of numbers : even.
w.Yks.3 Odd or aim, odd or even.

2. Straight, direct, near, close, of distance, &c., esp. in an
aimer gate, a more direct road ; so, a nearer way Fig
nearly akin, related.

w.Yks. Eym-anent, directly opposite, GROSE (1790) MS. add.
(P.) Chs. This is the heamest road. Come heamer (E.F.) ; Chs.1
You mun go dain th' aimer gate. He lived aimer this way afore

: took yon farm ; Chs.2 Eamby, close by, at hand ; Chs.3 Are
yow going to Knutsford by the road ?— No, au knows an aimer gate.
s.Chs.i They liven eeam by the chapel. Stf.1 Aimer, Aymer ; Stf.2
1 hat big sojer theer wur aimer to th' target nor ony on 'em. Put
s'ePs a bit aimertowart. Der. & Stf. Aimest road (J.K.). Der.2,
nw-Der.1 Eighmer. War.3 w.Wor.1 The emest waay is across
the crafts. Shr. It is quite eem here, not a mile away (E.P.) :
Aimer is a well-known word here (W.W.S.) ; They bin too erne

'"01' (G'FJ-) ; Shnl Cross them filds. it's the
Thls road is full as erne as the tother. Hrf.2

m
emest

fi863)'ll I'sT'
3. Fig. mean, stingy, ' near.'

Tmns-

[1. Possibly wehaveazw in the sense of 'even' in COTGR
Jouez vostrejeu, play an aim cast (at bowles) ME emne,

em- (in compounds), as in emcristen, i.e. even-Christian,
fellow-Christian ; OE. efn (emn) even, cp. ON. jamn.]
AIMATION, sb. n.Yks. [erne-Jan.] Guesswork.

n.Yks.2 We shall get it by aimation. We rooaded it by aimation
[took the road we supposed to be the right one], A soort of aima-
tion [a piece of guesswork].

[Aim, vb. (see 2) + -ation ; a late analogical formation.]
AIMES. see Hames.

AIMLESS, adj. Stf. Der. [e-mlas.] Senseless.

Stf.1; Stf.2 Oi wor moiSard till oi wor emless. Stf. & Der. J.K.
Der. He's a gawky, aimless sort of chap (H.R.).

[Aim, sb. (purpose) + -less.]

AIMSOME, adj. Yks. [I'msam, ye-msam.]

n.Yks.2 Aimsome, ambitious, speculative. m.Yks.1

{Aim, sb. (purpose) + -some.]

AIMSTART, sb. n.Yks. [e'mstat.] A starting-point.

n.Yks.2 This mun be your aimstart.

[Aim, sb. (purpose, object) + start.]

.AIMY, adj. Chs. [e'mi.] Shrewd.

Chs.1 Ee wur a aimy sort o' chap, ee wur.

[Aim, sb. (purpose) + -y.]

AIN,sb. Yks. Not. Lin. Also written ane w.Yks.8 ;
hane Lin. The awn or beard of barley or bearded wheat.

w.Yks. So called in Keighley district (J.R.) ; Hlfx. Wds. ; w.Yks.3
Not.3 Lin. MORTON Cyclo. Agric. (1863).

Hence Ainded, ppl. adj. having awns or ' ains.'

w.Yks. (J.R.) ; w.Yks.2 Ainded wheat, wheat with bearded chaff.

[Anes, awns, spires or beards of barley and other
bearded grain, BAILEY (1770) ; Flaxen wheate hath a
yelowe eare, and bare without anis, FITZHERBERT Hus-
bandry (1534) 40. OE. cegnan, pi., chaff (Corpus GL, 1526).]

AIN, see Hen.

AINS, see Even.

AINT, see Anoint.

AIN'T, see Be.

AIR, sb.1 In var. dial, uses in Sc. Irel. and Ens fir
ea(r), vea(r).]

1. The sky, clouds.

Chs.1 The air broke red [of an aurora borealis]. It shows for
rain, the air is so low. War. (J.R. W.)

2. A current of air in a mine.

Nhb. &Dur. Air, the current or volume of air circulating through
and ventilating a mine, GREENWELL Coal Tr. Gl. (1849).

3. Air of the fire, the heated atmosphere surrounding a
fire ; to take an air of the fire, to warm oneself.

Don. Come in, good woman, an' tak' an air o' the fire, Cornh.
Mag. (Feb. 1877) Fit-Lore. Cav. Take an air of the fire this
snowy day (M.S.M.). Con. Won't ye take an air of the fire,
O'Toole ? LUCAS Romantic Lover in Chapman's Mag. (Oct. 1895).
s.Chs.1 Come thy wees (ways, within air o'th fire, fur raly tha
looks heef starved jeth [half frozen to death].

4. The chill, in phr. to take theair off the drink. (In e.An.
they say to take the aam oflf the drink. See Aam.)

Shr.2 To take the chill from beer is usually denoted by the
phrase ' tak the hair off the drink.' Its coud, jist out o' the cellar,
yoden [you hadden] better tak the yare offit

5. A small quantity of anything ; a ' whiff' ; a taste.
S.&Ork.1 Apeerieair, a mere tasting. Air, a very small quantity.

Or.I. Ere. JEr, a very small quantity (S. A.S.). Bnff.1 Gee me an air
o' yir mill. Tack in by yir chair, sit doon, an' tack an air o' the
pipe, an gee's a' yir uncos.

6. pi. Fits of ill-humour; fretfulness.

Cum.1 He's in his airs to-day. nXin.1 She's in her airs to-daay.
Vhp.1 Let us have none of your airs [applied to the humoursome
retfulness of children]. e.Ken. She has just got her airs, and when
saucepans fly I walk out G.G.).

7. Comp. and attrib. Air-bleb ; -box; -course; -crossing;
gate, -head, in mining : a passage for ventilation ; -peg ;
way.

n.Yks.2 Air-blebs, (i) bubbles ; (a) unsound schemes. n-Lin.1 Air
>leb, a bubble. Nhb.1 Air-boxes, tubes of wood used for ventila-
lon in a pit where there is only one passage or opening, Min. Gl.
Newc. Terms (1853). Nhb. & Dur. Air-box, a square wooden tube
used to convey air into the face of a single drift, or into a sinking
:, GREENWELL Coal Tr. Gl. (1849) ; Air-course, see Air-way, ib.
Nhb.1 Air-crossing, an arch built over a horseway or other road, with
a passage or air-way above it, Min. Gl. Newc. Terms (1852). w.Yks.
Air-gate, a road or way driven in the coal for purposes of ventilation

AIR

[33]

AIT

(S.J.C.). s.Stf. Air-head, a channels feets inches bysfeeteinches,
driven on a level with the topof the gate-road [i.e. the passage along
which the coals are carried]. Mining G/.(i852). n.Lin.1 Air-peg,the
vent-peg of a barrel ; also called spile-peg in Nhp. Nhp.1 Nhb. 1 Air-
way, a passagealong which the current of air travels in acollierj'. Nhb.
&Dur. Air-course or Air-way, GREENWELI. Co«/ Ti: Gl. (1849). [Air-
ways, headings or passages in a mine along which there is a constant
circulation of fresh air between the down-east shaft, the working;
places, and the up-cast shaft, Gl. Lab. (1894";.]

[1. Where should this music be ? i' the air or the earth :
SHAKS. Temp. i. ii. 387 ; When the sun sets the air doth
drizzle dew, ib. R. Sr° J. in. v. 127 ; Nicholas . . . ever gaped
upward in-totheeirjCHAUCERC.J1. A. 3473. 6. Hoity! toity!
cries Honour, Madam Is in her airs, I protest, FIELDING
Tom Jones, viii ; You will get cured of all these whims and
airs of yours some day, BLACK Madcap V. v. 41. This usage
in the pi. is of Fr. origin ; cp. HATZFELD, Prendre, sedonner
des airs, affecter une certaine maniere d'etre. Fr. air, Lat. ae>:]

AIR, sb.2 Or. and Sh. I. Also in Wm. and Lan. [er,
es(r).] A sandbank, or ridge made by the action of water;
a beach.

Or.&Sh.I. They have some Norish woods . . .such as air, a sand-
bank, BRAND Zetland (1701) 70 (JAM.); Most of the extensive
beaches on the coast are called airs ; as Stour-air, Whale-air, ED-
MONSTON Zetl. (1809) I. 140 (ib.). Or.I. By beach and by cave. . .
By air, and by wick, and by helyer and gio, And by every cold shore
which the northern winds know, SCOTT Pirate(iB22} xix. S. fcOrk.1
Aer, a sandbank or beach ; sometimes a stone aer. Aer, applied
to several places having extensive ' Aers ' or smooth beaches near
them ; ex. the Aers of Sellivoe, the Aers of Strom. Wm.1 Ayr,
a low headland. ne.Lan.1 Aire, land warped up by floods or tides,
and liable to be overflowed by them.

[ON. eyrr (mod. eyri), a gravelly bank, a small tongue of
land running into the sea; cp. Dan. ore, Sw. or, found in
Helsing-6'r (Elsinore).]

AIR, adj. and adv. Sc. [er.]

1. adj. Early.

Sc. Come it air, come it late, in May comes the cow-quake,
RAMSAY Prov. (1737) ; Air day or late day the fox's hide finds
aye the flaying knife, SCOTT Rob Roy (1817) xxvii; An air winter's
a sair winter, SWAINSON Weather Flk-Lore (1873) 8. Abel. You
wou'd na hae kent fat to mak o' her, unless it had been a gyr-carlen,
or to set her up amon' a curn air bear [early barley] to fley away
the ruicks, FORBES Jrn. (1742) 2 (JAM.).

2. adv.

Sc. What brings you out to Liberton sae air in the morning,
SCOTT Midlothian (1818) xxvii ; Let us awa' air til the vineyairds,
ROBSON Sng. Sol. (1860) vii. 12. Rnf. Vext and sighin' late and air,
WILSON Watty (1792) 9, Newc. ed. Ayr. I'm weary sick o't late
and air! BURNS To Dr. Blacklock (1789 . Lnk. She jeers me air
and late, RAMSAY Gentle Shep. (1725) I. i. e.Lth. Blinkin' like an
air-up hoolet, HUNTER J. Inwick (1895) 105.

Hence .Airness, sb. the state or condition of being early
(JAM.).

Sc. The airness of the crap.

[Quha is content rejoycit air or lait, DOUGLAS Pal. Hon.
n. xxix ; O^er ich hit do ungledliche, o£er to er o¥er to
late, Ancren Riwle, 338. OE. cer, adj. and adv., former, for-
merly, early.]

AIR,j;. Or.andSh.I.w.Yks.Lan.Der.War. Shr. [ea(r).]

1. To warm, ' take the chill off.' e.An. aam is used with
the same meaning.

e.Lan.1 Air, to warm moderately, as drink. When excessively
cold it is aired at the fire. Shr.2 Hair.

Hence Aired, ///. adj.

Yks. You must use aired water for the tea-cakes (F.P.T.). Der.2
Aired water, water with the chill taken off. War. (J.R.W.)

2. To taste.
S.& Ork.i

[1. This is a specific use of the vb. in the usual sense
of to warm, applied usually in lit. E. to the drying of
damp linen. See Air, sb.1 4. 2. See Air, sb.1 5.]

AIR, see Ere.

AIRD, see Ard.

AIREL, sb. Obs. Sc. (JAM.)

1. An old name for a flute ; properly applied to a pipe
made from a reed.

Arg., Slk.

VOL

2. Musical tones, of whatever kind.

Rxb. The beetle began his wild airel to tune And sang on the
wynde with ane eirysome croon, Wint. Ev. Tales, II. 203.

[Probably a deriv. of air, Fr. air, a tune, sound or air in
music.]

AIRESS, see Hairif.

AIRF, AIRFISH, see Argh.

AIRISH, adj. Sc. n. and e.Yks. [e'rij, ea'ri/.] Chilly,
breezy.

Sc. Airish is still commonly used all over Scotland for chilly
(H.E.F.). n.Yks. Airish is used in the dales, but not commonly
(R.H.H.). e.Yks. The mornings are airish, BEST Rur. Econ. (1641)
18; (S.K.C.)

[This word is found in CHAUCER, but only in the sense
of aerial, belonging to the air : (I) beheld the eyrish bestes,
Hous F. 964. Air+-ish.]

AIRTLING, see Ettle!

AIRUP, see Hairif.

AIRY, adj. Cum. n.Lin. [i'ri, ea'ri.] Breezy.

Cum.1 It's rayder airy to-day. n.Lin.1

[O'er airy wastes to rove, POPE Windsor F. 167. A ir + -y.]

AISE, see Ash.

AISH, sb. Dor. [aif.] One of the strata of Purbeck
beds.

Dor.Though associated with the Burr, this bed [aish] from its fissile
or slatycharacter iseasily separated from it, DAMON Geol. Weymouth
( 1860) 98. Dor. The tops of the longer stumps of trees pass through
the burr into the aish, the uneven surface of which often serves to
indicate the presence of trees beneath, ib. 115, ed. 1884 ; The aish
bed is above the soft burr and under a bed of clay (J.H.M.).

AISH, see Arrish.

AISLE, sb. Sc. Yks. Lan. Chs. Wil. Som. Amer. [ail.]

1. A space for passage in any building ; esp. the central
thoroughfare in a mill, shop, &c. Cf. alley, sb.1 1.

w.Yks. Aisle is used in Keighley for any passage between pews in
a chapel, and the alley past the ends of looms ; the interval where
the weaver stands when at work being known as the gate (J.R.) ;
Aisle, a passage between seats in any building. Aisle, Alley, are
also used for the principal thoroughfare in a workshop, and must
not be confused with loom-gate, nor with gangway (the thorough-
fare between two buildings built overhead), nor with passage (a
narrow way between two buildings). Gangway, passage, aisle, and
alley have distinct meanings in our vernacular (B. K.). Lan. The
passage between pewsina church is always called an aisle(S.W.) ;
I have heard the space between the counters of a shop called the
aisle in Liverpool, ./V. & Q. (1890) 7th S. x. 53. s.Chs. Any pas-
sage between pews (T.D.). w.Som.1 Aisle, the passage between
the pews in a church or chapel. No distinction is made between
nave and aisles ; but there is u aa-yul to every church : see Alley.
[Amer. Instead of shopping they trade, and while thus engaged
recognize a friend across the aisle, N. & Q. (1890) 7th S. ix. 406.]

2. A projection from the body of a church, one of the
wings of a transept.

Per. (G.W.)

3. An enclosed and covered burial-place, adjoining to a
church though not forming a part of it.

Sc. Donald was buried in the laird of Drum's aile, SPALDING
Hist. Troubles in Sc. (1792) II. 282 (JAM.). Abd. & Per. The burial-
place of the laird's family is frequently called the aile (G.W.).

4. Double rows of wheat-sheaves set up to dry.
s-Wll. MARSHALL Review (1817) V. 218.

[1. As up the ayle with mind disturb'd, I walk, RICHARD-
SON Pamela (N.E.D.). Fr. aile, Lat. ala, a wing. For the
sense cp. BAILEY (1755) : Isle, a long passage in a church
or public building. This is the same word as ME. tie (yle],
Fr. He, often Latinized as insula in legal documents. E.
aisle owes its spelling to Fr. aile, and its pronunc. to Fr. He.]

AISLE, see Hazzle, v.

AISLE-TOOTH, see Axle-tooth.

AIT, sb.1 Var. dial. Also written eyot. See below,
[ait.] An island in a river ; an osier-bed.

s.Not. The osier ait above the weirs, Not. Guard. (Aug. 8, 1895) 7.
Wor.Ait, Nait, Eyot, island. Also applied to an osier-bed, whether
an island or not (H.K.) ; The island now called the Neight at
Deerhurst on the Severn, ALLIES Antiq. (1840) 188. s.Wor.1
se.Wor.1 Naight, an eyot, an osier bed. Brks.1 Ait, or Aayte, a river-
island, or flat on the bank with osiers growing. Mid. Fog up the
river where it flows among green aits and meadows, DICKENS Bleak

F

AIT

[34]

AKEYBO

House(i&53) i. Hmp. They roosted in the aits of that river, WHITF
Selborne (1788) 31, ed. 1853.

Hence Eyoty, adj. Of the nature of an ait or island.

Hmp.1 That eyoty piece near the ford.

[He enjoyed a party of pleasure in a good boat on the
water to one of the aits or aislets in the Thames, EDGE-
WORTH Patronage (1814) xix (DAV.) ; Ait, a little island in
a river where osiers grow,_BAiLEY (n2i)_. Merc, egeofi,
OE. ~igeocf, an islet, deriv. of ig, teg, Merc, eg, island. The
termination with / is prob. due to French influence ; cp.
Fr. -et, -of.}

AIT, sb? Obs. (?) Rnf. A custom, a habit ; esp. used
of a bad one (JAM.).

AITCH, sb. w.Yks. [eat/.] A mantelpiece.

w.Yks. The universal name for a mantelpiece in the villages about
Wakefield and towards Leeds (S.O.A.).

[Possibly this word is a peculiar use of the name for the
letter ft.]

AITCH, see Ache.

AITCH-BONE, sb. Yks. Der. Lei. Nhp. War. Mid.
Hnt. Suf. Ken. Sus. Hmp. Dev. [e'tj-bon.] The bone
of the rump of beef ; the meat which this bone includes.

w.Yks.1 Nache-bone. Der.1 Nhp.1 The extreme end of a rump
of beef, cut obliquely. Lei.1 War.3 While there is no joint called
aitch-bone cut from the carcase of the sheep, the haunch-bone in
a haunch of mutton is by butchers also called the aitch-bone. Mid.
Ache-bone, part of y» rump, RAY (1691) MS. add. (J.C.) Hnt.
(T.P.F.), Suf.1 Ken.2 Ach-bone. Sus.2 Hmp.1 Aich-bone. Dev.
A saddle of mutton at one end, and an aitch-bone, not over-boiled.
at the other, BLACKMORE Kit (1890) III. x.

[The proper form, being that identical with theorig. Fr,
is nache.— The 'nache' in some writers, also the 'tail-
points' by others, YOUNG (BRITTEN, 97) ; Upon the hue
bone and the nache by the tayle, FITZHERBERT Hush.
(J534) 53- The dial, forms have mostly lost the initial
n through coalescence with the indef. adj. an, hence ache,
aich, aitch. The earliest example of the word found with-
out the n is in Bk. St. A/bans, where hack boon occurs ; see
SKEAT, 777. The ache bone, os coxendicis, COLES (1699).
The word does not occur in JOHNSON in any form. OF
nache, a buttock ; Rom. natica, adj., from natis, a buttock.]

AITCHORN, see Acorn.

AITCH-PIECE, sb. Cor. [e-tj-pis.] The catch or
tongue of a buckle.

Cor.12

[Named from the shape, like that of the letter HI

AITEN, sb. Obs. Slk. (JAM.) A partridge.

[Prob. ait, oat + hen. Many names of this bird contain
some equiv. of hen as the latter element of the comp • cp
Sw. rapphona, G. rebhuhn, feldhuhn, Du. rap-hoen, EFris
rap-hen.]

AITH,sb. Obs. Sc. QAM.)

Frf. Aith or Aiftland, that kind ofland called infield, which is made
to carry oats a second time after barley, and has received no dung

AITH, see Earth.

AITHER, see Arder, Either-.

AITNACH, sb. Obs. Sc. Also in the forms etnach
' ''

.u' .umperernes.

Abd. [She] spies beneath a buss of-what-ye-ca't ? Ay, etnagh-

berries i [ist ed. eatin-], and yeed down the brae, And there she

a thiiri Ac o- Mil, iT , ,. L-"-""J >*"«" 6*c Her ua

26 (JAM) S<! Wud' TAYLOR Poems

CP- «•&»/, juniper (M. & D.).]

Shn GI°- Also written

1. A madcap frolic, a foolish prank.

or Tthe'r. ' Wamnd *»' bin °ff now on some wild aitredan

V Tfntri!,m XT* noisv quarrel, a fuss.

S

' ^ 3nd adj~ SU- Cold' bleak weather ; also
S. & Ork.1 ; Aitrie, Aittrie (JAM. Siippl.}.

AIVER, see Eaver, Havour.

AIVERIE, adj. Sc. [e'vari, ye-vari.]

Abd. & Per.Aiverie is a very well known word meaning not very
hungry, but eager to get at food, &c. They are a' yevery to be fed.
Dinna eat sae yivvery like [greedily] (G. W. ). Rxb. Aiverie, very
hungry; a term nearly obs. (JAM.)

Hence Yevrisome, adj.

Dmf. Yevrisome, having an appetite perpetually craving (JAM.
s.v. Yevery).

[Aver, goods, possessions {Apr. aveir, Lat. Jiabere) + -y.
So avery would mean covetous, hungry, ' eager to have.']

AIVERING, prp. Sc. Written yivverin' Abd.
[i'varin, yi'varin.] Eager for, hungering,y?gr.

Abd. I'm yiverrin' sair for a kiss (G.W.).

AIVRDJ, sb. Sc. [e-vrin.] The larboard.

Bnff.1 In the deep-sea-fishing boatsthereareeight fishermen, each
of whom has his own seat in the boat. The skipper holds the
aivrin hank ; the second man, the aivrin mid-ship ; the third, the
mid-aivrin boo ; and the fourth, the foremast-aivrin boo.

[Aivrin, aifteran, prob. for after-hand, near the hinder-
part of the ship.]

AIVY-KAIVY, see Havey-quavey.

AIWAL, see Awald.

AIXES, see Access.

AIX-TREE, see Ax.

AIYAH, see Near.

AIZAC, see Haysuck.

_ AIZAM- JAZAM, adj. and adv. Stf. War. Wor. Shr. Glo.
[e'zam-dijezam.]

1. adj. Equal in weight, size, or value.

Shr.1 Theer wuz fifteen faggits i' one lot, an' sixteen i' the
tother, an' I put 'em little an' big together, to mak' 'em as 'asam-
jasam as I could.

2. adj. and adv. (i) Fair and square, equitable ; (2) in an
equitable manner.

Stf., War., Wor., Glo. Ayzam-jayzam. ' Upright and downstraight'
is an old term of the same meaning, NORTHALL Flk-Phr. (1894).
War.2 ne.Wor. Aizam-jaizam, honest, ' jannock.' [Of a dishonest
bargain] That job's not quite aizam-jaizam (J.W.P.). (a) Stf., War.,
Wor. I shouldn't care if he'd only act hasum-jasum with me (H.K.).

[Prob. a colloq. formation from lit. E. easy. For ' easy ' in
the sense of equal, even, cp. the familiar phrase in Whist,
' Honours easy.']

AIZE, sb. Sh.I. [ez.] A large blazing fire.

S. & Ork.1 Aze.

[ON. eysa,^ glowing embers, cognate with usli, a confla-
gration ; OE.ysle, embers.]

AIZIN', see Easing.

AIZLE, see Hazzle, v., Easle.

AIZLE-TOOTH, see Axle-tooth.

AJY, see Agee.

AKE, sb. Cor. [ek.]

Cor.1 Ake, a groove in a stone used for an anchor (peculiar to
Cornwall) to receive a rope or iron band to prevent it from slipping.
Mousehole fishermen ; Cor.2

AKERATE, v. Lin. [a'karet.]

1. To rust as iron does.

n.Lin.1 We fun' sum shackles sich es thaay ewst to put upo'
prisoners e' ohd times. Thaay was o'must all akeraated awaay,
bud oor Squire thoht a great deal on 'em.

2. To blight.

nXin.1 His crops was that akeraated last year [1879] thaay was
wo'th, in a waay of speaking, noht at all.

AKERMAST, see Acorn-mast.

AKETHA, int. Dev. Cor. Also written akether.
[ake-'Sa.] Quoth he ; forsooth ! indeed !

Dev. Akether, bin ma kit's ago, ROCK Jim an' Nell (1867) st. 68 ;
' Giggling akether ! ' shrieked the old woman, wild with resentment,
'giggling akether!' MADOX-BROWN Dwale Bluth (1876) I. i;
Dev.1 An zo you zim a is maz'd, I'll warnis ;— no more lookee-
dezee than you be. I say maz'd akether, pt. i. 3 ; Dev.3 n.Dev.
Bet es tell en, Marry a-ketha, Emi. Crtshp. (1746) 1. 456; GROSE
(1790) MS. add. (C.) Cor. Thee baan't St George, no moore than
me ; St. George aketha ! J. TRENOODLE Spec. Dial. (1846) 55 ; Cor.1 2

[?r ob- *e9uiv- to 'Ah' I*10'*1 he. With keth cp. ME.
cwed,qued, koth, pret. of quefon, OE. cweSan, to speak. For
the final a see A (pronunciation V. 1 & 2).l

AKEYBO, see ACABO.

AKKA-MANNAA

[35]

ALBUIST

A sullen person,
gloomy, and MDu. akel,

AKKA-MANNAA, see Cakka-man-ah.

AKKER, sb. Pern, [a'ka(r).]

s.Pem. Akker, a boat used for carrying limestone on the Cleddy,
LAWS Little Eng. (1888) 419.

AKKERN, see Acorn.

AKLIN, sb. Sh.I. [a'klin.]

S. & Ork.1

[Cogn. with Du. akelig, dull
grief, n arm.]

AL, see Alley.

ALABLASTER, sb. Nhb. Dur. Cum. Wm. Yks. Lan.
Chs. Der. Lin. Lei. Nhp. War. Won Oxf. Also written ali-
blaster Dur.1 Wm.1 ne.Lan.1 nw.Der.1 Oxf.1 ; allablaster
Chs.1; alleyblaster Nhb.1; allyblaster se.Wor.1 ; all-
plaister w.Yks.1 [a'lablasta(r).] Alabaster.

Nhb.1, Dnr.1 Cum. Sally's just like allyblaster, Her cheeks are
tweerwosebudsinMay,ANDERSONBrtAWs(i8o5)i6. Wm.1 w.Yks.
During a fall of snow, children often sing 'Snow, snow faster, White
alablaster ' (S. K.C.); 'E's as fair as alleyblaster (F.P.T.) ; w.Yks.1 245,
ne.Lan.1. Chs.1, nw.Der.1 n.Lin.1 Thaay fun alablaster at Gainsb'r
when thaay dug railroad, bud it wasn't wo'th oht. It's a straange nist
bairn, it's skin's that clear it's like alablaster. Lei.1, Nhp.1, War.3
s.Wor. Her dear flesh was allis as white as halablaster, PORSON
Quaint Wds. (1875) 23. Oxf.1 DhaaT bent noa guod'luok'n gyuurlz
ubuuwt -nuuw; wen -uuy wuz yoor aij uuy wuz uz faa'r uz aH-
blaa'stuur [Thar ben't no good-lookin' girls about now ; when I
was your age I was as fair as aliblaster].

[Why should a man whose blood is warm within Sit
like his grandsire cut in alablaster, SHAKS. M. Ven. i. i.
84 ; Albaster, allablaster, Albastrin, white as allablaster,
COTGR. ; Alabastrine, made of alleblaster, FLORIO (1611).
In an inventory, temp. Hen. VIII, of the furniture of St.
Martin's at Dover is the following entry : Item, ij imagees
ofwhytealleeblaster, jWo«as/.IV.542(BoucHER). The form
alablaster is found in SYDNEY'S Arcadia, 319 (ed. FRISWELL).
ME. An alablaster, alablastrum, Cath. Angl. This was
the gen. spelling of alabaster in the i6th and lyth cents.
The bl- is doubtless due to sense-association with bleach,
blanch, and other W-forms denoting whiteness.]

ALACK, int. Sc. n.Cy. Yks. Som. Also written
alacke, alake, allake. bla'k. I

1. Alas !

S. & Ork.1 Alake, an exclamation denoting sorrow or regret.
Sc. He says how now how now Childe Maurice, Alacke how may
this bee, JAMIESON Pop. Ballads (1806) Childe Maurice. Ayr.
Alake, alake, the meikle Deil Wi' a' his witches, BURNS To Mr.
Mitchell (1795). Lnk. Alake ! poor pris'ner, RAMSAY Gentle Shep.
(1735) 38, ed. 1783. n.Cy. Alake, alas. Border Gl. (Coll. L.L.B.)
w.Yks. Alack, a form of 'alas,' Hlfx. Wds. ; w.Yks.4 [Allake, a
sigh, bitter exclamation (K.).]

2. In comp. Alack-a-day,an exclamation of grief or distress.
w.Yks. AJack-a-day,aformof'aIastheday,'////i. Wds. w.Som.1

Alack-a-day ! an exclamation of sorrow or regret. Alas-a-day ! or
Alas ! are not heard.

[Nay, what's incredible, alack ! I hardly hear a woman's
clack, SWIFT (JOHNSON) ; Alack the heavy day, That I
have worn so many winters out ! SHAKS. Rich. II, iv. i.
257; She's dead, deceased, she's dead ; alack the day ! ib.
R. & J. iv. v. 23. Perhaps A (int.) + lack, failure, fault.]

A-LADY, adv. phr. e.An. [ale'di.l On Lady-day.

e.An. She gan her missis notidge last A'Lady, A'. & Q. (1855)
ist S. xi. 184 ; e-An.1 e.Nrf. A-Lady (in common use), MARSHALL
Rur. Earn. (1787). Suf.1 A'l go out of 'as farm next a-Lady.

[A-, on + Lady (for Lady-day).]

ALAG, adv. Nhb. Cum. n.Yks. [ala'g.] Not suffi-
ciently upright ; too horizontal, as in placing a ladder.

Nhb.It'sallalag,outoftheperpendicular(R.O.H.). Cum.1 n.Yks.
It lies alag. T'stick laid alag ageean t'wall [sto

[stood at an angle of

The sporting term for a
Also written alare. A

ig ageean
45°] (I. W.).

A-LAG, sb. Cum. [ala'g.
flight of geese (W.K.).

ALAIRE, adv. Obsol. w.Cor.
short time ago.

Cor. N. & Q. (1854) ist S. x. 178 ; Cor.1
ALAKANEE, int. Obs. Sc. (JAM.) Alas !
Rnf. The cheeriest swain that e'er the meadows saw ; Alakanec !
—is Robin gane awa' ? PICKEN Poems (1788) 20 (JAM.).

ALAMONTI, see Allamotti.

ALANGE, see Elenge.

ALANNAH, sb. Irel. Also written alanna, alanah,
alana. My child ! A form of address, a term of endear-
ment.

Ir. Miss Betty, alanah, LEVER H. Lorr. (1839) iii ; Whose then,
alannah ? ib. Ch. Cf M alley (1841) iii ; He's well enough — that's it,
alannah, CARLETON Traits Peas. (1843) I. 95 ; Well, alana, I could
not help it, Flk-Lore Rec. (1881) IV. 117 ; Have ye all now, ma'am ?
—I have, alanna, God bless ye ! FRANCIS Frieze (1895) 21 ; Alana,
properly ' my child ' ; used as a friendly or affectionate word of ad-
dress, especially to the speaker's junior (G.M.H.). s.Ir. Whisht !
alanna. . . . There's no fear of you, CROKER Leg. (1862) 28.

[Ir. a leanbh (prop, a leinbh) my child !]

ALANTOM, adv. Obs. Nhb. Yks. Also written
alantum, alantem. Freq. used with off. At a distance.

n.Cy. I saw him at alangtum. I saw him alantom off K. ) ; N.Cy.12,
Nhb.1 w.Yks.1 1 spies alantum off two shooters, ii. 296.

[Some of our lads b'ing very kind, Alantom followed
me behind, STUART Joco- Serious Disc. (1686) 72. Alantom
prob. repr. Fr. en lointain, in the distance.]

ALARM, sb. Irel. Wil. [ala'm.] A cry of a bird or
animal.

Wmh. What soort of alarm has an otther ? (S. A.B.)

Hence Alarm-note, the note of a bird when startled.

n. Wil. If you should disturb the blackbird he makes the meadow
ring with his alarm-note, JEFFERIES Wild Life (1879) 163.

[Fr. alarme, excitement caused by the approach of the
enemy ; OFr. a farme .' the cry to arms.]

ALARMING, adv. Suf. Wor. [ala'min.]

1. In an unusual manner.

Suf. He went on wholly alarmin', i.e. acted or spoke out of the
usual way, not necessarily greatly, e.An. Dy. Times (1892).

2. Extensively, very, exceedingly.

w.Wor. [It] grows in woods alarmin', S. BEAUCHAMP Grantley
Grange (1874) II. 104 ; They bin orl good uns. most alarmin' good
uns, ib. N. Hamilton (1875) I. 127.

ALARUM, sb. n.Yks. [ale-ram.] Disturbance.

n.Yks.2

[A blanket in th' alarum of fear caught up, SHAKS. Ham.
ii. ii. 532. See Alarm.]

ALAS-A-DAY, int. Obsol. Yks. and Som. Alas! a form
of pitying.

Yks. THORESBYZ.?#. (1703). w.Yks.4 Som. JENNINGS Obs. Dial.
w.Eng. (1825).

[Alas a day ! you have ruined my poor mistress, CON-
GREVE Old Bachelor (JOHNSON) ; Alas the day ! I never gave
him cause, SHAKS. Oth. in. iv. 158 ; Alias ! that harde day !
CHAUCER C. T. F. 499. OFr. a las (mod. Mas), orig. Ah,
weary ! Cp. It. ahi lasso, Lat. lassus, weary.]

ALAS-AT-EVER, int. Obs. Yks. An exclamation of

pity-

Yks. THORESBY Lett. (i7O3\ w.Yks.4

[Equiv. to alas that ever /]

ALASSEN, conj. Dor. Also written alassn. [alavsan.]
Lest.

Dor. Gl. (1851); Dor.1 Alassen I mid want to stay Behine' var
thee, 79,

[Equiv. to on less 'en for on less than, whence lit. E. unless.
Onlesse this be done, si ce nest que cela se face, PALSGR.
882. OE. on Ices banne, lit. on a less supposition than.]

A-LATE, rt<fo. Yks. Lan. Wor. [ale't, alea't] Lately.

w.Yks.1 Alatt, of late. ne.Lan.1 Alayat. se.Wor.1

[Alate, nuper, COLES (1679). The form occurs in ME. as
in Destr. Troy (c. 1400), 4176. A-, of + late.]

ALAU, sb. Cor. [alair.] Nymphaea alba, or water-
lily.

ALAWK, int. Der. War. Suf. [al§'k.] An exclama-
tion of sorrow ; alas !

Der.2, nw-Der.1, War. (J.R.W.) Suf.1 [Hence] Alawkus.

[A-, ah ! + lawk, q.v.j

ALAY, see Ally.

ALBUIST, conj. Obs. Abd. Though, albeit.

Abd. An' our ain lads, albuist I say't my sell, But guided them
right cankardly an' snell, Ross ffelenoi-e(i']68) 62 (in the edd. 1789
and 1812 ' although' is printed instead of 'albuist').

[Etym. unknown.]

ALD

[36]

ALE-DRAPER

ALD, see Old.

ALDER, sb. [o-lda(r).] Besides its usual meaning
(Alnus glutinosa), the name alder in comb, is applied to
several other trees, (i) Death alder, Euonymus europaeus
or spindle-tree (Bck.) ; (2) Wild alder, Aegopodium poda-
graria (Lin.).

n.Bck. It is thought unlucky to bring it [Death alder] into the
house. s.Lin. Wild alder. Alder = elder, from the superficial
resemblance between the leaves.

[OE. a/or. The form aller is still gen. in dial.]

ALDER-CARR, sb. Der. Lin. War. Nrf. Sut. Also
written owdaker nw.Der.1 A piece of bog- or fen-land
overgrown with alder-trees.

Der.2 Alder-carr, a plantation of alders; carr being common for
a plantation in a low or flat situation. nw.Der.1 Lin. Alder-carr,
an islet overgrown with 'the waterside tree,' N. & Q. (1873)
4th S. xii. 297. War. (J.R.W.) Nr£ Wet pieces of land in the
marshy districts planted with . . . alders, and hence called . . .
alder-carrs, N. &•> Q. (1874) 5th S. i. 132. Suf. A moist wood of
alders, e.An. Dy. Times (1892).

[Aldyr-kyr (Alder-kar in Pynson's ed.), Alnetum, viz.
locus vbi alni et tales arbores crescunt, Prompt. Alder + carr,
q.v.]

ALDERLING,s6. Obs. Suf. A fresh-water fish which
haunts that part of the stream overhung by alder-trees.
See Aller-trout.

Suf. No longer used, but still known to very old people here
(F.H.). Not known to any of our correspondents in other parts
of the country. A kind of fish said to be betwixt a trout and a
grayling (HALL.).

ALE, sb.1 Var. dial. See below, [el, eal, yel.]

1. A liquor brewed from malt and distinguished from
ordinary beer by its strength. In Cum. and Som., how-
ever, ale is weak beer brewed from the malt after the beer
has been extracted from it.

Cum. (J.Ar.) Brks.1 Ooll'ehevaglasso'aayleora glass o' beer?
Som. A liquor brewed with a proportion of malt from about four to
six bushels to the hogshead of 63 gallons; ifitcontain more malt it is
called beer ; if less, it is usually called small beer, JENNINGS Obs.
Dial. w.Eng. (1825). w.Som.1 Ale is usually sold in the public-
houses at half the price of beer ; at Burton this is precisely re-
versed.

2. A country festival, in which ale-drinking forms the
chief part of the delight.

N.Cy.1 A merry meeting of country-people, a rural feast, bride-
ale, church-ale. ne-Lan.1 Oxf. The Whitsun ales are common in
Oxfordshire, WRIGHT.

3. Comp. Ale-bink, -brains, -brewis, -brussen.see below ;
-Conner, -finder, a manorial officer whose duty it was to
look to the assize and goodness of bread and ale within
the precincts of the manor ; -feast, a public festival gener-
ally held at Whitsuntide ; -jawt, -master, -peg, see below ;
•posset, a curd made by pouring old ale over boiling
milk ; -scalp, see Ale-brains ; -score, a debt at the ale-
house ; -settle, see Ale-bink ; -shot, see Ale-score ;
•silver, -soaked, -soaker, see below; -sop, (i) a refection
consisting of hot strong ale and toast or biscuits, (2) a
drunkard ; -spinner, -stake, see below ; -stalder, the stool
on which casks are placed in a cellar ; -stall, -swab, -swat-
tier, -swizzler, see below ; -taster, an officer appointed to
prevent the adulteration of ale, see Ale-conner ; -Tuesday,
Shrove Tuesday; -weean, see below; -whisp (obs.), the
bush hung in front of an inn to show that ale was sold
there ; -wife, (i) a woman who keeps an inn, (2) a local
name of the Allice-shad, Alosa communis ; -wort, an in-
tusion of malt; -yottler, -yottling, see below.

n. Yks.2 Yal-bink, also called Yal-settle, an ale-bench ; like those
:n front of country inns for outside smokers. Yal-brains, one who
has to take his glass before he can set his wits to work. Yal-brewis
ale-posset stiffened with bread. Yal-brussen, distended pr ' blown
up with ale or liquor. n.Lin.i Ale Conner. Ale-feast (obsol.), a
public drinking usually held at Whitsuntide. Cum.i Yal-jaw't
sickened by drinking ale. nXin.1 Ale-master, the chief man at the
ale-feast. Ale-peg, the vent-peg of a cask. Lan. There's some
nice bacon-collops o'th hob, An' a quart o' ale-posset i'th oon,
WAUGH Come Whoam (1859). mXan i He's ne'er hed a sup o!
.le-posset, hesn d mi pertner. Fooaks' givin' o'er suppin' id for
a varra good reeason ; there's nooan so mony wimmen con mek

id gradely. s-Chs.1 Snr.1 Jack, you had better take care of that
cold, I'll make you an ale-posset to-night.— Thank yo', Missis,
that'll tak car o' me, nod the caud. Lan.1 Hast paid thi ale-score
at th' Blue Bell yet ? Stf.2 'E's got a ale-score on at that ale-us.
n-Lin.1 Ale-score, the debt for drink at an ale-house recorded
with chalk marks on the door. Shr.1 Turn's a cliver workman
an' gets good money, but agen 'e's paid 'is ale-score every wik
theer inna much leP to tak wham. Lan.1 He's an ale-shot at th'
back o' th' door yon, th' length o' my arm. [Ale-silver (obs.},
a rent or duty annually paid to, the Lord Mayor of London by
those who sold ale within the City, BAILEY (1721).] n.Yks.2 Yal-
sooak'd, full of beer, drunk. Yal-sooaker, an ale-bibber, a sot.
Sc. Ale saps, wheaten bread boiled in beer (JAM. s.v. Saps).
Ken. Tea biscuits are sometimes soaked in strong ale and called
ale-sop or beer-sop (P.M.) ; Ken.1 Ale-sop is customarily partaken
of by the servants in many large establishments on Christmas Day.
w.Yks.2 Ale-sop, a drunkard. Slang. Ale-spinner, a brewer or
publican, FARMER. [Ale-stake (obs.), a may-pole, GROSE (1790)
MS. add. (P.)] e.Sus. Ale-stalder, or stolder, stillion, HOLLOWAY.
Suf.1 Ale-stall, the horse or stool on which casks of beer, wine, &c.
are placed in cellars. I do not recollect the word stall applied to
any other description of horse or stool. n.Yks.2 Yal-swab, -swattler,
-swizzler, an ale-bibber, a sot Chs.1 At the court leet for the
manor and lordship of Over, held Nov. 1880, ale-tasters were
elected for each of the townships of Over, Marton, and Swanlow
(see Warrington Guardian, Nov. 20, 1880). n.Lin.1 The ale-taster's
oath is given in Sir William Scrogg's Practice of Court Leet (1714)
15. w.Som.1 Ale-taster, an officer still annually appointed by
ancient court leet ; at Wellington his duties, however, have entirely
fallen into disuse. Dev. The last day of the carnival would be
the ' wettest,' and might well be called Ale Tuesday. Every
parish had its church-ales on several anniversaries, of which that
at Shrove-tide was usually one, Reports Provinc. (1893). n.Yks.2
Yal-weean, the female publican. nXin.1 Ale-whisp. the bush which
was suspended in front of a public-house to indicate that drink
wa.s sold there (obs.). A bush of ivy or other evergreen was for
ages the sign of a tavern both in England and the neighbouring
continental lands. There is an engraving of a mediaeval inn with
a bush hanging before it in Cults' Scenes and Characters of the
Middle Ages, p. 543. [Ale-wife, Alosa communis, SATCHELL.]
Yks. If you have any ale-wort near you, make strong tea of it,
KNOWLSON Cattle Doctor (1834) 84. n.Yks.2 Yal-yottler, an ale-
bibber, a 'sot. Yal-yottling, given to pot companionship.

[1. Ale and beer have been in common use as names for
the same intoxicating drink among the various tribes of
Germanic people from the earliest times. The Alvismdl
says : 'Tis called ale (67) among men, beer (bjorr) among the

S)ds ; ' beer ' being the Southern, ' ale ' the Northern
ermanic word. 2. For information about country ales,
esp. the Whitsun-ale, see BRAND Pop. Antiq. 1. 2^9. DOUCE
says that Ale means a feast or merry-making, as in
the words Leet-ale, Lamb-ale, Whitsun-ale, Clerk-ale,
Bride-ale (whence Bridal), Church-ale, Scot-ale, Mid-
summer-ale, &c. (BRAND, I.e.) Lesfestes du village, wakes,
ales, ploughmens feasts, or holy daies, COTGR. OE. ealu
ON. 67, ale ; also, a feast, a banquet, freq. in comps., as in
ON. erfi-6'l, a wake, a funeral feast ; OE. oryd-ealu, a bride-
feast, the marriage feast, a ' bridal.']

ALE, see Old.

ALE-BERRY, sb. Cum. [ye'lbari.] A dish consist-
ing of ale boiled with butter, sugar, and bread.

Cum.1 Yel-berry, formerly given at funerals for dinner.

[Aleberry, a beerage or kind of food made by boiling
ale with spice, sugar, and sops of bread, or with oatmeal,
BAILEY (1755). ME. Albery vel alebrey, alebrodium,
Prompt— Ale + berry. ME. bery for brey, bre, OE. briw,
pottage.]

ALE-DRAPER, sb. Obs. Yks. Lin. An innkeeper or
publican.

n-Yks.1 Ale-draper, a term now obs., but occurring in the Whitby
parochial register a century ago. n-Lin.1 July 8th (1747) Thomas
Broughton, farmer and ale-draper, Scatter Par. Reg. Burials.

[Ale-draper, a seller of malt-liquors: an alehouse-
keeper or victualler, BAILEY (1721) ; No other occupation
have I but to be an ale-draper, CHETTLE Kind-Harts Dreame
(I592) ; Two milch maydens that had set up a shoppe of
ale-drapery, ib. (NARES). Ale + draper (humorously ap-
plied to the alehouse-keeper's business).]

ALEER

[37]

ALGERINING

ALEER, ad]. I.W. |>li3-(r).] Empty ; unladen.

I.W.1 Goo whooam wi' the wagon aleer.

[A- prob. repr. OE. ge ; cp. gelcere, empty ; or the pref.
may=on (the pref. of state or condition). See Leer.]

ALEGAR, sb. Obsol. n.Cy. Cum. Wm. Yks. Lan. Chs.
Stf. Der. Not. Lin. Lei. Won e.An. Also written allekar
Wm.1; alliker n.Yks.2 ; elliker w.Yks.1: elekar w.Yks.5 ;
aliker e.Lan.1 ; allegar Chs.1 s.Chs.1 Stf.1 ; allecar, alle-
kur n.Lin.1 Vinegar made from ale ; malt vinegar ; sour
ale used as vinegar.

N.Cy.1, Cum. Gl. (1851). Wm. Ya drop o alligar may be an
ocean to sic tiny inhabitants, HUTTON Bran New Wark (1785) 1- 91 i
An gav him sum alleker, WHEELER Dial. (179°) 56 ! Wm.1 w.Yks.
Elekir, Leeds Merc. Suppl. (Mar. 16, 1889) ; Fetch a pint of allica
(F.P.T.) ; Born wi' soa mich eliker i' ther blooid, HARTLEY Puddiif
(1876) 258 ; Her face turned as sahr as elliker, Saunterer's Satchel
(1879) 21 ; T'privates is allaud rost mutton, an a bottle a helligar
an waiter, wha wine they call it, TOM TREDDLEHOYLE Bairnsla
Ann. (1847) 46 ; Sittin astride of a barril at we used to mack
helliger in, ib. M. Muffindoaf '(1843) 35 ; Salt an pepper, mustard
an helliker, Pudsey Olm. (1888) 14. Lan. Deeds _as sharp as

m.Lan.1

an' co' for a gill o' ale fresh drawn. Chs.1 Allegar, vinegar, origin-
ally such as was made from ale, but now applied to all kinds of
vinegar. Wilbraham says the word is generally used with the
adjunct 'vinegar' — allegar-vinegar, but it is not so used now at
Macclesfield. s.Chs.1 Key's shedden my drop o' allegar. Der.2,
Not.1 Lin.1 That pancheon is chock-full of alegar. n-Lin.1 Alegar,
sour ale used as a substitute for vinegar. Lei.1 Alegar is to ale
what vinegar is to wine. ' Malt vinegar ' is perhaps its modern
equivalent Wor. GROSE (1790) MS. add. (M.) e-An.1, Suf.1

Attrib. in Alegar strikers, thin gruel flavoured with
vinegar.

Chs.1 s

[Alegar, sour ale ; a kind of acid made by ale, as vine-
gar by wine, which has lost its spirit, JOHNSON ; Alegar
(q.d. Ale-eager), sour ale or beer, a sort of vinegar, BAILEY
(1721) ; Aleger, the vinegar made of sour ale, BLOUNT
(1681) ; Alegar, quo nomine rustici agri Line. &* per totum
Angliae Septentrionalis tractum Acetum cerevisiae non lupu-
latae appellant, q.d. Ale Eager, vel Eager Ale, i. e. sour ale,
SKINNER (1671) ; Soure and tarte thynges as venegre and
aleger, BOORDE Dyetary (1542) 296 ; With venegre or
eysel or with alegere, Cookery Books (1430) 28. Ale + egre
(Fr. aigre, sharp, sour).]

ALE-HOpF, sb. Yks. Shr. Sus. Dev. Cor. Also written
ale-hoove in Shr. and Sus., alliff in e.Sus. [el-uf,
i'l-uv.] The ground ivy, Nepeta Glechoma.

w.Yks.2 At Eyam it is, or was, used in the brewing of ale instead
of hops. Shr., Sus. Ale-hoove, i. e. that which will cause ale to
heave or work \_sic\. DeV. Where ale-hoof and the borage, too, Held
forth their gems of blue, CAPERN Ballads (1858) 128. Cor. Jack
would take the children and collect bitter herbs to make the beer
keep, such as the ale-hoof (ground-ivy), mugwort. ... and pellitory,
HUNT Pop. Rom. w.Eng. (1865) I. 44.

[Ale-hoof, ground-ivy, so called, because it serves to
clear ale or beer—Hedera terrestris, L., BAILEY (1721) ;
Ale-hoof (herb), Hedera terrestris, COLES (1679) ; Patte de
chat, Cat's-foot, ale-hoof, tune-hoof, ground ivy, Gill
creep by the ground, COTGR. (1611) ; ' The women of our
Northerne parts, especially about Wales and Cheshire,
do tunne the herbe ale-hoof into their ale ; but the reason
thereof I know not : notwithstanding without all con-
trouersie it is most singular against the griefes aforesaid :
being tunned vp in ale and drunke, it also purgeth the
head from rheumaticke humors flowing from the brain,
GERARD Herball (1597) 11.856. Ale + hoof; hoof repr. an
earlier hove (Prompt. 250), OE. hofe, the ground ivy. In
ME. the ordinary name for the plant was hat-hove (houe) ;
see Voc. 786. 29, Prompt, (notes) 250, and Meals and
Manners (E.E.T.S. No. 32) 68.]

ALE-HOUSE, sb. Widely diffused throughout the
dial. Also written aalhouse Wxf.1 ; ale-hus Nhp.1;
ale'us w.Yks.2; alus n.Yks.1 Ken.1; al-hoos ne.Yks.1 ;
yalhoose n.Yks.2 ne.Yks.1 e.Yks.1 ; yale-hus Nhp.1 ;

f
fa

yalus n.Yks.1; yelhus Nhp.1; ellus e.An.1 [e-las, ea'las,
ye'las.] A house where ale is sold.

Sc. Na, sir, I never gang to the yill house, Scorr Rob Roy (1817)
xiv. Edb. We jogged on till we came to the yill-house door, Mom
Mansic Wauch (1828) xiii. Wxf.1 Yks. Wi' lads, te t'yal-house
gangin', INGLEDEW Ballads (1860) 227. n.Yks.1 2 ne.Yks.1 Ah seed
him i t'yal-hoos suppin yal. e.Yks.1 w.Yks. Ale'us, Wkfld. Wds.
Nhp.1 Alehus, a small public-house, or beer-shop. e.An.1 w.Nrf.
Shaking off the ashes from his short black pipe on to the clean
sanded floor of the al'us, ORTON Beeston Ghost (1884) 4. Ken.
An' dare was aluses by swarms, MASTERS Dick and Sal (c. 1821)
st. 63. Sus. De butcher kipt a aluss too, LOWER Tom Cladpole
(1831) st. 54. Som. Yal'house, JENNINGS Obs. Dial. w.Eng. (1825).
e.Som. W. &J. Gl. (1873).

[Would I were in an ale-house in London, SHAKS.
Hen. V, in. ii. 12. ME. The word ale-hus occurs in Horn.
ii. n. OE. eala-hus (Laws of Ethelb.).]

ALEING, si. O*5. Ken. An entertainment given with
a view to collecting subscriptions from guests invited to
a brewing of ale.

Ken.1 ; Ken.2 An aleing, i.e. wheremirth, ale, and music are stirring ;
'tis a custom in West Kent for the lower class of housekeepers to
brew a small quantity of malt, and to invite their neighbours to it,
who give them something for a gratification ; this they call an
aleing, and they do it to get a little money, and the people go to
it out of kindness to them.

[Aleing or aling, vbl. sb. from ale (taken as a vb., see
Ale) + ing.}

ALENTH, adv. n.Sc. GAM.) In the direction of the
length. In phr. to come alenth, to arrive at maturity ; to
vaefar alenth, to go great lengths ; to be far alenth, to be
!ar advanced, to make great progress or improvement.

[Alength, at full length, along, stretched along the
ground, JOHNSON ; Alength, in longum, COLES (1679). A-,
on + length.}

ALEXANDER(S, sb. Sc. Cor. Written allsanders
Cor.12 ; alshinder, elshinder Sc. A plant-name : Smyr-
nium olusatrum, or Horse-parsley.

Sc. Dear me ! there's no an alshinder I meet, There's no a whinny
bush that trips my leg . . . But woos remembrance frae her dear
retreat, Donald and Flora, 82 (JAM.). Cor.1 2

[Alexandra, the herb great parsley, Alexanders or
Alisaunders, COTGR. ; Herbes and rootes for sallets and
sauce : Alexanders at all times, TUSSER Husbandrie (1580)
94; Alysaunder herbe or stanmarche, Macedonia, Prompt.
OE. alexandre (in the Leechdoms) ; also AFr. alisaundre,
the horse-parsley. Fr. alisandre (PALSGR.). The MLat.
name was Petroselinum Alexandrinum.}

ALEXANDRA PLOVERS, sb. e.An.

e-An.1 Alexandra Plovers, Kentish plovers (Aegialitis cantiana],
so called by Breydon gunners, E. T. BOOTH in Rough Notes.

ALGATE, ALGATES, ALL-GATES, adv. n.Cy. Nhb.
Wm. Yks. Chs. Der. Lin. [§'l-get, 9'1-geat, Nhb. 9'1-giat,
Wm. 9'giat.]

1. In every way, by all means.

N.Cy.1 Nhb. Aa've sowt ford all gyets (R.O.H.); Nhb.1 Aa've
been up and doon aallgates. Wm.1 Augeates, in all ways. n.Yks.2
They tried all geeats to get it. Chs.1 Obs. Der.2 Lin. All-gates,
all means, STREATFIELD Lin. and Danes (1884) 315 ; n-Lin.1

2. However, at all events, at any rate.
Nhb.1

[1. Algates, by any means, BAILEY (1755) ; Wyll you
algates do it? levoulezvousfaire tout a force? PALSGR. 829;
Algatys or allewey, Omnino, omnimodo, penitus, Prompt. ;
So that, algates, she is the verray rote Of my disese,
CHAUCER M. P. xxn. 43. 2. Algate, notwithstanding, COLES
(1677) ; Algates, for all that, KERSEY ; Algates songes
thus I made Of my feling, myn herte to glade, CHAUCER
M.P. in. 1171. The older form was alegate, i.e. allegate,
in every way ; see Gate.]

ALGERINING, sb. Chs. The act of prowling about
with an intention to steal ; robbery.

Chs. It were nobbut that algerining gallows-tang, Joe Clarke,
CROSTON Enoch Crump (1887) 14 ; Chs.1 He goes about algerining
and begging [often said of a tramp] ; Chs.3

[Prob. from Algerine, an inhabitant of Algiers,
greatest commerce of the Algerines consists in the mer-

ALIAN

[38]

ALL

chandize which they obtain by the piratical plunder of the
Christians over the whole Mediterranean, BAILEY (1755).]

ALIAN, sb. Obs. Hrt.

Hrt. A sheep suckling a lamb not its own, or a lamb suckled by
a sheep, not its dam, ELLIS Mod. Hush. (1750) IV. i. 115.

[For alien, that which belongs to another.]

ALICE, sb. Nrf. Dev. [ae'lis.] In plant-names : (i)
Saucy Alice, Polygonum persicaria (Nrf. Yarmouth) ;
(2) Sweet M\ce,Arabisalpina, Alyssum maritimum (Dev.).

Dev.4 Sweet Alice, Alyssum maritimum. Alyssum or Allison
has been changed into (i) Anise . . . and (a) Alice.

[Alyssum, botanical Lat. for alysson (PLINY), Gr. «Xwow,
the name of a plant ; Skvams, curing madness, d (prev.) +
\vatra (madness) Cp. COLES (1679) : Alysson, Alyssum,
wild hemp or madwort ; Alyssus, an Arcadian fountain
curing the biting of mad dogs.]

ALICK, sb. Ken. [ae'lik.] Smyniium olusatntm ;
also called Alexanders, q.v.

Ken. [At Dover] men, women, and children, sailors and country-
folk, all call it by one name — Alick.

ALIE, sb. Sh. and Or.I. A pet, a favourite. See
Alie, v.

S. fcOrk.1 An alie lamb.
2. Comp. Alye-caddie. A pet lamb.

ALIE, v. Sh.I. To pet, to cherish.

Sh.I. (W.A.G.) S. & Ork.1

[Supposed by some to be connected with ON. a/a, to
bear, to nourish, spec, used of the rearing of a pet Iamb,
but the form is difficult to account for.]

ALIE, adv. Som. Dev. [alai-.] In a recumbent posi-
tion, lying flat.

w.Som.1 The grass is shockin bad to cut, tis all alie. Zend out
and zit up the stitches, half o'm be alie way this here rough wind.
nw.Dev.1

[A-, on -f- lie, sb. from lie, vb.,to be in a horizontal position.]

ALISON, see Elsin.

ALIST, adv. Obs. Sc. To come alist, to recover from
faintness or decay ; used with regard to one recovering
from a swoon (JAM.).

Sc. But well's my heart that ye are come alist, Ross Helenore
(1768) 8.

[Perhaps repr. OE. alised (y, le) freed, let loose, pp. of
atiesan.]

ALIVE, adj. Cor. [slai'v.]

Cor.2 When a mineral lode is rich in tin, copper, &c., it is said
to be alive, in contradistinction to deads, q.v.

ALK, see Auk.

ALKIN, phr. used attrib. n.Sc. Yks. Chs. Also
written allkyn, alkyn (JAM.) ; allkins n.Yks.1 m.Yks.1
Of every kind.

Sc. They still say 'aw kin kind ' (JAM.). n-Yks.1 Of all sorts,
various and intermingled. m.Yks.1. Chs.13

[ME. alkyn. pere schall bou alkynne solas see (solace
of every kind), York Plays, 493; Alkyn crafty men ( =
craftsmen of every kind), P. Plowman (B.) vi. 70 ; more
commonly alkynnes (see P. Plowman, glossary). OE.
ealles cynnes, of every kind, gen. of eall cynn.]

ALKITOTLE, sb. n.Dev. Also written alkithole
(HOLLOWAY). [alkittwtl.] A foolish fellow.

n.Dev. Go, ya alkitotle ? ya gurt voolish trapes ! Exm. Crtshp.
(1746)1.470; Go, ya alkitotle, why dedst tell zo? 16. 1.577; I mind
an alkitotle o't Avore a month had got a-quot, ROCK Jim an' Nell
(1867) St. 61.

[I am an oaf, a simple alcatote, an innocent, FORD
Fancies (N.E.D.).]

ALL, adj. and adv. Van dial. Also written a' Sc.
[931, 91, 9, Sc. a.]

1. adv. Entirely, quite, fully.

w.Yks.2 He fell down and all dirtied his brat. Sur.1 It's all ten
year agoOj [meaning ten years and more]. Som. I should want all
vivepoun toboot,RAYMONDSawa«rfSaAi'«a(i894)6o; w.Som !Her
gid n all so good's he brought. Her and he be all o' one mind about
\ «°T- , 7 USed fret)uent'y as an augmentative, as ' all abroad.'

2. With sb., having the taste or smell of.

0W Arif G This pan is a" onions- What is this bottle all ?

3. All, not implying totality, but the completion of a
series ; therefore equivalent to last, final.

w.Som.1 Plaise, sir, all the coal's a finished — i.e. the last of it.
Aay shl dig au-1 mee tae-udeez tumaar'u [I shall dig all my pota-
toes to-morrow — i.e. I shall complete the digging]. This would be
perfectly intelligible, even if the speaker had been digging con-
tinuously for weeks previously. So, ' I zeed em all out ' means not
that I saw the whole number depart, but the last of them.

4. All, adj., followed by a noun in the sine. : every.

Sc. Ane couldna hae een to a' thing, SCOTT Midlothian (1818) xv ;
I thought you were named Robbie A Thing from the fact of your
keeping all kinds of goods, RAMSAY Remin. (1859) II. 128. w.Sc.
The world lay besotted, and swalteringin all sorte of superstition,
Blame of Kirkburiall, xiii. In Scotland even when 'the' is used, the
noun that follows is in the singular, as ' He has all the kin' o' things
needed.' The English structure is, however, also used (JAM.
Snppl.\ Frf. He was standin' at the gate, which, as a' body kens,
is but sax steps frae thehoose,BARRiE Thrums (1889) 211, ed. 1894.
Ir. Is that generally believed ? — It is by a' man (W.J.K.).

5. Comp. and phr.

I. All-a-bits, in pieces or rags ; — about, see below ;

— abroad, — acock, see Abroad, Acock ; — afloat, in
disorder ; — ahuh, see Ahuh ; — ains, see Even ; — along,
(i) continuously from the first, (2) at full length ; — along
of, — along on, see Along of ; — among, mingled con-
fusedly together; -a-muggle, disorderly, untidy; — and
some, one and all ; — as is, the whole of the matter, all that
remains ; • — as one, the same thing ; — as one as, just like ;

— at a bang, — at a slap, all at once ; — at home, quite sane ;
-aveer, altogether ; -a-yock, see Ahuh ; — b'ease, easily,
quietly; — but, (i) except, (2) almost; — ends and sides,

(1) all around, in every direction, (2) unreliable, scatter-
brained ; — evers, hyperbolical phrase meaning for a long
time, for all occasions ; -fare, for good and all ; — fives,
a game of cards ; -fore ; — for nothing, in vain ; -heal, — in,
see below ; — in a charm, all singing or talking at once ;
-in-all, very intimate ; — in a lump like a dog's breakfast,
an Ir. comparison ; — in a muggle, see all-a-muggle ; — in
a piece, stiff with cold or rheumatism ; -in-one, at the same
time ; — intents and purposes, the best of one's ability, as
much as possible ; -in-the-well, a boy's game ; — makes, all
kinds; — manner, (i) all sorts, (2) see below, (3) in an ex-
traordinary way ; — manner o' gatherins, — manner o' what,
see below; -manners, all sorts, all kinds (gen. used dis-
paragingly) ; — my eye and Betty Martin, an expression of
incredulity ; — my lone, alone ; — my lime, my best exer-
tions ; — nations, profusion ; — naught, of no value or
importance; -- of, used with sb. in a quasi-adjectival
manner ; — of a hot, suddenly, unexpectedly ; — of a huh,
see Ahuh ; — of a kidney, much alike, of the same kind ;

- of an upshot, unexpectedly ; — of a piece, (i) of an
eruption or sore : almost entirely covered, (2) stiff, crip-
pled by rheumatism, (3) evidence to prop up a false story ;

— of a pop, swampy ; — ofaquob, see below; — of a rattle,
at once; — ofarow, a child's game; — ofasken, (i) dazed,

(2) oblique, awry ; — of a swim, very wet ; — of a twitter,
trembling; — on, continually, without stopping; — one,
all the same ; — one as, just like ; — one for that, not-
withstanding, in spite of; — on end, (i) eager, expectant,
(2) in confusion; — on for, in earnest for; -over, -over-
back, -sales, see below ; -same, of no consequence ; — sainf
time, nevertheless, notwithstanding ; — serene, quite satis-
factory ; — shirt-neck, see below ; -sides, all together ; -so,
corruption of all-save, except ; — so be, all the same,
however ; — so be as, although ; — sorts, (i) a scolding,
(2) very much ; — that, — to that, more of the same nature ;

— that ever, barely, only just ; — that's in it, merely; — the
birds in the air, — the fishes in the sea, two games played
by children in Suf. ; — the go, in the fashion ; — the one,
the only one ; — there, of competent understanding ; — the
same as, like, even as ; — the wear, fashionable ; -to, see
below ; — to a muggle, see -a-muggle ; — together like
Brown's cows, an Ir. comparison; — to naught, (i) quite,
completely, altogether, (2) see below ; — to nothing, see
all to naught (i) ; — to one side like the handle of a jug, an
Ir. comparison ; — to smash, ruined ; — under one, at
the same time ; — up, all over, ended ; — upon heaps,
in disorder ; -ups, — within itself, see below.

ALL

[39]

ALL

Dur.1 All-o-bits, broken. n-Lin.1 He brok my cheany tea-pot wi'
John Wesla' head on it all e' bits, an' then said a metal un wo'd do
for a ohd thing like me. A man who has become a bankrupt is
said to have tumbled all e' bits. Brks.1 A carriage badly smashed
by an accident is said to be all in bits. w.Yks. All about, nearly;
also close at hand. Ther'd be all abaht a score o' fowk at t'funeral.
Whear's yahr Jim ? — Aw, he's all abaht [near by], Leeds Men.
Siippl. (May 9, 1891) ; It wor all abaht twenty thahsand 'at he
failed in (J.R.). War.2 All about, in a state of confusion. We're
all about, we've got the painters in the house. All about it, the
whole matter. Yo'r Joe hot our Lizzie, an' 'er tank'd 'im agen wi'
th' broom, an' that's all about it. Hrf. & Shr. In the county of
Hereford, to get all about in one's head, means to become light-
headed, muddled, confused. That's all about it, BOUND Prov.
(1876). Oxf.1 MS. add. w.Yks.3 All afloits [all afloat], all in dis-
nrder. (i) w.Yks.2 You have all along been my friend. Stf.2 nXin.1
Iv'e gone on that foot-trod all along ony time this tho'ty year. Th'
Hea runs all-long o' west side o' Ketton Parish. Lei.1 A wur a-
callin' of 'im all along. Shr.1 'E's bin comin' all alung ; Shr.2 This'ns
all alung. w.Som.1 Aay toa'uld ee zoa airl ulau-ng [I told you so
throughout]. T-u biin shau-keen saar'us wadh-ur au-1 ulau-ng
[it has been shocking harvest weather without change from the
commencement], (s) s.War. A-la-in out all alon' on the flur, Why
John (G.H.T.). w.Som1. Ee aup wai uz vuys un aa-t-n au'l ulau-ng
[he up with his fist and hit him down flat]. Aay eech me veot un
vaald au'l ulau-ng [I caught my foot and fell at full length]. Lin.1
All-amang-pur, mixed confusedly together. Brks. 'Hev'ee seed
aught o' my bees?' 'Ee's.Iseenem.' ' Werbe'em then?' 'Aalamang
wi' ourn in the limes.' 'Aal amang wi' yourn !' exclaimed the
constable, HUGHES, T. Brown Oxf. (1861) xxiii. I.W.1 When
different flocks of sheep or herds of cattle are mixed together, they
are said to be ' aal amang one another.' Wil. Allemang, HOLLO-
WAY ; Wil.1 Zweethearts, an wives, an children young, Like sheep
at vair, be ael among, SLOW Smilin Jack. w.Som.1 In a muddle,
confusion. Uur /mud au-1 tiie u muug'l, poo-ur soal, aa-dr ee duyd
[she seemed all to a muggle, poor soul, after he died]. n-Lin.1
All and some, one and all. Lei.1 Oi'll tell yer missus on yer, an'
that's all as is. War.2 If yo' don't like it, yO' can lump it, and
that's all as is. w.Wor.1 The pot's purty nigh emp, but I'll give
'ee ahl-as-is. Shr.1 Now Turn, all as is is this ; if yo' dunna stop
a-wham an' be tidy I mun lave yo' ! so now yo' knowen. Wil.1
Aal as is as you've a-got to do be to volly on hoein' they turmuts
till I tells 'ee to stop ! e.Yks. Pay which of us you lik, we're all as
yan (W.H.). s.Stf. It's all as one whichever did it, PINNOCK Blk.
Cy. Ann. (1894) ; Stf.2 ri.Lin.1 It's all's one to me whether you paay
me noo oro' Setterda' neet. se.Wor.1 Thee cunst g66 ar stop, Bill ;
it'sall asonc. Shr.1 It's all as one to me. Som. Gen'le-volkor poor
volk, 'tis all as one, RAYMOND Love and Quiet Life (1894) 194. Ir.The
clergy lived upon the best footin' among one another, not all as one
as now, YEATS Fit-Tales (1888) 195. s.Ir. At last he became all
as one as tipsy, CROKER Leg. (1862) 247. w.Yks. T'stuff went
dahn o' t'flooar all at a bang [or slap], Leeds Merc. Suppl.
(May 9, 1891). nXin.1 He's all at hoame when ther's oht to do,
but he talks straange an' random when he's sittin' by th' fireside.
Wxf.1 Aul-aveer, altogether. Shr. , Hrf. He's going along all b'ease,
BOUND Prov. (1876). Rdn. All-bease, gently, quietly : put for ' all
by ease,' MORGAN Wds. (1881). (i) w.Yks.2 I've got 'em all obbut
six. Lan. All dacent folk can laugh, obbut buryin chaps [under-
takers], CLEGG TH Derby (1890) 36 ; Aw cuddent be moore cum-
furtublur o whome, obut iv thee un me wer'n wed, ORMEROD
Felleyfro Rachde (1856) 43 ; Lan.1 ' Aw've finished,' said Dick, ' obbut
polishin off wi' summut,' BRIERLEY Irkdale (1865) 244, ed. 1868.
(2) Nhb.1 When want has aabut owertyen us, She aaways keeps
maa heart abuin, WILSON Pitman's Pay (1843) 13. n.Yks.2 Chs.1
He's awbur done 'is wark. (i) n-Lin.1 Gether them things up,
thaay're of all ends an' sides. (2) She's alus of all ends an' sides,
we can niver fix her to noht n.Yks. He was for all iwers in
finishing it (I.W.). w.Yks.5 Tawak abart brass ! he's brass eniff fur
awalivvers! n-Lin.1 He's books enif e' that room for all-ivers.
ne.Yks.1 He's gone for all-fare. Slang. The customers are fond of a
' hand at cribbage,' a ' cut-in at whist,' or a 'game at all fours,' or
' all fives,' MAYHEW Land. Labour (1864) I. 267. w.Som.1 All-
vore, the wide open or hollow furrow left between each patch of
ground, ploughed by the same team, at the spot where the work was
begun and finished. Dev. All-vore, a trench left in ploughing, the
result of two furrows lying away from each other (opp. to By-vore)
in the final ' pitch.' It is produced by ' throwing abroad,' Reports
Provinc. (1884) 32, s.v. Throw-abroad. Oxf.1 Twuz all for nuthin',
MS. add. m.Yks.1 All-heal, a miner's term for a new working.
w.Yks.4 All in, the cry by which school children are summoned
from their playground to their school business. . . . Ringers

still ring ' all in ' as their last peal before the commencement
of Divine service. n.Wil. The birds was all in a charm this
mornin' (E.H.G.). Brks.1 All in a charm, a confused noise
as when children are talking and playing together around one.
Nhp.1 All-in-all, very intimate. n.Lin.1 All in a piece, stiff with
rheumatism, frozen, coagulated. I'm all in a peace like a stock-
fish. nw.Der.1 Aw-i-one, at the same time. s.Wor. Farmer J —
was a bad mon, he cussed me to all intents and purposes, PORSON
Quaint Wds. (1875) 23. Nhb.1 All-in-the-well. A circle is made,
termed the well, in the centre of which is placed a wooden peg,
with a button balanced on the top. Those desirous of playing
give buttons, marbles, or anything else, for the privilege of throwing
a short stick, with which they are furnished, at the peg. Should
the button fly out of the ring, the player is entitled to double the
stipulated value of what he gives for the stick. The game is also
practised at the Newcastle Races, and other places of amusement
in the North, with three pegs, which are put into three circular
holes, made in the ground, about two feet apart, and forming a
triangle. In this case each hole contains a peg, about nine inches
long, upon which are deposited either a small knife or some copper.
The person playing gives so much for each stick, and gets all the
articles that are thrown oft so as to fall on the outside of the holes
(HALL.). ne.Lan.1 O-i-t-well, the game ' three throws a penny. '
Nhb.1 They he' fornitor, an' crockery, an' byuts, an' shoes, an'
aamacks o' things. Wm. I'd fun ev o' macs, Bayth cooartin', en'
feytin'. BLEZARD Sngs. (1848) 33. w.Yks. A common phrase is
' all maks an' manders,' Leeds Merc. Suppl. (May 9, 1891) ; 'E'll 'ev
au maks o' toys at 'cam to laake wi' (F.P.T.). m.Yks.1 I went in
to buy a bonnet-shape, and he showed me au maks. Chs.1 Oocon
mak a dinner o' aw macks ; oo con mak one aht o' a dish-clout.

(1) nw.Der.1 That shopkeyper's aw mander a things e his shop.

(2) Glo.2 He came and did all manner [of insolence or injury].
Sus.1 All manner, undefined goings-on of a discreditable nature.
There's been a pretty start up at the forge this morning ! Fighting
and all manner. (3) Wor. I've been very bad, and the t'other night
a was a talking all manner, and a didn't knaaw what a was
a saying (H.K.). Nrf. All mander o' gatherins, all mander
[manner] o' what, omnium gatherum (E.M.). Suf. All manner o'
what, all sorts of things (C.T.) ; All manner a wot, indiscrimi-
nate abuse (WRIGHT). Brks.1 Thaay was a-zaayin' all manners o'
things about her. I.W.1 I zid aal manners of folks. Dur.1 All my
eye and Betty Martin, a familiar expression used to show that, as
regards some particular transaction, there has been some deceit, im-
position, or pretence : it is thought to have had its origin in the begin-
ning of the old Romish hymn — O mihi beate Marline. Cant. AH
my eye, All my eye and Betty Martin. First used as a contemptuous
parody on a popish penitential prayer, Life B. M. Carew (1791).
Slang. As for black clothes, that's all my eye and Tommy, POOLE
Hamlet Travestied, i. I (FARMER). All my eye, All my eye and
Betty Martin, All my eye and my elbow, All my eye and Tommy,
All nonsense, rubbish, FARMER. Gall. Oh, Patrick, do not faint
away again and leave me all my lone, CROCKETT Raiders (1894) 254.
N.I.1 All my lone, A' my lane, or All his lone, alone. [Amer. All
of my lone, a negro vulgarism for ' alone,' FARMER.] w.Som.1 1 can
zee very well t'll take me all my time vor to get over thick job.
w.Yks.3 There were all nations of things on the table. All nations
enough, superabundance. w.Yks. If a person is telling a tale to
another, and this latter knows it to be untrue, he would probably
exclaim, ' Aw, that's all nowt ! ' It is also said when persons use
arguments (in advancing an opinion) which are of no, or little,
weight, Leeds Merc. Suppl. (May 9, 1891). Lei.1 All of a heap,
All of a dither, All of a mess, All of a puther, All of a tremble.
Oi wur struck all of a heap. Som. A witness came on the prisoner
all of a hot, Spectator (Feb. 16, 1895) 230. w.Som.1 All of a ugh.
Jimp. All of a kidney. Said of two people or two families whose
habits, tempers, or tastes agree in most things, ' Oh they are all of
a kidney,' with a certain amount of depreciation and mild con-
tempt (H.C.M.B.). Cor. All on a nupshot, unexpectedly, in a
great hurry, THOMAS Randigal Rhymes (1895) 66. (i) w.Yks.
His face war a sad seat, it war all of a piece (J.R.). n-Lin.1 Her
legs is all of a peace wi' harvist-bug bites. (2) He was a nim'le
yung man twenty year sin', but he's all oi a peace noo, and walks
wi' crutches. (3) Tha'z no 'keyshun to say no more — it's all of
a piece (J.R.). Shr.1 That theer end o' the yord's all of a pop
wuth las' neet's rain. 76. All of a quob. This expression, often
used when speaking of boggy land, is sometimes also employed
to denote that peculiar condition in the body of a calf or sheep
which has been struck, i.e. died of a kind of apoplectic fit, where
the extravasated blood can be felt under the skin by pressure
of the hand on the parts affected. Cor. An' then she dried up
all of a rattle, an' snorted brave, FORFAR Wizard (1871) 38, 1. 7.

ALL

[40]

ALLAMOTTI

Suf.Allofarow,achild'sgame(HALL.); 'Allofarow.' Theleader

111111. 1 II LI I III ill Lll L<J LUG i ignij 111C11 I'l ill 111 111 I II i ICllj til C 11

'All ofa row,' when the game ends (F.H.). Lan. (i) When aw got
up aw wur o' of a sken, CLEWORTH Da/tie Dick (1888) so; (a) All
of a sken is applied to anything awry, whether lit. or Jig. (S.W.)
Stf.2 It's been reenin' cats and dogs, an th' feld's aw ofa swim. Lan.

us an one wneiner ye oo or wnetner ye aoant. w.som.* wur
aay goo-us, ur wur aay doa-un, t-aez au-1 waun tu mee [whether
I go, or whether I do not, it is just the same to me]. Ir. Father
Corcoran whispered all one as a mass . . . into Mrs. Dempey's own
ear, BARRINGTON Sketches (1830) II. v. Sus. Wearing it was all
one as if you had your head in the stocks, EGERTON Flks. and Ways
(1884; 131. n.Wil. Simmin to I these here vlawers be all one as
moondaisies (E. H.G. ). Wil.1 1 be'tirely blowed up all one as a drum.
Glo.2 All's one for that [notwithstanding your objection, the case
remains the same]. Wil.Mt medn't be true all one for that. (i)Som.
All on een, on tiptoe, eager, W. & J. Gl. (1873) ; w.Som.1 The writer
heard in reference to an exciting local trial : We wuz au'l un e'en
tu yuur iie'd u-kaa'rd dhu dai [we were eagerly anxious to hear who
had carried the day, i.e. won the trial]. (2) Stf.2 What a muck mess
the'st gotten th' hais into, it's aw on end. War.2 Don't call to-day,
we're all on end. Shr.1 Them things bin all on end agen, I see.
w.Yks. He's all on for dewin' his best to get Ben Tillett inta Parlia-
ment this next time, Leeds Merc. Suppl. (May 9, 1891). Slang.
All-over, a game. The games appertaining to the playground con-
sisted of prisoners' base, . . . all-over, WICKHAM Blue-Coat Boy
(1841) x. w.Yks.5 All-ower-back, a juvenile game. Suf.1 All-sales,
all times. w.Som.1 Taez au-1 sae-um tu mee, aay tuul ee, wuur
yiie du buy un ur noa [it is of no consequence to me, I tell you,
whether you buy it or not]. Aay zaed aay wiid-n, au-1 sae-um
tuym, neef yiie-1 prau-mus, &c. [I said I would not (do it),
nevertheless, if you will promise, &c.] w.Yks. 'All serene,'
said Sammywell, HARTLEY Sects (1895) x. Colloq. All serene
all right, all's well. 'You're all serene, then, Mr. Snape,' said
Charley, 'you're in the right box,' TROLLOPE Three Clerks (1857)
xlv (FARMER). w.Yks. All shirt-neck, cutting a great figure
CUDWORTH Horton (1886). I.W.1 Goo down to plough, allsides-
I.W.2 We be gwyne to begin dreshin allzides to-morrow mornin.'
Hrf.& Midi. Ail-so. A Herefordshire woman stated in my hearing that
by 'three months ail-so a fortnight ' she meant 'two months and two
weeks ' N. & Q. (1866) 3rd. S. ix. 450 ; Hrf.1 Sixpence also two-
pence [i.e. all but twopence] ; Hrf.2 That row o' taturs was all rotton
ail-so these few. Have you finished ?— Yes, also that [i.e. all but that]
Dev. Loose me ... I'm not in love with you. I like you, all so be
MORTIMER Tales Moors (1895) 22; I wouldn't back myself to vind
un, all zo be as I know the moor as well as here and there a one
tb. 200 ; ' Maybe, you'm better hand nor me,' said Granfer, testily ;
all zo be as you wornt borned afore me,' ib. 289 NI i (i) She
gave me all sorts for not doin' it. (2) She was cryin' all sorts It
was raining all sorts. w.Ir. Let alone the two towers, and' the
bishop, and plmty o' priests, and all to that, LOVER Leg (1848) I
91. Cum.1 She fand it varra sweet an' good an o' that. Sc'.
Can you lift that ?— It's a' the teer [that e'er] ( JAM.). Sus. Folk do
s.eiya.st.a"n'1alt-sinitdis.jACKSON5o«tta.flrrf//0(i894-i 1.338 • Sus i
Alltsimt [al that's in it], merely. nw.Der.1 AH the bfrds'in'he
air, a Suffolk game. w.Yks. Broad-brim'd hats is all fgoa wi't
voThVv"? wh' ^N-KS W,kfld- Wds~ (l865^ HJ'1 Is this »» th" ol

frtte I. S ^ ya" UV hCr mflddV' R'CHARDSON Sng. Sol

I5 I it^ cS- Tha raves an> storms at sich a ra'e, As if tha
sZ? V uf ^ ENCER P°emS' 249! W'Yks'2 He>s no a» there
af vo J g ? y°u!;m°u*,Teddy. Yer needn't let everybody know
as you re not all there, PRIOR Rente (1895) 222 n Lin.1 He talk.

Sffi<£lMfti? hfe'S a" 5-2S3L ^e wants oht

tion, 1522, Almondbury Ch. : W a crown of thon My hed all to
torn. w.Som.1 Where in other dialects they say 'all of or 'all
in,' we say ' all to.' Aay wuz u streokt airl tiie u eep [I was
struck all of a heap]. All to a muck, All to a sweat, All to a shake,
All to a miz-maze, All to a slatter. (i) Myo. Sure the mare wants
a rist, an' it'll shute her an' me all to nothin', STOKER Snake's
Pass (1891) iv. n.Yks.1 Ah aims yon's t'best stirk, Jooan. — Ay,
man, it beats t'ither all to nowght. e.Yks.1 Ah can beeat him
all « nowt at walkin, MS. add. (T.H.) Chs.3 He's all to nought
the best man. n-Lin.1 In theage wet years top-land beats warp
land all to noht. (2) n.Yks.1 All to nought, a phrase imply,
ing an approach towards nothingness more or less real and
effectual. He has gone away all to nowght, he has wasted away
to a mere shadow ; n.Yks.2 An all-to-naught concern, a hollow
speculation. w.Yks. All to nowt, with no definite aim or re-
sult (J.T.). [It will be all to one a better match for your sister,
AUSTEN Sense and Sensibility, xxx.] N.I.1 All to one side like the
handle of a jug. Lan. Maister, maister, dam's brossen and aw's to
smash (HALL.). Brks.1 All to smash, totally wrecked. w-Som^Au-l
tiiesmaa-rsh. [Amer. All-to-smash. This expression is often heard
in lowandfamiliarlanguage, BARTLETT.] w.Som^Tidnworthwhile
to go o' purpose vor that there — hon I comes up about the plump,
can do it all underone. n-Lin.1 It's all up wi' them fine fine-weather
farmers that keaps the'r carriages. Quite well at ten, Had a few
friends to sup with me ; Taken ill at twelve, And at one it was all
up with me, Perversion (1856) II. 38. Oxf.1 'Tis all up wi'n this
time safe enough. Slang. A-double 1, all, everything, a cobbler's
weapon ; u-p, up, adjective, not down ; S-q-u -double e-r-s, Squeers,
noun substantive, a educator of youth. Total, all up with Squeers,
DICKENS N. Nickleby (1838) Ix ; It's all up, thinks I, Raby Rattler
(1845) v. e.Yks.1 All uppa heeaps [all upon heaps], in a state of
disorder; used in reference to the furniture of a house, &c., MS.
add. (T.H.) [All-ups, a mixture of all qualities of coal, excepting
fine stack raised from one seam (CD.).] Sc. A lodging all within
itself, with divers easements [a house, from top to bottom, and
having several conveniences], Monthly Mag. (1798) II. 436.
Phr. II. For all, in spite of, notwithstanding; for all the
world, exactly, precisely ; for good and all, for ever, alto-
gether ; like all that, very well, very quickly.
^ Ayr. The rank is but the guinea stamp, The man's the gowd for
a' that, BURNS Fora' that (1795) st. i. w.Yks. O waint say there
wornt some stooans shifted for all that, Shevvild Ami. (1848) 7 ;
w.Yks.1 I'll doot for all ye. e.Yks.1 Ah wadn't gan, for all maisther
said Ah was, MS. add. (T.H.) Lei.1 Fur all a's a paa'son, adoon't
justly knoo 'aow to tackle an o'd wench loike may [me]. She would
for all anything go for a little walk. Nhp.1 I'll do it for all you.
Oxf.1 For all thee, in spite of you. w.Som.1 Her's a-got about
again nice, thankee, and her's a-go to work again, for all twadn
but dree weeks agone come Vriday, the cheel was a-bornd. Vur
au-1 yiie bee su kliivur, yiie kaa-n kau-m ut [notwithstanding that
you are so clever, you cannot accomplish it]. Aa-y du yuur waut
yiie du zai, bud vur au-1 dhaat, aay ziim t-oa-n due [I hear what
you say, but nevertheless, I seem (am convinced) it will not do].
s.Ir. It came on ... mighty dark all of a sudden, for all the world
as if the sun had tumbled down plump, CROKER Leg. (1862) 285.
Ir. Shut of them I'll be for good and all, BARLOW Lisconnel (1895)
205. w.Yks.1 He's gaan for good and all. Hnt. For good and all
(T.P.F.). w.Som.1 Ees, shoa-ur! uur-v laf-m naew vur geod-n
au-1 [Yes, sure ! she has left him now for ever]. n.Lin.1 To do
anything ' like all that ' is to do it very well or very quickly.

[1. It is all full of lies and robbery, BIBLE Nahum iii.
i ; This gallant Hotspur, this all-praised knight, SHAKS.
i Hen. IV, in. ii. 140. 2. Like Niobe, all tears, ib. Ham.

Dt'-/1*9' 4' Do a11 tnvnSe without murmurynge, TINDALE
Phil. n. 14 ; Vndire his lordship and his myght thou has
kasten all thynge, HAMPOLE Ps. viii. 7.]

ALLAGRUGOUS, see Malagrugous.

ALLAGUST, sb. Obs. Sc. Suspicion.

Abd. Fan they saw us a' in a bourich they had some allagust
that some mishanter had befaln us, FORBES Int. (1742") 16 ; GROSE
(1790) MS. add. (C.)

[Prob. due to a phr. in i6th cent. Fr. Cela a le goust
(mod. gout), that has the smack, the taste, the 'soupfon.'
Goust, the taste ; also a smack or savour. Gouster, to
taste, also to have some experience, a little insight, mean
knowledge in, COTGR.]

ALLAMOTTI, sb. Or.I. Also written alamonti ; ala-
mott! S. & Ork.1 The Storm Petrel, Procellaria pelaeica.
Or.I. SWAINSON Birds (1885) an. S. & Ork i

ALLAN

ALLER

ALLAN, sb. Cum. [a'lsn.]

Cum.1 A bit of land nearly surrounded by water ; an island.
ALL-ANERLY, adj. and adv. Also written alanerlie,
allanerlie, allenarly, allenarlie.

1. adj. used as sb. Only, sole.

Sc. My doo, my unfylet ane is but ane, she is the all-anerlie o'
her mither, ROESON Sng. Sol. (1860) vi. 9.

2. adv. Only, solely.

Sc. Who are accustomed to pay to their own chiefs, allenarly,
that respect, SCOTT Leg. Mont. (1830) iii. Edb. Scotland ... is
not like Goshen in Egypt, on whilk the sun of the heavens and of
the gospel shineth allenarly, SCOTT Midlothian (1818) xxxviii.

[1. James our second and allanerlie son, HOLINSHED Scot.
Chron. (1587) II. 51, ed. 1806 (N.E.D.). 2. That the licence
granted to beneficed persons to sett tacks be restrained
either to life rent tack or to a nineteen yeare tack allanerlie,
Row Hist. Kirk Scot. (1650) 218, Wodrow Soc. AII+
anerly, q.v.]

ALLAN HAWK, sb. Or. and Sh.I. Sc. Irel. Also
written holland hawk Ayr. N.I.1 ; oilan auk Ant.

1. The Great Northern Diver, Colymbus glacialis.

Ayr. SWAINSON Birds ( 1885) 213. N.I.1 Ant. Oilan auk. Allan
or Holland hawk is used by those who are ignorant (S.A.B.).

2. The Red-throated Diver, Colymbus septentrionalis.
N.I.1

3. Richardson's Skua, Stercorarius crepidatus. See
Aulin.

e.Sc. Allan hawk, the aulin, so called on the shores of the
Solway Frith (JAM. Sufpl.). N.I.1 The skua was called allan-hawk
in Mourne, co. Down.

ALLAVOLIE, ALLEVOLIE, adv. and adj. Sc. QAM.)

1. adv. At random.

Sc. I spoke it quite allevolie.

2. adj. Giddy, volatile.

Sc. An alle-volie chield, a volatile fellow.

[Repr. the Fr. phr. a la voile, in full sail. Cp. COTGR.
(s.v. Voile), Navire friand a la voile, an excellent sailer.]

ALLECAMPAGNE, see Elecampane.

ALLEE-COUCHEE, phr. Cor. Also written alley-
couchey. [ae'li-kufl.] To go to bed.

Cor. Look ere, I'm a-goin' to allee-couchee ef et lasts like this,
' Q.' Troy Town (1888) v ; About ten, as we was thinkin' to alley-
couchey, there comes a bangin' on the door, ib. Noughts and
Crosses (1891) 211 ; Cor.1

[Fr. aller (se) coucher, to go to bed.]

ALLEGATE, v. Irel. [a'liget] To argue, dispute.

Ir. They'll bicker and allegate about every hand's turn, BARLOW
Idylls (1892) 180.

[Why, belike he is some runagate, that will not show
his name. Ah, why should I thus allegate? he is of
noble fame, PEELE (1599) III. 68, ed. 1829. A by-form of
allege, to -adduce, to bring forward, formed from the ppl.
stem of Lat. allegare.]

ALLEGATION, sb. Ldd. A dispute, quarrel.

Ldd. The country people would say ' No more of your alligations'
(S.A.B.).

ALLEGOGER, vb. Ess.

Ess. Allegoger, to go out to a ship to sell provisions, Ess. Arch.
Soc. (1863) II. 183. [Failed to obtain further information about
the word. ]

ALLEKAY, sb. Sc. ? Obs. Also written allakey,
allekay, alikay. The bridegroom's man, he who attends
on the bridegroom, or is employed as his precursor, at a
wedding (JAM.).

Sc. The bridegroom appoints two male attendants, termed ex qfficio
allekeys, Edb. Mag. (Nov. 1818) 412 GAM.) ; On Friday next a bridal
stands At the kirktown : I trow we'll hae a merry day, And I'm to
be the alikay, The Farmer's Ha., st. 51, 53 (JAM.). Frf.

[Prob. the same word as OFr. alacay, a term applied to
crossbow-men in the isth cent. See DUCANGE (s. v.
Lacinones). Hence Fr. laquais, a valet, a body-servant, a
lacquey. See LITTRE (s.v.).]

ALLELUIA, or ALLELUIA PLANT, sb. [aelilu'ya.]
(i) Genista iinctoria (Shr.) ; (2) Oxalis acetosella (Dor.).

Shr.1 Alleluia, Genista tinctoria, dyer's green-wood. Dor. Wood-
sorrel at Whitchurch is Alleluia Plant, Samm Dioc. Gas. (Jan.
1891) I4;(G.E.D.).
VOL. I.

[Allelujah, the herb wood-sorrel, or French sorrel,
BAILEY (1755) ; Allelujah, wood-sorrel, Oxys, COLES (1679).
Fr. alleluia, plante de lafamille des Oxalide'es, qui fleurit au
temps pascal, HATZFELD. The plant was so called because
it blossoms between Easter and Whitsuntide, when in
the Catholic Liturgy psalms ending with 'alleluia' were
sung in the churches. The plant bears the same name
in G. (SANDERS), Fr. (LITTRE), It. (FLORIO), Sp. aleluya
(BARCIA). From MLat. alleluia, the 'Hallelujah' season.
Heb. hallelu-jah, i.e. praise ye Jah (or Jehovah).]

ALLEMAND, v. Obs. Ayr. To conduct in a formal
and courtly style.

Ayr. He presented her his hand and allemanded her along in
a manner that should not have been seen in any street out of
a king's court, GALT Annals (1821) 308.

[A vb. formed from Allemande, a name given to various
German dances. These outlandish heathen allemandes,
SHERIDAN Rivals, in. iv. 130. Fr. allemande, (i) Air lent
a quatre temps, (2) Danse a deux temps d"un mouvetnent vif
(HATZFELD). Allemand, a native of Germany ; Lat. Ala-
mantms.]

ALLEMASH-DAY, sb. Obs. Ken. See below.

Ken.1 Allemash-day, the day on which Canterbury silk-weavers
began to work by candlelight. This word is certainly obsolete
now [1895] (P.M.); GROSE (1790).

[GROSE (1790) suggests that allemash repr. Fr. allumage,
a lighting ; from allumer, to light, set on fire.]

ALLEN, see Old-land.

ALLER, ALLER-TREE, sb.1 Widely diffused through-
out the dialects. Also written ellar Cum.1 ; eller s.Sc. HAM.)
N.Cy.1 Nhb.1 Dur.1 n.Yks.18 ne.Yks.1 w.Yks.15 n.Lan.1
ne.Lan.1 Sus.1; owler w.Yks.12345 ne.Lan.1 e.Lan^Chs.12
s.Chs.1 Der.2 nw.Der.1 n.Lin.1 Shr.1 Hrf.1 ; owlder w.Yks.2 ;
oiler Nhb.1 Wor. ; ollern Shr.1; olerChs.1 [e-la(r), o'la(r).]

1. The alder, Alnus glutinosa.

Bwk. He used no coals, but a few green allers, HENDERSON Pop.
Rhymes (1856) 8. N.Cy.1 Aller, the alder-tree. Nhb. Beneath the
allers, darktin', Coquet Dale Sngs. (1852) 120; Nhb.1 w.Yks. Yon's
an owler-tree, doon by t'beck (F.P.T.). Lan. Th' poke wur . . .
i'th' tip top un o' hee owler-tree, BUTTERWORTH Sequel (1819) 13 ;
My foot is on my native heath once more, barring that there are
two inches of solid owler intervening betwixt the two, BRIERLEY
Marlocks (1867) 6; There is an old rhyme which mentions
peculiar boughs for various tempers, as an owler [alder] for a
scolder, HARLAND & WILKINSON Flk-Lore (1867) 238 ; Aw could
mak one eawt of a lump o' owler any day, BRIERLEY Irkdalc
(1865) xiii. Chs. As dreesome as Bostock's drumbo that th' owlers,
meetin' across, made dark at noonday, CROSTON Enoch Crump
(1887) 12 ; Chs.1 Der. Roland . . . clutched at a friendly oler-tree,
VERNEY Stone Edge (i868~> v. Shr.1 There is a place near Wem
called ' The Owlers.' Dor.1 By black rin'd allers An' weedy shallers,
140. w.Som.1, Dev.1, nw.Dev.1

2. The soles of clogs ; so called from being made of alder-
wood.

Nhb.1 He has on a pair o' new allers. Lan. I'd some'at to do to
bant him, but I leet him taste o' mi owler, now and then, WAUGH
Chim. Corner, Manch. Critic (Aug. 14, 1874) ; Lan.1 Owler [is] used
metaphorically as a synonym for clogs. He up wi' his foot an' gan
him some owler, i.e. kicked him.

3. Comp. (a) Black-aller, (i) the buckthorn, Rhamnus
frangula, (2) the alder, Alnus glutinosa ; Whit-aller, the
common elder, Sambucus nigra.

(i) I.W. Black-alder, a translation of the old Lat. name,^/««s nigra.
w.Som.1 Black-aller. Often so called to distinguish it from the
whit-aller or elder. nw.Dev.1 Cor. Black-aller, Rhamnus frangula
(berry-bearing alder). (2) w-Som.1 The common alder is occa-
sionally called the Black-aller. Whit-aller, the elder.

(b) (i) Aller-bed, see below ; (2) -bur, a knot or knob
in the alder-tree ; (3) -bury, see below ; (4) -float, a kind
of trout ; (5) -grove, (6) -trout, see below.

(i) nw.Dev.1 Aller-bed, a marshy place where alders grow.

(2) Nhb.1 Aller-burs, or knots, the turner makes into snuff-boxes.

(3) Dev. Aller-bury, a plantation of alders, Monthly Mag. (1808)
II. 421. (4) N.Cy.1 Aller-float, species of trout frequenting deep
holes of shady brooks under the roots of the aller. (5) w.Som.1
Aller-grove, a marshy place where alders grow ; an alder thicket.
The term always implies marsh, or wet land. ' U rig'lur aulur
groav' would mean a place too boggy to ride through. (6) Nhb.1

ALLER

[42]

ALL-HALLOWS

Aller-troot, the small brandling trout or ' skegger,' called from their
habit of haunting the roots of alder-trees that grow by the side of
the stream. OLIVER Fly-Fishing (1834) 17.

[The alter, oiler, owler forms repr. OE. alor, the alder.
Ellar (eller) repr. ON. 6'lr (elri-) ; cp. OHG. elira, erila
(mod. eller, erle). Aulne, an aller or alder-tree, COTGR. ;
Judas he iaped with luwen siluer And sithen on an eller
honged hym after, P. Plowman (B.) i. 68.]

ALLER, sb.2 Dev. [o'la(r).] A boil, carbuncle,
whitlow.

Dev. Aller, a pin-swill, a whitloe, GROSE (1790) MS. add. (C.)
n.Dev. Suke died . . . A-cause her aller wanted letting, ROCK Jim
an' Nell (1867) 31. Dev.1 Aller, an acute kind of boil or carbuncle,
so called from the leaves of the aller being employed as a remedy.

[Etym. unknown ; but see word below.]

ALLERNBATCH, sb. Som. Dev. jWlanbEetf.] A
boil, a botch or old sore.

w.Som.1 Allernbatch, a boil or carbuncle. Pinswill is the com-
moner term. n.Dev. Dame, 'e've a-tiched a allernbatch, ROCK Jim
an' Nell (1867) 23 ; Ner the allernbatch that tha had'st in thy
niddick, Exm. Scold. (1746) 1. 24 ; Monthly Mag. (1808) II. 421 ;
GROSE (1790) MS. add. (M.) Dev.1, nw.Dev.1

[The relation between this word and aller (a boil) is un-
certain. It may be a comp. of aller, or aller may be a
shortened form of allern-batch, with latter element sup-
pressed.]

ALLEY, s*.1 Cum. Wm. Yks. Lan. Chs. Der. Lin. Lei.
Nhp. War. Shr. Ess. Ken. Som. Dev. [a'li, ae'li.]

1. The aisle of a church.

Cum. Oh how my heart would lowp for joy To lead her up the
ally, RELPH Misc. Poems (1747) 76. Wm. When she . . . woked up
t'ally, first yan, an then anudther glooard at her, CLARKE Spec. Dial.
(ed. 1877) Pl- i- J9- w.Yks.1 Wid getten hauf way daan t'middle
alley, when Billy turned back, TOM TREDDLEHOYLE Bairnsla Ann.
(1853) 35. ne.Lan.1 nXin.1 A woman from Kirton-in-Lindsey in-
formed the author that she never heard the passages between the
pews in churches called anything but alleys, until the Puseyites
began to make people particular about 'them soort of things.'
The north aisle of the choir of Lincoln Minster was formerly called
the chanters' alley. Lei.1 Alley, a gangway in a church. The
various alleys are distinguished as 'side-alley,' 'middle alley,'
'cross-alley,' &c. Nhp.1 War.3 Work about y» door & alles,
SI. 155. $d., Aston Ch. Ace. (1714). Som. We poor voke be alwiz
foc'd to zit in the alley, PULMAN Sketches (1842) 76, ed. 1871 ;
w.Som.1 Miss F. said her seat [in church] was on the left side of
the middle alley. Dev. 1713 pd for stones to mend y° allier is.,
E. Budleigh Chwdn. Ace. (T.N.B.)

2. A pathway down the middle of a large room (as in a
factory between the rows of machines).

w.Yks. A passage past the ends of looms in a weaving-shed is
known as ' t'broad alley ' (J.R.) ; Alley, a central or main roadway
in a room, usually down the middle of it (F.R.).

3. A pathway in a garden between flower-beds, or
between the rows of hop-bines in a Kentish hop-garden.

Shr.1 Yo' can play i' the gardin if yo'n mind to keep on the alley,
cause yore faither's dug the ground. Ess. Sawe dust spred thick
makes alley trick [neat, tidy], TUSSER Husbandrie (1580) 33, st. 35.
Ken. (i) The space between two rows of hop-hills. (2) By associa-
tion of ideas, also a row of hop-hills, e.g. the Lew-alley is the
outside row planted rather closer together to serve as a ' lew ' to
the garden (P.M.).

Hence Alley-budge, -wagon.

Ken. Alley-budge, or Alley-wagon, a kind of barrow on four
wheels for conveying and distributing manure into a hop garden,
constructed in such a manner as to pass up the alleys between the
hills, when the bines are grown (P.M.).

4. See below.

,,C'?s'';.The gangway between two rows of cows, which in very
old-fashioned shippons stand tail to tail. War. (J R W )

5. Fig. A way, means, device.

Der. Polks knows as thou'lt be for t'parish, and t'poor folk, and
none o these crooked alleys for raisin' t'wind, so thee go in, Wkly.
feleg. (Dec. 22, 1894) 12, col. i

.It* Tretheadu anu timbers of §reat Part °f the north
Y I f m £hr^ch Was broke 'n' pM- T™™. (1731)

XLI 229 (N.E.D.). 3. An alley in a garden, HybetKra
subduhs, ambulatio COLES (1679); Thlse dosVr alleys
must be ever finely gravelled/ BACON Essay (Garden)

I am the flour of the feeld and the lilie of aleyes, WYCLIK
Sng. Sol. (1382) ii. i. 5. The same fig. sense is found
in Fr. : Apres bien ties alle'es et des venues on est tombe
d'accord, HATZFELD. Fr. alle'e, a passage, ppl. sb. of aller,
to go.]

ALLEY, sb.2 n.Cy. Dur. Wm. Yks. Nhp. [a'li.] A
limit or ' ring ' in games (see below) ; the line marking the
goal in a game of football ; the conclusion of the game
itself when the ball has passed the boundary.

N.Cy.1 Alley, end of a game at football. Dur.1 At the end of the
game of football, shinny, &c. , the ball must pass a certain line or
mark, which is called the alley. Wm.1 The circle marked on the
ground in games of marbles is called an alley ; so also, in burn-ball,
the circle or space in which the ' pitcher ' stands. Put thi marbles
in t' t'alley. w.Yks.1 Nhp.1 The space between the two stones
which mark the goal in the game of football.

Comp. Alley-mouth.

Lan.iElly-mouth, a bound orgoal in thegame of football. ne.Lan.1

[A special meaning of Alley, sb.1]

ALLEY, sb.3 Cor. [ae'li.] Local name for the Alii
shad, Alosa vulgaris.

Cor.1 Alley, theallis-shad ; from its bony nature sometimes locally
called chuck-childern ; Cor.2

[A form of allice (or allis), also allowes. Fr. alose, Lat.
alausa, a kind offish, the same as Clupea.]

ALL-FIRED, adj. and adv. Brks. Amer.

1. adj. Enormous, excessive.

[Amer. A low expression ; probably a puritanical corruption of
hell-fired, designed to have the virtue of an oath without offending
polite ears. The doctor will charge an all-fired price to cure me,
BARTLETT.] Colloq. ' Look at that 'ere Dives,' they say, ' what an
all-fired scrape he got into by his avarice with Lazarus,' HALIBURTON
Clockmaker (1835) ist S. xxiv ; You've been an all-fired time . . .
in selling those jars, PAYN Thicker than Water(iS&^) xvii (FARMER).

2. adv. Exceedingly, intensely.

Brks. ' I be so all-fired jealous I can't abear to hear o' her talkin'
to — ' ... To me, you were going to say,' HUGHES T. Brown Oxf.
(1861) xl.

Hence All-flredly, adv. Enormously.

Amer. Rum does everything that is bad ; wonder if it is rum
that makes potatoes rot so all-firedly, BARTLETT.

ALL-GOOD, sb. Hmp. [§'l-gud.] Plant-name for
Chenopodium Bonus- Henricus.

Hmp.1

[All-good, herb Mercury, Good Henry, COLES (1677) ;
Algood groweth . . . about waves, and pathes, and by
hedges, LYTE Dodoens, 560 ; Bon-Henry, the herb, Good
Henry, Good King Harry, and All-good, COTGR.]

ALL-HALLOW(S, sb. Cum. Lan. War. Shr. Hrt. Hmp.
Also written Alhalon, Alhollan, All-hollan, All-hollands.
[9'1-alaz, 5'1-alan.]

1. All Saints. The festival of All Saints.
ne-Lan.1 All Saints' day (Nov. i). War. (J.R.W.)

2. In comp. (i) -cakes, a special kind of cake made at
All-hallowtide ; (2) -day, All Saints' day, the first of
November ; (3) -eve, the eve of All Saints, see Hallow-
e'en ; (4) -tide, the season of the festival of All Saints.

(i) s.Hmp. In some places plum cakes are made on this day,
and for some weeks afterwards, which are called All-holland
cakes, HOLLOWAY. Hmp.1 All-holland cakes, cakes cried about
on All Saints' day. (2) Hrt. Allhollandy, ELLIS Mod. Hush. (1750)
VI. ii. 40. Hmp. All-hollands' day, HOLLOWAY. (3) Cum. Aw-
hallow-even, All Saints' eve, Gl. (1851). (4) Shr.1 Alhalontid,
obs. Hrt. All-hallows-tide, ELLIS Mod. Husb. (1750) VI. ii. 40.

[All-hallow, -s, repr. All + hallow (later hallows), prop._pl.
forms of an adj. ME. halwe, OE. halga, wk. form ofhalig
(whence holy), (a) The OE. pi. hctigan passed througji
the forms_halwen, halowen, halowe, halowes. (b) The OE.
gen. pi. halgena (with dceg, fid) became halwene, hallowen,
hallown, hallon, holland. 1. (a) All-hallowtide, the term
near All-Saints, BAILEY (1755) ; Toussaincts(la Toussaincts) ;
All- Saints day, All-hallow day, COTGR. ; Betwixt Alhallow-
tide and Christmas, MASCALL Plant. 16. 2. (a) Displeasant
to god and to all hallowes, MORE Heresyes, II. 196 (N.E.D.).
(b) Alhollantide, the first day of November, BAILEY (1721) ;
Lincoln is kept in close imprisonment from All-hollantidc
till the end of Christmas, HACKET Life of Williams, II. 131

„

ALL-HEAL

[43 1

ALLOW

(DAV.I; Farewell, All-hallown summer! SHAKS. i Hen.
IV, i. ii. 178 ; Alhalowen tyde, la tous sainctz, PALSGR. ;
Of j>at tyme for to an-oj>er tyme of halowene, Eng. Gilds,

ALL-HEAL, sb. [6'1-ial, 9'1-il.] (i) Pnmella vitlgaris
(n.Yks. w.Chs.); (2) 1/iscum album (Sc.). So called from
their supposed medicinal value.

Chs.1. Chs.2 Pi-mulla viilgaris has several provincial names re-
ferring to its real or supposed healing qualities.

[(i) Priint'lla, the herb Self-heal, COLES (1679) ; Oing-
tereule, Self-heal, Hook-heal, Sicklewort, Brunei, Prunel,
Carpenters herb, COTGR. (2) They call it (Mistletoe)
in their language All-heale, HOLLAND Pliny, I. 497.
Also in the Herbals as follows :— All-heal, or Clown's
All-heal, Panax coloni, HILL Herbal (1812) ; All-heal,
Panax, JOHNSON ; All-heal, Panax, COLES (1679) ; Clownes
Woundwoort, or Alheale, GERARD Herbal, 851.]

ALLICA, see Alegar.

ALLICOMGREENYIE, sb. Gall. A game played by
girls at country schools, similar to ' Drop-handkerchief*
in England.

Gall. They form into a circle ; one goes round on the outside
with a cap, saying — ' I got a letter from my love, And by the way
I drop'd it, I drop'd it.' She drops the cap behind one of the
party, who runs out and in and across the circle as quickly as
possible. If the follower breaks the course, she fails. Then the
one caught, or the one who fails, stands in the circle, and the other
goes round as before (JAM. Suf>pl.~}.

ALLICOMPAIN, see Elecampane.

ALLIGATOR'S BACK, sb. Glo. Som. A serrated
ridge of tiles.

Glo., Som. The house is built with a roof sloping two ways,
and surmounted by an ornamental erection known in the building
trade as an ' alligator's back "... which runs the whole length of
the roof, Bristol Times and Mirror (Apr. 26, 1889) 5, col. 6;
The three or four instances in which I have met with the word
all belonged to the Bristol district (G.E.D.).

ALLIGOSHEE, sb. War. Shr. Glo. Also written allee-
go-shee Glo. [aligo-Ji.] A game in which children link
arms and skip backwards and forwards, singing verses as
given below.

War. All-i-go-shee, alligoshee, Turn the bridle over my knee,
GOMME Trad. Games (1894) I. 7. Shr. Betsy Blue came all in
black, Silver buttons down her back. Every button cost a crown,
Every lady turn around. Alligoshi, alligoshee, Turn the bridle
over my knee, BURNE Flk-Lore (1883) 523. Glo. Barbara, Barbara,
dressed in black, Silver buttons all up your back. Allee-go-shee,
allee-go-shee, Turn the bridle over me, GOMME Trad. Games
'iSg^ I. 7.

ALLIMENT, see Element.

ALLISTER, adj. Obs. Rxb. (JAM.) Sane, in full
possession of one's mental faculties.

Rxb. He's no allister, he is not in his right mind.

[Alastair is Gaelic Alexander. If from the personal
name, I should think it would be, ' he's no the Allister' ;
cf. ' he's no the Sandy ' or ' the Sam.' I do not know the
word (G.W.).]

ALLONGE, adv. Obs. Sc. Som. Also written all
anys (JAM.). Together.

Sc. All anys, together ; in a state of union (JAM.). Som. Let's go
allonce, JENNINGS Obs. Dial. w.Eng. (1825).

[All + once. ME. ones, anes, enes, formed from ene, OE.
aene (once), with -s advb. gen. suff.]

ALL ONLY, adv. n.Yks. [q-lianli.]

n.Yks.2 Alleeanly, or Allonely, solely, or without exception.

[I sey not this al-only for these men, CHAUCER Tr. fi-»
Cr. v. 1779: Out-take Richesse al-only, ./?. Rose, 5819.
All + onto (OE.anltc).]

ALLOT, v. Obsol. Nrf. Suf. Amer. To anticipate, look
forward to, intend. Gen. constr. used with on or upon.
In pass, to be pleased.

Nrf. I am allotted [glad or pleased] to see you. So, 1 am told by
a man of 75, used to speak his grandmother and other old folk
(F.H.). Suf. I allot on seeing him [shall have pleasure in, &c.,
count on seeing him] (F.H.). [Amer. I allot upon going to Boston.
Used by uneducated people in the interior of New England,
BARTLETT.]

ALL OUT, ac/v.1 Sc. Irel. Yks. Lan. Not. Lin. Nhp. Aus.
1. Completely, altogether, fully.

Sc. All out, in a great degree, beyond comparison (JAM.). Ir.
He's now in his grave, and thank God, it's he that had the dacent
funeral all out, CARLETON Traits Peas. (1843) II. 102; Glory be
to God ! but thaf s wonderful all out, ib. I. 2 ; Not far from sixty
[years of age], if he was not sixty all out (G.M.H.X w.Ir. I'm
not sich a gommoch all out as that, LOVER Leg. (1848) I. 164.
n.Yks.1 Yon's t'best, Joss. — Ay, all out. w.Yks.3 It is almost,
if not all out, as bad as thieving. s.Lan. They'r dun oleawt,
BAMFORD Dial. (1850) 208, ed. 1854. Not.1 sw.Lin.1 She's very
gain on five, if not five all out. Your Bill's nearly killed, if not all
out. Nhp.1 It's not all out as good as I expected. [Aus., N.S.W.
Now she was nineteen all out, and a fine girl she'd grown, BOLDRE-
WOOD Robbery (1888*1 I. xv. ] Slang. All out the best, FARMER.

[So are we to take notice of the good (gifts), though not
all out so perfect as St. James advisetn us, ANDREWES
Serm. xcvi. (1628) 749 ; Fowling is more troublesome but
all out as delightsome to some sorts of men, BURTON
Anat. Mel. (1621) II. ii. 4, ed. 1836. ME. Whan he had
doon his wil al-out, R. Rose, 2101 ; Now have I ... declared
al-out, ib. 2935. Af/+out.]

ALL OUT, adv.* and sb. Van dial, uses in Sc. Irel.
and Eng.

1. adv. Mistaken.

Bnff.1 For ass diver's he iz he's a'-oot in that opingin. Slang.
All out, to be in error ; quite wrong, FARMER.

2. Too late.

Bnff.1 Y're a'-oot, man, the meetin's a' our.

3. Disappointed.

Bnff.1 Fin he saw it he wiz a'-oot [or oot], he geedintillan unco (list.

4. Finished, used up.

w.Som.1 Plai-z-r dhu suydur-z au-1 aewt [please, sir, the cider is
all finished, i.e. the cask is empty]. Dhu woets bee au1! aewt
[the oats are all finished].

5. sb. Interval for play, as in phr. all-out time.

w.Yks. All-out, time for recreation, play time (J.T.) ; All-aat-time,
playtime at school, Leeds Merc. Suppl. (May 9, 1891).
ALL-OVER, adv. Wm. Yks. Lin.

1. Over the whole body, in every part, completely.
Wm. Thoo's fair o-ower, my luv, RICHARDSON S«^. Sol. (1859

iv. 7. e.Yks.1 He's his fayther bayn all-ower.

2. Everywhere.

n.Yks. (I.W.) n-Lin.1 Taaties hes faail'd oil oher to year.

[1. He is all-over mistaken, BENTLEY Phalaris (1699) 130.
2. A south-west blow on ye And blister you all o'er !
SHAKS. Temp. \. ii. 324. Cp. ME. ouer-al (in P. Plowman),
ouer alle (in Cath. Angl.), everywhere, passim.}

ALL-OVERISH, adj. Lan. Der. Lin. War. Brks. Som.
Cor.

1. Slightly out of sorts, but with no particular ailment.

ne.Lan.1 All-overish, neither sick nor well. Der.a War. All-
overish, queer-like (J.R.W.). w.Som.1

2. Nervous, with a sense of apprehension.

n.Lin.1 Brks.1 All-overish, feelingconfusedorabashed. Cor.There's
a kind o'what-I-can't-tell-'ee about dead men that's very enticin',tho'
it do make you feel all-overish, ' Q.' Three Ships (1890) iii. Colloq.
When the mob began to gather round I felt all-overish, MAYHEW
Land. Labour (1864) III. 52; The elder of the brothers gave a squeal,
All-overish it made me for to feel, GILBERT Bab Ballads (1869) 184 ;
All-overish, an indefinite feeling which pervades the body at critical
periods, when sickening for an illness, or at a moment of supreme
excitement, FARMER.

[All-over, q.v. + -ish. The suffix doubtless suggested by
' feverish.']

ALLOW, v. Irel. Glo. Ess. Ken. Sus. Hmp. I.W.
Dor. Som. Dev. Cor. Amer. [alau1, aletr.]

1. To suppose, consider, be of opinion.
Glo. I 'low as 'tis time mother wur a-got downstairs, BUCKMAN
Darke's Sojourn (1890) xi. Ken.1 He's allowed to be the biggest
rogue in Faversham. Sus. She cry'd an 'lowd tud braak ur hert,
LOWER Tom Cladpole (1831) st. 18. Hmp. If you ask a peasant
how far it is to any place, his answer nearly invariably is ;I allow
it to be so far,' WISE New Forest (1883) 280; Hmp.1 I.W. She doos
well enough Zundays and high-days, . . . but I 'lows she's most
too high vur work-a-days, MAXWELL GRAY Annesley (1889) I. 164.
se.Dor. (C. W. ') w.Som.1 1 do low eens there's dree score o' taties in
thick there splat. Uw muuch d-ee-Iuw dhik dhae'ur rik u haay?

G 2

ALLOW

[44]

ALLY

[how much do you consider that rick of hay ? i. e. how much it con-
tains]. Dev. I do not allow myself to reckon like you [I do not suppose
myself capable of calculating as quickly as you can], Reports Provinc.
(1877) 127. Cor. Paul an' me allowed to each other that we'd set
up in fine style at Kit's House, ' Q.' Troy Town (1888) iv. [Amer.
The lady of the cabin seemed kind, and allowed we had better stop
where we were, BARTLETT. U.S. Some thought Barnes must've
swallowed a tadpole, . . . while others allowed that may be he'd
accidentally eaten frogs' eggs some time and they'd hatched out,
MAX ADELER Elbow Room (1876) v.]
2. To advise.

Uls. N. & Q. (1874) sth S. i. 245 ; I allow her to come (M.B.-S.).
Cav. I don't allow you to sell your pig at a loss to yourself (M.S. M.).
N.I.1 Doctor! A wouldn't allow you to be takin' off that blister yet.
Ess. This point I allow For servant and cow, TUSSER Husbandrie
(1580) 74, st. 30. w.Som.1 I d'allowee vorto put thick there field
in to rape, arter you've a-clain un, and then zeed-n out.

[1. The Self-Tormentor of Terence's, which is allowed
a most excellent comedy, Spect. No. 512 ; The principles
which all mankind allow for true are innate, LOCKE
(JOHNSON) ; To alowe, to declare to be true, approbo,
BARET. 2. The sense of ' advise ' is developed from the
old meaning once common — 'to approve of, sanction.'
Truly ye bear witness that ye allow the deeds of your
fathers, BIBLE Luke xi. 48. OFr. alouer, to praise, com-
mend ; Lat. allaudare.]

ALLOW, int. n.Yks. Brks. A cry used in setting dogs
on to the chase.

n.Yks. (I.W.) Brks.1 Allow, allow! thus shouted twice to a dog
to incite him to chase anything.

[From allow, vb., in the sense of ' to sanction.' The cry
means ' We allow (the chase) ! ']

ALLOWANCE, sb. Sc. Irel. Yks. Wor.

1. Permission.

N.I.1 There's no allowance for people in here.

2. A limited portion of food or drink allowed to work-
men between meals.

Yks. He was going homewards as soon as he had finished his
'lowance, FLETCHER Wapentake (1895) 190. ne.Wor. When are
you goin' to have your 'lowance ? (J.W.P.)

3. Phr. at no allowance, at pleasure, unsparingly, un-
mercifully.

Edb. Vagrants in buckram and limmers in silk, parading away at
no allowance, MOIR Mansie Wauch (1828) vii. Slang. I found
Dawes junior pegging into Dawes senior no allowance, and him
crying blue murder, READE Jack of all Trades (1858) i.

[1. Permission, a permission, leave, licence, allowance,
COTGR. 2. His allowance was a continual allowance given
him of the king, a daily rate for every day, BIBLE 2 Kings
xxv. 30. Hence phr. ' at no allowance,' without limitation.
His people pluck him at no allowance, CARLYLE Fred. Gt.
III. vin. v. 42. Fr. alouance, allowance (PALSGR.), deriv. of
OFr. alouer, see Allow, v.]

ALLOWED, ppl. adj. Som. [aleu'd.] Licensed.

w.Som.1 Dhik-ee aewz waud-n nuvur ulaewd [that house was
never licensed].

[There is no slander in an allow'd fool, though he do
nothing but rail, SHAKS. Twelfth Nt. i. v. 101 ; An allowed
cart or chariot, HOLLYBAND. Allowed, pp. of allow (vb.),

ALLS, sb. pi. Dur. w.Yks. n.Lin. Lei. Nhp. War. Wor
Also written awls Dur.1; nails s.Wor.1 se.Wor.1 folz
ealz.] Belongings, goods and chattels, especially work-
men's tools.

Dnr. !' To pack up his awls' is spoken of a person departing in haste
w.Yks.s Pack up thee awals an' tramp. n-Lin.1 ' Pack up your alls
and slot off is a common form of dismissal, used by masters to work-
men. Lei.1 Alls, a workman's tools and appliances : often used for
personal luggage generally. Nhp.1, War.2, s.Wor.1 se.Wor1 'Pick
up your nails and cut' is a form of ordering an objectionable person
to leave.

[It is doubtful whether alls in the phrase ' pack up your
alls is all used as a sb. in pi., or whether it repr .awls
Perhaps orig. the phrase contained the word awls which
was changed by a humorous pun to alls. So N E.D

bid me

ALLS, see Aries.

ALLS-, see Halse-.

ALL TO PIECES, adv. phr> Der. Wor. Amer. Aus.
Thoroughly, altogether.

Der.2 He ca'd me a' to pieces. s.Wor. It's too hot all to pieces,
PORSON Quaint Wds. (1875) 29. [Amer. I beat him last night at
pokerall topieces, BARTLETT. Aus., N.S.W.If we fell offhe stopped
still and began to feed, so that he suited us all to pieces, BOLDRE
WOOD Robbery (1888) I. i.]

[We'll bend it to our awe, Or break it all to pieces,
SHAKS. Hen. V, i. ii. 225 ; I bid thy master cut out the
gown ; but I did not bid him cut it to pieces, ib. T. Shrew,
iv. iii. 129.]

ALL TO PIECES, adv. phr? Nhp. Som. Broken
down in health or finances ; exhausted, collapsed.

Nhp.1 A person who has failed, or been sold up, or in a state of
bankruptcy, is said to be all to pieces. w.Som.1 Poo-ur oa'l blid,
ee-z au'l tiie pees'ez wai dhu riie'maat'iks [poor old blood, he is
quite done up with the rheumatism]. Aew-z dh-oa-1 au's ? — Oa !
au'l tiie pees'ez [How is the old horse ? — Oh ! quite knocked up],
Colloq. Fifty thousand pounds . . . won't come before it's all
wanted ; for they say he is all to pieces, AUSTEN Sense and Sensi-
bility (181 1) xxx. Slang. The Oxford men were now all to pieces ;
their boat was full of water, Echo (Apr. 7, 1884) 3, col. i.

ALLUM, see Aum.

ALL-UTTERLY, adv. Obs. Sc. (JAM.) Also written
alluterlie, alluterly. Wholly, completely.

[So whan she saw al-utterly That he wolde hirof trouthe
faile, CHAUCER Hous F. 296. All (ME. al) + utterly.}

ALL- WORKS, sb. Ken. A man employed on a farm
to do odd jobs. Used adjectivally, of horses : doing odd
jobs, not in the regular team.

Ken. Yes ! he's the all-works on our farm. Tell All-works
it's his place to do that (D.W.L.); The horses not sufficient in
number to make up a team are called the odd or all-works horses,
and are looked after by the odd man, oddie, or all-works (P.M.) ;
Ken.1 ; Ken.2 An ' all-works ' is the lowest servant in the house,
and is not hired for the plough or the wagon particularly, as the
other servants are, but to be set about anything.

[With this word cp. the common phr. ' a maid-of-all-
work.' The comp. is formed in the same way as ' Great-
heart,' and many of the names in BUNYAN P. P., in which
the name of the quality or characteristic (consisting of
adj. + sb.) designates the possessor of the same, the stress
always being on the former element of the comp.]

ALLY, sb. Nhb. Wm. Dur. Yks. Lan. Chs. Stf.
Der. Not. Lin. Lei. Nhp. Wor. Shr. Oxf. Brks. e. An. Sus.
Hmp. Som. Cor. Also written alley N.Cy.1 Nhb.1 Dur.1
Wm.1 e. Yks.1 w.Yks.245 Stf.2 nw.Der.1 Lei} Nhp.1 Shr.12
Oxf.1 Brks.1 e.An.1 Hmp.1 w.Som.1 Cor.2; alNhp.1; olley
Chs.1 [a-li, se'li.]

1. A boy's marble made of alabaster, fine white stone,
marble, or glass. See below.

N.Cy.1, Nhb.1, Dur.1, Wm.1 w.Yks. Real marbles, i. e. globes
made of marble, not clay. Also those moulded from china clay.
The latter, often covered with small circles, were sometimes called
bull's-eyes or bullies (J.T.); w.Yks.2, e.Lan.1 Chs.1 When streaked
with red, it is called a blood-alley. Stf.2 Lei.1 A marble made
either of white marble or alabaster. If streaked with red veins
it is called a blood-alley, if not so marked, a white alley. Nhp.1
Al, or Alley, used by boys for shooting at the ring ; deriving its
name from the term alabaster, as erroneously applied to the
varieties of carbonate of lime which constitute marble, instead of
restricting it to sulphate of lime or gypsum. These marbles are
generally. denominated white als, or alleys, but when they exhibit
any of the red veins they are called blood-alleys, and are doubly
prized by the possessor. se.Wor.1, Shr.12, Oxf.' MS. arfrf. , Brks.1,
e.An.1, Hmp.1 w.Som.1 A boy's marble, generally valued at from
five to ten common marbles according to its quality. Cor. Bright
blue et was, suthin' the colour of a hedgy-sparrer's egg, an' shiny-
clear like a glass-alley, ' Q.' Troy Town ^1888) xi ; Cor.2 [Amer.
Alley, an ornamental marble, used by boys for shooting in the ring,
&c. , BARTLETT.]

2. Hence Ally, v.

e.Yks.1 To place the marble in the hole in a game of marbles,
and thus score a point against an opponent

3. Comp. Ally-taw.

ne.Yks.1 Ally taw, playing marble, as distinguished from
' steeanies ' and ' potties,' i. e. stone or baked clay marbles. sXan.

ALLYCOMPALY

[45]

ALONE

lley-taw, a large or' shooting-marble' (T.R.C.). Brks.His small
private box was full of peg-tops, white marbles (called' alley-taws'
in the Vale) . . . and other miscellaneous boy's wealth, HUGHES
T. Bmwn (1856) iii. Colloq. Inquiring whether he had won any
alley-tors or commoneys lately, DICKENS Pickwick (1837) 281,
ed. 1847.

(The word occurs in DE FOE'S Duncan Campbell; see
N.E.D. Ally, a dim. of alabaster.}

ALLYCOMPALY, see Elecampane.

ALLY -LONG-LEGS, sb. Stf. The ' Daddy-long-legs,'
or crane-fly.

stf.2

ALMANAC-MAN, sb. n. Lin.

n.Lin.1 Almanac-man, the surveyor of the Court of Sewers, so
called because he sends notices to the dwellers near the Trent of
the times when high tides may be expected.

ALMANIE-WHISTLE, sb. Obs. Abd. A flageolet of
a very small size used by children QAM.).

[Almanie repr. ME.Almaine, OFr.Alemaigne, Germany.
In the i6th and i7th cents, almani was in common use
for a kind of dance-music in slow time, introduced from
Germany.]

ALMERY, see Ambry.

ALMOND, sb. Glo. A gland of the ear or throat.

Glo.1 The almonds of my ears came down. Colloq. Almonds :
this term is applied popularly to the exterior glands of the neck
and to the tonsils, HOBLYN Diet. Med. Terms (and ed. 1844).

[Almonds of the throat are a glandulous substance, re-
presenting two kernels placed on each side of the uvula,
at the root of the tongue, KERSEY ; The almonds of the
ears, Glandulae, COLES (1679).]

ALMOND-FURNACE, sb. Obs. Cdg. A furnace used
by silver-refiners, in which the refuse of litharge is re-
duced to lead by being heated with charcoal.

Cdg. Almond furnace, in which they melt the slags or refuse of
the litharge (not stamped) with charcoale only, RAY (1691) ; (K.)

[Alman, or almond furnace, a furnace used by refiners,
and called a sweep, for separating all sorts of metals from
cinders, &c., BAILEY (1721). Alman or almond repr.
OFr. aleman (mod. allemand), i. e. German.]

ALMOND-NUT, sb. Cor. An almond.

Cor. I've got ferrings and sweetmeats anow. . . . Dest a like
men [them] with ame-nuts or zeeds best inside ? J. TRENOODLE
Specimens (1846) 28; Cor.12

ALMOUS, sb. In gen. use in Sc. Irel. and n. counties
to Lan. and Lin. FAIso Sus. Dev. Also written almisse,
almose n.Yks.1; alomes Wxf.1; aamas Cum.2 n.Lan.1;
aamus Nhb.1; aumas m.Yks.1 w.Yks.5 n.Lan.1; aumous
Lin.1; aumus n.Yks.2 w.Yks.1 ne.Lan.1; awmoss w.Yks.4 ;
awmous sw.Lin.1 ; awmus N.Cy.1 Wm.1 n.Yks.12 e.Yks.1 ;
omas Cum.1 ; omus Nhb.1 [a'mas, §-mas.]
1. Money or food bestowed in charity, gifts offered to
a child on its first round of visits.

Sc. Almous, Almows (JAM.) ; The silly friar behoved to fleech,
For aumus as he passes, SCOTT Abbot (1820) xv. Ayr. An extra
neaveful to their wonted weekly almous, GALT Sir Andrew (1822)
iv. Gall. Gaun off like a beggar wi' his awmus on Monday mornin',
CROCKETT Stiekit Mm. (1893) 57. Wxf.1, Nhb.1 Dur. It is still
customary to present a baby with three articles ' for luck ' the first
time it is taken into a neighbour's house. This is termed the
' bairn's awmous,' that is, alms. The articles usually consist of a
piece of bread, a pinch of salt, and an egg, but matches are some-
times substituted for the last, N. & Q. (1878) 5th S. x. 37. Cum.
The gift to a regular beggar was sometimes in money, but more
frequently in victuals. Regular beggars carried bags (pokes)
rolled up in their apron for the accommodation of meal, a handful
of which was always an acceptable awmous (M.P.) ; Cum.1 Omas,
in former times a handful of oatmeal or a slice of barley bread,
and in later times a halfpenny or a penny. Wm. The mendicant
. . . departs with his awmus of meal, GIBSON Leg. and Notes
(1877)17. ne.Yks.1 What awmous a'e ya gotten ? w.Yks. Awmoss,
an alms, THORESBY i«#. (1703) ; w.Yks.1 Hedto a poor neighbour
at com daily to thy door for an aumus ? w.Yks.4 An awmoss.
Lan. Pretty Mrs. Marg'ret . . . hes always yet an awmas for
Bess, ranty an' feckless o' body as she is, THORNBER Penny Stone
(^45) 15; Lan.1 He lives o' aumas. n.Lan.1 The following quatrain
is still remembered by some of the old inhabitants of Furness,
as the usual address of beggars soliciting alms : ' Pity, pity

paamas, Pray give us aamas ; Yan for Peter, two for Paul, Three
for God 'at meead us all.' e.Sus. Almcs, HOLLOWAY. s.Dev.
Omes, alms, Fox Kingsbridgc (1874).

2. A small portion ; a definite quantity.
n.Yks.1 In Cleveland a messenger sent to a shop for a shilling's-
worth of such and such an article, and returning with what
seems to the purchaser a very small proportionate quantity, is
greeted with the remark, 'Why, what an ommus thee has getten ' ;
as if, like alms, it had been sparingly or grudgingly doled out ;
n.Yks.2 I think I've got my aumus, i. e. the number of articles
I bespoke. A dear aumus, very little for the money. e.Yks. A've
coonted this money, and that's thy awmus ; e.Yks.1 Is that all
bacon we're gannin te hev te bray-cast ? what a awmus ! m.Yks.1
There, that's thy aumas ; thou'll get no more. One holding a sack
to be filled will cry out when the sack is full, ' Hold on ! I've gotten
my aumas.' w.Yks. Awmous, a helping (B.K.) ; Awmous, a cart
load, LUCAS Stud. Nidderdale (c. 1882) 59. Lin. When a labourer
has been filling a cart with manure, corn, &c. , he will say at last
to the carter or wagoner, ' Haven't ya got your aumous?' (HALL.);
Lin.1 They gave me such an aumous of provender. swXin.1 Oh,
what an awmous ! said ironically of a small gift of corn on St.
Thomas' Day.

8. A meritorious act.

Sc. It wou'd be an aumous to gie him a weel-payed skin (JAM.) ;
Those who leave so good a Kirk, it were but alms to hang them,
Scotland's Glory, &c. (1805) 44 QAM.).

4. In comp. (i) Aumas-dish, a beggar's dish for alms ;
(2) -house, an alms-house ; (3) -loaves, bread distributed
to the poor in church after Divine service ; (4) -woman,
a woman supported by charity.

(i) Ayr. While she held up her greedy gab, Just like an aumos
dish, BURNS Jolly Beggars (1785). (2) w.Yks. Amus-hahses,
BANKS Wkfld. IVds. (1865) ; w.Yks.5 Aumas-houses. (3) n.Yks.2
Aumus-leeaves, charity loaves. (4) w.Yks.5

[Almose, eleemosyna, LEVINS Manip. ; Lefsir,parc/iarite',
Wit sum almous thou help me, Metr. Horn. (Spec. E. E. II.
94) ; God . . . jelde ow for oure almus that je jiven us
here ! P. Plowman (A.) vn. 120 ; Ilk dai man him )>ider bar
For to bide his almus bar, Cursor M. 19052 ; Almus, messe
and bedes, HAMPOLE P. C. 3722 ; An almus doer, elimosi-
narius, Cam. Angl. ; Almesse or almos, elimosina, Prompt.
ON. almusa (also olmusa), an alms, charity, an allowance
to scholars in Icel. grammar-schools ; Rom. alimosina
(whence OFr. almosne, It. limosina). Cp. OE. oelmysse
(-esse), whence lit. E. alms.]
ALODDIN, adj. Cum. Wm. [aio'din.]

1. Not engaged, unemployed, on offer.

Cum. I hard Ritson's lass was aloddin, sooa I went and saw her
an hir't her. Does te see the bonny lass wid a rose in her breast ?
She's aloddin. Richardson is going to build a barn, sooa there
will be lots o' jobs aloddin. Jenkinson has a new-cult cow
aloddin [for sale]. How Hall has been a long time aloddin' [to
let] (J.A.) ; Cum.1 She's still aloddin ; Cum.2, Wm.1

2. Lost, missing.

Cum. They say Thomsons of Brier Holme hev six ewes a-loddin.

[Prob. repr. ON. afldftun, on invitation, still open to an
invitation (to marry). Cogn. with ON lafta, to invite, OE.
laclian, G. laden, to summon.]

ALOGHE, see Alow.

ALONE, adv. Sc. Irel. Nhb. Cum. e.An. [ale'n, alia-n.]

1. Used with pronom. adj.

Cum. As I was walking mine alane, SCOTT Minstrelsy (1802) 120,
ed. 1839.

2. In phr. (i) all-a-living alone, left in a helpless condition
(used of a sick person) ; (2) let alone, to say nothing of,
besides ; (3) let me alone, let him alone, phr. expressive of
superiority or acknowledged excellence.

(i)e.An.2 We have the odd phrase 'all-a-living-alone,' i.e. quite en-
tirely alone, spoken compassionately ofa sickpersonleftimproperly
in a helpless condition. (a)s.Ir. He ate a whole village, let alone the
horse, LOVER Leg. (1848) II. 435. Nhb.1 Thor wis three on them, let
alyen his fethor. Cum.8 I's cum't ofa stock 'at niver wad be freetn't
toshowafeacetilla king, let aleanan oald newdles. (3)Edb.Letme
alane for whilly-whaing an advocate, SCOTT Midlothian (1818) xi.
Ir. Can he swim? — O let him alone for that! He can swim
like a fish (A.S.P.). s.Ir. Ned Sheehy was a good butler, . . . and
as for a groom, let him alone with a horse ; he could dress it, or
ride it, or shoe it, or physic it, CROKER Leg. (1862) 281. Cum.
Let Bobby alone for that, FARRALL Betty Wilson (1886) 7.

ALONG

[46]

ALONGST

[1. I ame myne alane and poore, KING Catech. (N.E.D.)
ME. All him alane the way he tais, BARBOUR Bruce, n.
146 ; Walkyng myn one (v.r. al myn oone), P. Plowman
(A.) ix. 54. ME. at, all + ane (OE. art) ; see Lone. 2. With
the phr. ' let me alone for that ' we may cp. SHAKS. : Let
us alone to guard Corioli, Cor. I. ii. 27 (the phrase im-
plies an ironical prohibition to help a man who is able
to manage the affair himself) ; JOHNSON (s.v. Alone).]

ALONG, adv.1 Var. dial, uses in midl. and s. counties ;
also Lan. Also written elong. [alo'rj, ala'rj, slas'q.alu-

1. Slanting.

n.Dev. Twel zet e-long, Exm. Scold. (1746) ; Along, for end-long,

obliquely, slanting ; GROSE (1790) MS. add. (H.1

Comp. Along-straight, lying at full length.

Dor. She vow'd she zeed en wi her own eyes a-lyen all along

strait upon the groun, Why John (Coll. L.L.B.X Som. Why

zomebody must ha' zot on un [kitchen clock] when he wur down

along-straight, RAYMOND Gent. Upcott (1893) 22.

2. At full length, lying flat, generally used with all; see
all along.

Dev. GROSE (1790) MS. add. (H.); 'Along' now means flat, all
along (F.W.C.).

3. During a period of time, during the past.

w.Som.1 We've had middlin' luck along, like. Dev. It is quite
usual to speak of anything being done ' along in the winter,' or
other season, and rather conveys the idea of repeated or continuous
action than of indefiniteness as to time, Reports Provinc. (1889).

4. In company, as well, into the bargain.

Wor. Mary is going, and Fred will go alung (H.K.). Sur.
Taking the eggs to market and the hen along, HOSKYNS Taipei
(1852) 139, ed. 1857 ; I'm blest if I don't think they got their own
price and ours along, ib. 150.

5. Forward, on; send along, to send home.

Lan. Bring the kayther alung, BANKS Manch. Man (1876) i. Stf.2
Th' liver inna ready yet, but wfin send it yu alung. War.3
' I will send it along directly ' is an everyday expression now in
Birmingham. Shr.1 Shall I send the mutton alung now, ma'am ?
[Amer. Mrs. Trollope has the following words : ' We must try
to get along, as the Americans say.' Lover also was puzzled to
discover what the young American lady meant by saying that she
was so unwell that she ' could not get along,' BARTLETT.]

6. In phr. (i) along of, (a) with, together with ; (b) in
pursuit of; (2) along with, with.

(i) (a) s.War.1 Come and go along of father. GIo. ' Does 'ee
zell th' owld genelman 'long o' this lot?' says one, BUCKMAN
Darke's Sojourn (1890) vii. Ess. Las' night I passed them housen
by along o' Tom an' Jack, DOWNE Ballads (1895) !9- Wil.1 Here,
you just coom whoam along o' I, an I'll gie 'ee summut to arg
about. Som. She'd garn t'school alang of us, LEITH Lemon Verbena
(l895) I07- Dev. Now and again he comes and stops along of
his granny for a bit, O'NEILL Idylls (1892) 86. Slang. I walks in
my brown gaiters along o' my old brown mule, KIPLING Brk. Ballads
(1892) Screw Guns, (b) Cor. ' Tez Farmer Tickle, I tell'y!' I shouted,
'and if you axes again, I'll come along ofyou with mystick/BARiNG-
GOULD Vicar(i&i6] vi. (2) Sc. Mak' grit the Lord alang wi' me,
RIDDELL Ps. . (1857) xxxiv. 3. Brks.1 When a young man is accused

He lived along with the squire for ever so many year. Sus. He's
our father, he lives along wi' us, EGERTON F/fcs. and Ways (1884)
26, 27. w.Som.i I zeed'n gwain 'long way Bob Milton.

[2. He laid himself down along upon the bed, indinavit
sem lectum, ROBERTSON (1693); Under yond yew-trees
lay thee all along, SHAKS. R. fr J. v. iii. 3. 3. I have all
along declared this to be a neutral paper, ADDISON Sped
No. 463. 4. Demetrius and Egeus, go along, SHAKS. M.N.D.
i. i. 123. 5. Let's along, And do the murther first, ib.
Temp. iv. i. 233 6. You, Capulet, shall go along with
me, ib. R ' &• J i. ,. Io6. OE. andlang, along, by the
side ; cp. G. entlang.]

ALONG, adv.' I.W. Dor. Som. Dev. [alo-n, ahe-n ]
Used as a suff. to advbs. It has the force of -wards. ^

I.W. Up along, Down along (J.D.R.). w.Dor. I'm going up
a ong, down along, home along (C.V.G.). w.Som.1 In-along up-
a ong, down-along, here-along, there-along, along yonder out-
along. A man said, ' I be gwain zo vur-s Holy Well Lake and I
can t stap now, but I'll call in back-along ' [on my way back] Dev

' Along 'isone of the common as well as most expressive of our west-
country suffixes — Down-along, here-along, there-along, in-along,
yon-along, Reports Provinc. (1887) 3; Tellee whot 'tez, yo'd best-
ways git tha lewzide ov tha hadge gwaine 'omc-along, HEWETT
Peas. Sfi. (1892)97 ; Awl-along, up-along, down-along lee, ib. 140.
ALONG, prep. Dev. In the course of, during.
Dev. It was along September month, Reports Provinc (i88g\
[Sprinkled along the waste of years, KEBLE Chr. Year.]
ALONG OF, ON, WITH, prep. phr. Irel. All n.coun-
ties to Shr. Glo. Brks. Hnt. Ken. Sur. Sus. Hmp. Wil.
On account of, owing to.

Ir. Where along o' the weed-dhrifts an' shells there'd be grazin'
most whiles for the goats, BARLOW Bog-land ( 1892) 5. N.Cy.1 Nhb.
Ah wouldn't have yc troubled along of me, CLARE Love of Lass
(1890)1.79. Dur.1, Cum.1 Yks. It were all along of them soirees
that the first flood came, BARING-GOULD Pennyqks. (1870) 57, ed.
1890. ne.Yks.1 It warn't along o' me. e.Yks.1 It was all-Iang-o Bill
that Ah went. w.Yks.124; w.Yks.5 It worrant longa me, it wor
longa thee, soa doan't saay nowt. Lan. It wor aw along o' that
theer black jackass, WESTALL Birch Dene (1889) II. 287; Because it
wasawlung with you, GROSE (1790) ; Lan.1, eXan.1, ne.Lan.1 Chs.1
Sanshum fair ! . . . au aw'd cleean forgetten aw along o' this kink
i' my back, CLOUGH ; Chs.2 Aw long of such a one ; Chs.3Awlong
o' ould ooman, we couldna come. s.Chs.1 It's aw alung o' gooin
alt i' the reen. s.Stf. It was all along o' him meetin' her at the
chapel soo often, PINNOCK Blk. Cy. Ann. (1895). Stf.1; Stf.2
Theer, th' milk's shed, an' it's aw alung o' thee, metherin. Der.2,
nw.Der.1, Not. 1 Lin. An' all along o' the feller as turn'd 'is back of
hissen, TENNYSON Owd Roa (1889). nXin.1 It was along on a
letter missin' 'at my mare got kill'd. It was all along o' drink
'at he ended his sen e' that how. swXin.1 It was all along of him
that I happened this. Rut.1 He come downstairs sheddering, an'
went oop back'ards along of his rheumatiz. Lei.1 Nhp.1 It's all
along of you that this happened. War.12 s.War.1 It was all along
of that Bill Hancox' fancies, that the master kep' me in school.
Shr.1 It wuz all alung on 'im as 'e wuz i' the public; Shr.2 This
comes alung o gween wi' sich a chap as he is. Glo.1 Brks. Afore
he got his place along of his bugle playing, HUGHES T. Brown Oxf.
<i86i)xxxvi; Brks.1 Ut be all alang o' that ther coortin' as a dwoant
do no work o' no account. Hnt. To-day I found him digging in his
garden, having been cured ' all along o' that goose-grass,' N. & Q.
1866) 3rd S. x. 268. Ken. It's all alongof you that I'm in this mess
H.M.) ; I have heard the expression ' It's all through long ofyou'
P.M.). Snr.1 To the question, 'How did sin come into the world ?'
a lad replied, ' It was all along of Eve eating of that apple.' Sus.1
Master Piper he lost his life all-through-along-on-account-of drink.
Hmp. 'Twur all along o' they lawyers, Foresters' Misc. (1846) 162.
Wil.1 'Twer aal along o' she's bwoy's bad ways ashertuk to drenk.
Slang. All along of muzzling the bobbies, MAYHEW Land. Labour
(1864; I. 36.

[And long of her it was That we meet here so strangely,
SHAKS. Cymb. v. v. 271 ; You, mistress, all this coil islong
of you, ib. M. N. D. HI. ii. 339 ; I am longe of this stryfe,
Je suis en cause de cestestrif, PALSGR. 427 ; On me is nought
along thyn yuel fare, CHAUCER Tr. Sf Cr. n. 1001 ; Al is on
miself along, GOWER C.A. n. 22; On hire is al milif ilong,
Rel. Songs (STRATMANN). OE. gelang, belonging, de-
pending ; gelang on, gelang at, because of, owing to. Cf.

ALONGSIDE OF, ON, prep. phr. Lin. Sus. Dor. Dev.
Beside.

n-Lin.1 The stee's alongside on the fother stack. Sus. I'd lie
down and go to sleep alongside of it any day, EGERTON Fits, and
Ways (1884) 33- Dor. I did bide alongzide o' he till the church clock
a' het twelve, HARE Vil. Street (1895) '39- Dev. A man and his
missus can bide alongside o' one another till death do 'em part,
O'NEILL Told in Dimpses (1893) 26.

[Along (adv.1) + side.]

ALONGST, prep. Cum. Chs. Ken. Som. [alo'nst,
3lae-rjs(t).] 1. Along.

Cum.1 Alongst, used in old deeds. Chs.1 Alongst the road.
2. adv. and prep. Lengthwise.

? Ken.1 [I do not remember ever hearing this, and after much
nquiry can find no one who has (P.M.)] ; Ken.2 Alongst it, on
the long side of it, SOMNER Gavelkind, 120. w.Som.1 Alongst,
used very commonly in contrast to ' athwart ' or ' across.' You 'ont
make no hand o' thick there field o' ground, nif he idn a guttered
both ways, ukraa-s-n ulangs [across and alongst].

[It was concluded they should come alongst Berwick

ALOOSE

[47l

AMAISTER

Bridge, BAILLIE Letters, I. 325 (BOUCHER) ; The herald
flew From troop to troop alongst the host, CHAPMAN
Iliad, iv. 227. Alongst is formed fr. along with the advb.
suff. -es + parasitic /, as in against.]

ALOOSE, adv. Nhb. [aloirs.J Loose, free.

Nhb.1 ' Let yorsel alowse,' was the exhortation of a pitman to
a friend who was batting stiffly at a cricket match.

[A-, on + loose (ON. lauss).]

ALOUD, adv. Wil. Som. [aleu'd.] See below.

Wil.1 That there meat stinks aloud [smells very bad]. w.Som.1
As in polite society we hear of ' loud colours,' so in our lower
walk we talk of 'loud stinks.' Dhik rab'ut fraa'sh ! ee stingks
ulaewd [that rabbit fresh ! he stinks aloud].

[The stuff, to quote the trenchant expression of an
onlooker, ' stank aloud,' Dy. News, Feb. 1872 (N.E.D.).
A-, on + loud.]

ALOW, adv.1 and prep. Sc. s.Irel. Lan. I. Ma. Ess.
[alou1.] Below.

Gall. Silver Sand . . . never glanced either aloft or alow, CROCKETT
Raiders (1894) xi. Wxf.1 Aloghe, below. Lan. Monthly Mag.
(1815) I. 127. I. Ma. Where am I? alaw or alaf ? BROWNE Doctor
(1887) 30. Ess. As fleeting ship, by bearing sayl alowe, With-
standeth stormes when boistrous winds do blow, TUSSER Hus-
bandrie (1580) 216, st. a.

[Alow, in a low place, not aloft, BAILEY (1755) ; And now
alow and now aloft they fly, DRYDEN (JOHNSON) ; Why
somme (briddes) be alowe and somme alofte, P. Plowman
(B.) xn. 222. A-, on + low.]

ALOW, adv.2 Sc. n.Irel. Nhb. Yks. Also written
alowe. [alou1.] Ablaze, on fire.

Sc. To speak to him about that . . . wad be to set the kiln a-low,
SCOTT Midlothian (1818) xlv ; Sit down and warm ye, since the
sticks are alow, ib. Pirate (1822) I. 103. e.Lth. Tod-Lowrie had
set the heather a-low, HUNTER J. Inuiick (1895) 122. N.I.1 Alowe,
lit, kindled. Ant. The chimley's alow, Ballymena Obs. (1892 .
Nhb. Come and ye'll see a sight. Vender's the Fairy Hill a' alowe,
Denham Tracts (ed. 1895) II. 137 ; Nhb.1 It wis aall iv alow iv
a minute. n.Yks.2

| It kindils on (a)lowe, Wars Alex. 4177. In Ormulum
16185 there occurs o lo^he (in flame). A-, on + low, q.v.]

ALP, sb. n.Cy. Lan. e.An. Also written olp e.An.12
Nrf.1 Suf.1 ; ope, awf Suf.1 ; alf, ulf e.An.1 Cf. also Hoop,
Mawp, Nope, Pope. The bullfinch, Pyrrhula europaea.

n.Cy. Alp, a singing alp, GROSE (1790). Lan.1, e.An.12 Nrf.
Alpe, GROSE (1790) ; Nrf.1 Suf. Our gardeners slay the bullfinches,
which eat the fruit-buds of currants and gooseberries — 'mischief-
ful alps,' as they call them, e.An. Dy. Times (1892) ; Alpe, or alfc
(F.H.); Snf.1 [AJp, the old name for the bullfinch, SWAINSON
Birds (1885) 66 ; MORRIS Hist. Brit. Birds (1857).]

[An alpe (bu\nnch),Rubidlla, COLES (1679)'; A\pe,Fice-
dula, Prompt. ; Alpes, finches, and wodewales, CHAUCER
R. Rose, 658. The forms ending in / (ph) appear mostly
in compounds, and are perh. due to want of stress. See
Blood-alp.]

ALPUIST, conj. Obs. Sc. Also written allpuist,
apiece, apiest. Although.

Sc. We had been at nae great tinsel, apiest we had been quit o'
her, FORBES Jrn. (1742) 14 ; We cou'd na' get a chiel to shaw us
the gate, alpuist we had kreished his liv wi' a shillin, ib. 16 ; A
bodie wou'd nae car'd to meddle wi her, apiece they had been
hir'd to do't, ib. 17

[See Albuist]

ALRICH, see Eldritch.

ALTER, v. Brks. Som. [o'lta(r).] To change for
the better (as in phr. to alter the hand) ; to improve in con-
dition, gain flesh (used of live stock).

Brks. A man alters for the better, but changes for the worse
(M.J.B.). w.Som.1 Neef ee doan au'ltur uz an, ee ul zeon bee een
i baemd wai [if he does not change his course (alter his hand) he
will soon go to the bad altogether]. Dhai stee-urz-1 au-ltur, muyn,
een yoa-ur keep [those steers will alter, mind, in your keep].
Dhai au-gz bee au'lturd shoa-ur nuuf [those hogs arc altered sure
enough !].

ALTERATION,^. w.Yks. Hmp. [o'ltarei/an.] Differ-
ence. Also used as adj. Of the weather : changeable,
uncertain.

w.Yks. See what an alteration between me an' Wiseman ; he
likes baths, an' 'ud fair cry if'c missed ?em, an' I can't abide 'em

(F.P.T. j. Hmp. I'm always much worse in alteration weather
(W.M.E.F. .

ALTERING,^'. w.Som. [o'ltarin.] Likely to improve.

w.Som.1 Auctioneers constantly wind up their advertisements
of cattle sales in the local press with, ' The whole of the stock is of
the most altering description.'

ALTER Y,adj. Brks. [o'ltari.] See below.

Brks. The weather is said to be a bit 'altery' when it ' tokens
for rain ' (M.J.B.).

[Alter, vb. + -y ; the form prob. suggested by ' rainy.']

ALTOGETHER SO, adv. phr. w.Som. [^'ItageSa zoa.]

w.Som.1 Altogether so, just to the same degree. Bill's all thumbs,
and Jack's altogether so vitty handed.

ALUNT, adv. Sc. [alirnt.] In a blazing state.

Sc. Hence, to set alunt, (i) to put in a blaze, (2) fig. to kindle,
to make blaze. For if they set the taxes higher, They'll set alunt
that smoostin' fire Whulk ilka session helps to beat, An when it
burns, they'll get a heat, HOGG Pastorals, 16 ; Sweet Meg maist
set my saul alunt Wi' rhyme and Pate's disease, A. SCOTT Poems
(1811) (JAM.). Gall. That reed-heed o' yours to set them a-Iunt,
CROCKETT Sunbonnet (1895) ix.

[A-, on + lunt, q.v.]

ALWAYS, conj. Sc. n.Cy. Notwithstanding, however.

Sc. The remonstrants would have opposed it (the coronation of
Charles II), others prolonged it as long as they were able. Always
blessed be God, it is this day celebrated with great joy and con-
tentment to all honest-hearted men here, BAILLIE Lett. (1775) II.
367 (JAM.). N.Cy.1

[I will not contende . . . who is the best. . . . Alway I
would advise him not to deteine the childe, ELYOT Gov.
(BOUCHER) ; How be it that he had grete pyte . . . alwayes
he ... went his wayes, CAXTON Eneydos, xxi. 74.]

AM, see He.

AMACKALLY, adv. n.Cy. to Yks. and Lan. Not in
Sc. gloss. Also written amackily Wm. & Cum.1 ; amackly
Wm. Lan.1 [ama'kali, ama'kli.] To some degree ; in
some fashion ; as it were.

n.Cy. GROSE (1790); HOLLOWAY; N.Cy.1 Amackally, in a manner,
as well as one can. Nhb.1 Obs. Cum. Did you get your money ?
— Aye, we dud amackaly. There wasn't time, but we gat it duin,
amackily (M.P.). Wm. & Cum.1 I send te thisan, to tell thec
amackily what dreedful fine things I sicw,Borrowdale Lett. (1787).
Wm. We leeve in yan o thor deeals up amang t'fells — a fell heead
spot amackly es yan ma say, CLARKE Spec. Dial. (ed. 1868) "TRtysh
Beearin ; Fert neets an daes wer amackily o alike, Spec. Dial.
(1885) pt. iii. i ; T'poor fello's pluck he amackily roosed, BOWNESS
Studies (1868) 80; Wm.1 w.Yks. HUTTON Tour to Cams (1781) ;
Amackly, almost, just about (R.H.H.). Lan.1, n.L.-ui.1. ne.Lan.1

[Amackally may be thus analyzed : Amack=a mak (for
on mak), in a fashion ; to this the advbl. suffix -ly has
been added, hence the gen. mg., in a manner ; see Mack.]

AMAIN, adv. Nhb. Dur. Cum. Yks. [ame'n, amea'n.j

1. A coal-trade term ; in full force, violently, at full
speed, quickly.

Nhb. & Dur. Wagons or tubs are said to run amain if they get by
accident over an incline bank-head without the rope being attached,
or through the rope becoming detached or breaking, NICHOLSON
Coal Tr. Gl. (1888). Nhb.1 Cum. Fwok cud lock t'wheels ov a
waggon to hinder't o' runnin' amain, DICKINSON Lamplugh (1856) 7.

2. Fig. to get amain, run amain, to get beyond control,
run riot.

Nhb. As if maw wits had run amain, WILSON Pitman's Pay, &c.
(1843) 23. w.Yks. T'fire on t'fell got amain (JE.B.).

[Amain, vehementer, valde, strenue, COLES (1679) ; Cry
you all amain, ' Achilles hath the mighty Hector slain,'
SHAKS. Tr. &> Cr. v. viii. 13 ; Brave warriors, march
amain towards Coventry, ib, 3 Hen. VI, iv. viii. 64. A-,
on + main (OE. mcegn).]

AMAISTER, v. Obs. sw.Shr. To teach.

Shr. BOUND Prov. (1876) ; Shr.1 An old man near Leintwardine,
speaking of his schoolmaster, said, "E used to amaister me, Sir.'
Now [1876] rarely heard ; Shr.2 I'll amaister it to you. I insert
this word on the single authority of a man from the neighbour-
hood of Cleobury Mortimer, who assured me that he had repeatedly
heard it in the above sense.

[How ich myghte a-maistren hem to ... laboure For
here lyflode, P. Plowman (c.) ix. 221. OFr. amaistrer, to
master, to teach.]

A-MASKED

[48]

AMENDS

A-MASKED, ppl. adj. Obs. Wil. Bewildered, lost.

Wil. Met with in old Wil. documents (G.E.D.) ; Wil.*

[Philosophy is darke, Astrology is darke. . . . The pro-
fessors thereof oftentimes runne amasket, JEWEL Holy
Script. (N.E.D.) Atnasked, prop, covered with a ' mask,"
blindfolded . A- (pref.l°) + masked. Cp. masked in FULLER :
Leaving him more masked than he was before, Holy
War, in. a.]

A-MASSY, int. Dev. [a-ma'si.]

nw.Dev. Massy I A-massy ! A-massy well ! A-massy me ! are
aIlcommon(R.P.C.). e.Dev. An' when 'twas done (a-maacy wull!)
PULMAN Sketches (1842) 25.

[Repr. Have mercy .' Heaven have mercy on me !
SHAKS. Otli. v. ii. 34 ; Have mercy, Jesu ! ib. Rich. Ill, v.
iii. 178.]

AMATON, sb. Sc. QAM.)

1. A thin, bony person.
Gall. (JAM. Suppl.)

2. A foolish person ; one yielding to anger.
Dmf.

AMAUNCE, AMAUNGE, see Maunce.
AMAZE, sb. Wxf. Written amize. Amazement,
wonder.

Wxf.1

[But soon our joy is turn'd Into perplexity and new
amaze, MILTON P. R. n. 38.]

AMBER, sb. Ken. Sus. [ae-mba(r).] A plant-name :
applied to (i) All Saints' Wort, Hypericum androsaemum,
from its smell (s.Ken. Sus.) ; (2) St. John's Wort, Hyperi-
cum per/oratum (Ken.). Perhaps so called from its pale
yellow flowers.

AMBER, YELLOW, see Yellow Ammer.

AMBLE, v. Nhb. Not. Oxf. Also written aumble
Nhb.1 [o-mbl, o-ml.]

1. To walk.

Nhb. Obs. (R.O.H.); Nhb.1

2. To walk clumsily, to trample. Cf. shamble.

Not. She's an omblin', shomblin' sort o' lass (W.H.S.). Oxf.1
Amble about, to tread standing corn, &c. about

AMBRY, sb. Sc. n.Cy. to Yks. and Lan. ; also Der.
Also written aumrie Sc. ; aumry w.Yks.1 Lan.1 • aumery
w.Yks."; aumbry N.Cy.12; almery Nhb. [a'mbri, §-mri .]
1. A chest, cupboard where food is kept, pantry.

Sc. Steek [close] the amrie, lock the kist, Else some gear may
weel be mist, SCOTT Donald Caird (1818) ver. 4; The only furni-
ture, excepting ... a wooden press, called ... an ambry, ib. Waverley
(1814) xxxvii; He has broken his face on the ambry [is fat
cheeked], HENDERSON Prov. (1832) 114, ed. 1881 ; Ambry, cupboard
GROSE : (1790) MS. add. (P.) Abd. That grim gossip, chandler-
chaftedwant, With threed-bare claithing, and an ambry scant Ross
ffelenore (I?68) i. Bwk. He kept his money in an old aumrie of
very black oak, HENDERSON Pop. Rhymes ( 1856) 87. n.Cy. GROSE
(1790); N.Cy.1; N.Cy.2 No sooner up, but the head in the aumbry
and nose in the cup. Nhb.1 Cnm. Ton's welcome as may be My
purse and my ambrie to share, ANDERSON Ballads (1808) 01 • Now
seldom used except in reference to old buildings, or as a tempta-

A°mht?VMyp^ of °ld,furniture in advertisements-' An ancient

Ambne (M.P.). Wra.1 Yks. Gang to your aumbrie, ifyou please

And fetch us here some bread and cheese, Denham Tracts (edTiSgs

97- m-Yks.1 w.Yks. Aumery, a cupboard where provisions

are kept Nearly obs., Hlfa. Wds.; w.Yks.1 1 hed some efter

asm breead i t aumry, ii. 300; w.Yks." Lan. We'n tarts an'

1^\ ?"« \ -°W^ Saddle °' mutton '' t>aumry y°n. WAUGH
Jannock (1874) „ ; Oppenyon drawer i' th' aumrie, KAY-SHUTTLE-
WORTH Scarsdale (1860) II. 283 ; Lan.i, ? Chs.1, Der.1

umrie' °r muckle aumrie, a very stupid person.

Fn hi but wh t % contemPt to * clumsy person who has nothing
in mm but what the spoon puts in (G W )

press °r' cupboard, probably
VCSSels used at mea^ (JAM.).

....^e plate and utensils for House-

a cupboard to keep victuals in, WORLIDGE ; An ambrey
(pantrey), Cella pennaria, COLES (1679) ; Ambry, vox jaw
fere obsoleta ... a cupboard's head, SKINNER, Bb 2 ; Al-
moire, an ambry, cupboard, box ; . . . Armaire, a cup-
board, ambrie, little press, COTGR. ; An almery, scrininiii,
almariolum ; ... An armorie, armarium, LEVINS Manip. •
Almery of mete kepynge, cibutum, Prompt. ; Avarice hatli
almaries and yren-bounde coffres, P. Plowman (B.) xiv.
246. OFr. almarie, armarie, MLat. amtariutii, a place for
implements, ' arms.']

AMBURY, see Anbury.

AMEL, sb. Obs. Sc. Enamel.

Sc. The amel of her eye, when she smiled, it was impossible to
look steadfastly on, Winter Ev. Tales, II. 8 (JAM.).

[Amel, encaustum, COLES (1679) ; Esmail, ammel or
enammel, COTGR. ; Ammell for goldesmythes, esmael,
PALSGR. ME. Grene aumayl on golde, Gawaine, 235.
OFr. esmail (mod. email).]

AMELL,/**/). Nhb. Cum. Yks. [anvel.]

1. Among, between, amidst.

n.Cy. Amell one and two o'clock, GROSE (1790) MS. add. (P.) ;
N.Cy.1 ; N.Cy.2 Some pronounce it ' ameld.' Nhb.1 Amell them twa
to drive a bargain, Joco-Serious Discourse, 29. Cum.2 Nearly, if
not quite, obs. n. &e.Yks. A-mcll tweay steauls the Tail may
fall to'th grand, MERITON Praise Ale (1684) 1. 90. n.Yks.1 They
cam' amell seven and eight o'clock. ' Chop in amel],' direction to
a colley or sheepdog. He fand it amell t'shaffs [sheaves] ; n.Yks.2
ne.Yks.1 The form ' mellem ' is, or was recently, used at Staithes,
where the fishermen divide the fish ' mellem yan anoother.' Amell
tweea steeals. e.Yks. Amell six and seven o'clock, MARSHALL Rur
Econ. (1788).

2. Comp. Amell-door, a door midway between two
others ; -doors, a passage ; -times, -whiles, -way, see
below. See Mell-doors.

Cum.2 Amell-door, or Mell-door, a door between the outer door
and that of an inner room. n-Yks.1 ; n.Yks.2 Amell-times, or Amell-
whiles, intervals. Amell-way, in a middling way, as we say of
a person's health.

[Amel, among, betwixt, Sc., BAILEY (1755); Amell,
among, betwixt, COLES (1677) ; Erthe is vayne and voyde,
and myrknes emel, York Plays, 6. STRATMANN has the
forms a melle and * melle. See Mell.]

AMEN, in comp. ( i ) Amen-chapel, see below ; (2) -clerk,
(3) -curler, a parish clerk ; (4) -wallah, a chaplain's clerk.

(i) Slang. Amen-chapel, the service used in Winchester School
upon Founder's Commemorations, and certain other occasions, in
which the responses and Amens are accompanied on the organ
(E.F.). (2) Shr.1 Amen-clerk, obs. Entry in the Parish Register
of Hopton Castle, Shropshire : ' Anno Dofiii, 1636. Richardus
Beb Amen-clericus sepultus maij primo.' Var. dial. Clerk, called
Amen-clerk in some places, PEGGE Ante. Eng. Lang. (1803) 318.
(3) Slang. LifeB. M. Carew (1791). (4) In the army the chaplain's
:lerk is called an Amen-wallah [Hindustani for man or person],
FARMER.

AMENDEN, int. Obs. ?
disguised oath.

e-An.1 Suf.1 A sort of oath, equivalent to ' a plague,' or a more
gross word, now disused. Where amenden ar yeow a goen?
Amenden take you. [Not known to our correspondents 1

AMENDMENT, sb. Ken. Sur. Sus. Hmp. Also
written mendment Ken.1 Sus.2 Hmp.1 [ame'ndmant]
Manure laid on land.
w.Ken. GROSE (1790) MS. add. (P.) Ken.1, Sur.1 Sns.1 You

down to the ten-acre field, and spread that amendment abroad ;
Sus.2, Hmp.i

[Chalk, lime, and other sweet soil and amendments,
EVELYN Acetaria (1699), ed. 1729, 156. ME. Yet sawe I
neuer tree that wold nought . . . receyuen tylthe and
amendement, LYDGATE Pylg. Sowle(N.E.D.). Fr. amende-
went, manure ; see LITTRE (s.v.), DUCANGE (s.v. Amenda-
mentum). Used in this sense also in Flem. ; see BROEC-
KAERT Bastaardwoordenboek (s.v.).]

AMENDS, sb. Der. Not. War. s.Wor. [ame'nz.] Phr.
'o make amends, to return a compliment or obligation.

Der. Still commonly used (H.R.). nw-Der.1 s.Not. Ah thanked
im for the tunnips, an' told 'im we'd mek 'im amends when our
peas corned in (J.P.K.). War. (J.W.R.) s.Wor. PORSON Quaint
Was. (1875) 20 ; (H.K.)

e.An. An interjection or

AMENG

[49]

AMOVE

I

II

[To make amends, in the sense of to make a return for
something good, seems to be peculiar to the dialects. In
lit. E. one always 'makes amends' for faults committed
or damages incurred.]
AMENG, see Among.

AMERICAN, adj. Comb. ( i ) American breezers, a kind
of potato (Oxf.) ; (2) — creeper, Tropaeolum Canariense
(Dev.) ; (3) — lilac, CentrantJius ruber(Dev.) ; (4) — rake,
a machine for raking hay ; (5) — waterweed, (6) — weed,
Anacharis alsinastrum (Lin. Glo.).

(i) Oxf.1 (2) Dev.4 In Som. this handsome climber is called
Canary creeper. (3) Ib. American lilac, Red Valerian. (4) nw.Dev.1
American rake, the turnover machine hay-rake. (6) Lin. The
plant has received other trivial names, such as ... the American
weed, MILLER & SKERTCHLY Fenland (1878) x.
AMEVE, v. Obs. Irel. To move.

Crl. Freq. used by old persons twenty years ago (M.B.-S.). Wxf.1
[Whan she had herd al this, she noght ameved, Neither
in word or chere, CHAUCER C. T. E. 498. Ameve, OFr.
ameiiv-, stressed stem of amover, amouvoir.]

AMINDED, />/>/. adj. Stf. War. Glo. Oxf. Brks. Som.
[amai-ndad.] Willing, disposed, inclined.

s.Stf. Her con afford to put a good spread on the table when her's
aminded, PINNOCK Blk. Cy. Ann. (1889) 63. War.2 Do as you're
aminded. Glo.1 You can do about that as you've got aminded. Oxf.1
I'll go when I be amindted. If I'd amindted I shall do6t, an' if
I ant amindted I shant. Brks.1 If a beant aminted to do what
I axes e, e med vind a plaayce zome'er else. Som. An' then you
shall goo, if you be a'-minded, RAYMOND Love and Quiet Life
(1894) 124. w.Som.1 I be gwain to vote eens I be aminded, and
I baint gwain vor t'ax nobody.
[A- (pref?}+ minded, q.v.]

AMISS, in phr. amiss of. Suf. [ami's.] Amiss with,
wrong with.

Suf. What's amiss of John, that he doesn't go to work ? Some-
thing's amiss of the lawn-mower. In everyday use (F.H.) ;
(E.C.P.P.)

AMITAN, sb. Sc. (JAM.) A weak, foolish person ; one
yielding to excess of anger.
Dmf.

[Gael, amadan, a fool.]
AMMAT, see Noon-meat.

AMMER-GOOSE, sb. Sc. The great northern Diver,
Colymbus glacialis.

Abd., e.Lth. Ammer,or Emmer-goose, SWAINSON Birds (1885) 213.
AMMIL, sb. Dev. [ae'mil.] A kind of hoar-frost.
Dev. There is one peculiar atmospheric phenomenon seen upon
Dartmoor, which is of rare occurrence, . . . known to the moor-folk
as the ' ammil.' . . . Under certain conditions a body of thin trans-
parent ice encloses every tree, twig, leaf, or blade of grass, PAGE
Explor. Drtmr. (1889) i ; The ammil continued for two nights and
days, ROWE Peramb. Drtmr. (ed. 1896) 431 ; Duee lukee ; zee
tha trees be Hiking butivul's marning. LOkes'z ef they wuz
covered wi' dimonds. Us dawnt offen zee tha ammil za thick, du
us? HEWETT Peas. Sfi. (1892).
[Prob. a fig. use of amel, q.v.]
AMMUT, see Emmet.
AMON, sb. Obsol. Ken. A child's game.
Ken. A trial of skill, in which the players endeavour to see who
can get over the most ground by means of one hop, two steps, and
a jump. The game is still practised, though the word ' Amon ' is only
known to old people. Will ye try a' amon widme, Jack! Playin'
at amon does'n wear a youngster's boots out like hop-scotch does
(A.M.) ; Name obs. round Ramsgate, but a workman has seen the
game played on the sands under the name of Fling (D.W.L.) ;
Ken.1"

AMONG, prep. Var. dial, uses in Sc. Irel. Eng. Also
written amang Sc. Irel. Cum. n. and e.Yks. Lan. Lin. ;
ameng w.Yks. ; imangs, imangis Sc. [ama'rj, arne'rj.]

1. Between ; used with reference to only two things.
Chs.3 ' Beat her among her een,' a suggestion from a drover to

make a ' curst ' cow go the right way. [Arner. The money was
divided among us two, BARTLETT.]

2. In, into ; together with ; esp. in phr. to mix among,
put among.

Sc. There's a mote amo' the milk (G.W.). Inv. To put some-
thing among milk or water is to add something to or put something
into it (H.E.F.). Abd. Noo, Mrs. Birse, ye wull not pit fusky in
VOL. I.

amo' my tae [put whisky in my tea], ALEXANDER Johnny Gibh (1871)
132, ed. 7. Per. Mix them a' amons ane anithcr [in one mass]
(G.W. ). w.Yks.3 Often used without noun, as ' There's a flock of
geese and ducks amang.'

3. In phr. (i) among them, in their own hands ; (2) among
them be it, let them settle it among themselves, it is their
affair ; (3) to be among the hands of, to be in the hands
of, to be treated or used by.

(i) w.&s.Sc. Imangs them, imangis themsells, in their own hands,
together, in common (JAM. Suppl.). (2) Sc. Amangyou be't, priests'
bairns ; I am but a priest's oye [grandson], HENDERSON Prov.
(1832) 101, ed. 1881. NJ.1 Among ye be it, blind harpers [settle
it among yourselves : said to persons quarrelling], e.Yks.1 w.Yks.
If anyone caame to tell 'er taales abaht oother foalk, sha'd listen,
an' then say, 'Amang 'em be't' (F.P.T.). (3) Per. It's amo' your
hands. In common use (G.W.).

[2. Vinello's . . . are much used among chocolate to
perfume it, DAMPIER Voy. I. 235 (N.E.D.) ; Bawme helde
Among a basket ful of roses, CHAUCER Hous F. 1687.
3. The vessel that the potter made off claye brake amonge
his hondes, COVERDALE Jer. xviii. 4.]

AMONG-HANDS, adv. Sc. Irel. Cum. Yks. Lan. Der.
Not. Lin. Also written amongans sw.Lin.1

1. Said of work or any undertaking : done conjointly, by
mutual help or joint action.

e.Yks. Oor fooaks is undher-handed rayther then ower-handed,
bud they'll mannish amang-hands, NICHOLSON Flk-Sp. (1889) 91 ;
e.Yks.1 They'll manish te dee it amang-hands. m.Yks.1 w.Yks.5
When there is a task of some difficulty to do in a workshop and none
to whose lot it falls particularly, any unpleasantness is speedily
got rid of by agreeing to do it ' ameng-hands.' — A matter o' sixty
lawyers hed been consulted . . . soa ameng-hands the property was
declared under the cognizance o' the High Court o' Chancery, ib. 93.
n.Lin. It's a orphan, bud w6 mun git it broht up among-han's
(M.P.) ; n-Lin.1 Thaay doan't keap a sarvant lass noo, but thaay
get thrif th' hoose-wark tidy enif among-hands. Th' bread's sad,
but I weant thraw it i' to swill-tub ; we shall get thrif it among-
hands.

2. Between whiles, in the meantime. Of work: done at
odd moments, conjointly with other things. Cf. atween-
hands.

Ayr. Had he no dee'd among hands . . . I'm sure I canna think
what would hae come o' me, GALT Entail (1823) xxxii. Ant. A'll dae
it amang han's [after working hours, on wet days, &c.], Ballymena
Obs. (1892). N.I.iHe'll daet amang bans, i.e. he will get it donesome-
how, by dividing the labour, and finding spare time for it. n-Yks.1
n.Yks.2 We can do't amang hands. w.Yks. Trottin a bit nah an
then ameng-hands when t'road suits, TOM TREDDLEHOYLE Bairnsla
Ann. (1848) ; w.Yks.1 2, ne.Lan.1, Der.2, nw.Der.1 swXin.1 There's
a woman as does the work, and waits of her among-hands. The
men have two lunches a day, and they want beer among-hands.

3. Between, amongst other things.

w. & s.Sc. Imang hands, at hand, at command, in process, on
the anvil (JAM. Suppl.). Cum. We've roughness [plenty] amang
hands, we've kye i' the byre, ANDERSON Ballads (1808) The Aunty ;
They wad ha kilt meh amang hands, an what couldei ha deunn
wih sooa menny o' them, SARGISSON./OC Scoap (1881) 178. n.Yks.2
Oor cart's i' t'market amang hands [along with similar vehicles].
w.Yks.5 A farmer will cut up a stack of bad hay and truss it off
ameng-hands, i.e. mix it up with trusses of good hay and send it
thus to market. Not. A've given away a many o' them flowers
amongans (L.C. M.). swXin.1 We've setten some larch with spruce
amongans.

4. Of land : belonging to different proprietors intermixed.
w.Yks. This word is still used, but much more rarely than formerly

(M.F.) ; w.Yks.1

AMOO,s6. Wil. Children's name for a cow. See Moo.

WU. Aumoo, cow or bullock (now almost obs.), N. & Q. (1881)
6th S. iv. 106 ; Ahmoos, used by nurses in talking to children, on
the borders of Wil. and Som. (G.E.D.) ; Wil.1 Used by mothers to
children, as ' Look at they pretty ahmoos a-coming ! '

AMOTH, sb. Irel. A big soft ' gossoon ' who would cry
for nothing (S.A.B.).

NJ.1 A blirton amos [sic], a big soft fellow who weeps for a slight
cause.

[Ir. amad, a simpleton, a foolish silly person, a fool.]

AMOVE, adj. Brks. [amu'v.] Moving with, full of.

Brks.1 A copse is said to be ' amove wi' gaayme.'

[A-, on + move.]

AMP

[50]

AN

AMP, sb. Sh.I. [amp.] Fear, terror.

Sh.I. (W.A.G.), S.&Ork.1

[Norw. dial, ampe, trouble, troublesome work. It is
freq. used about the trouble with babies (AASEN). Cp.
Sw. dial, ampen, angry, anxious (RiETz).]

AMPER, sb. e.An. Ken. Sus. Hmp. Dor. Som. Dev.
[a-mpa(r), ae-mp3(r).]

1. An inflamed swelling, pustule ; a varicose vein ;
matter, pus.

e-An.1 A sort of inflamed swelling. Nrf.1 Suf. e.Ang. (1866)
II. 325. Ess. Amper, a swelling (P.R.) ; A rising scab or sore, allso
a vein swelled wth corrupted blond (K.) ; Ess.1 Ken.1 A tumour or
swelling. Sus.1 Hmp. Prick it, an' let th' amper out (J.R.W.);
Hmp.1 Dor.1 The chile is all out in an amper. Som. A small red
pimple, JENNINGS Obs. Dial w.Eng. (1825); W. & J. Gl. ; Mostly
used as to gatherings on the fingers when ' proud flesh ' swellings or
yellow-heads come. I have amper on one of my fingers (G.S.).
w-Som.1 A blotch on the face. n.Dev. Ampers, red spots and
inflammation on the skin, particularly upon the veins of the legs,
GROSE (1790) MS. add. (H.)

2. A defect or flaw in cloth.

Suf. (P.R.) Sus. A fault or flaw in linnen or woollen cloth,
RAY (1691) ; GROSE (1790) MS. add. (H.) ; Sus.1, Hmp.1

[Amper, Ampor, a swelling; also a flaw in cloth,
BAILEY (1721) ; Amper vel Ampor, vox Rusticis agri Essex,
usitatissima, quae tumorem vel phlegmonem designat,
SKINNER ; An amper, ampor, tumor, COLES (1679).
ME. pri ampres were an mancyn XT his to-cyme, Horn. I.
237. OE. ampre (ompre), ' varix,' a swollen vein.]

AMPERED, adj. Ken. Som. [ae'mpad.] Poisoned,
feste ed ; decayed.

Ken. Ampred chees (K.). Som. SWEETMAN Wincanton Gl. (1885).

AMPERLASH, sb. Chs. Saucy, abusive language.
See Camperlash.

Chs. I'll have none o' thy amperlash, soo I tell thee, Sheaf "(1879)

I. 168 ; Chs.1

AMPERSAND, phr. In var. dial, of Sc. and Eng.
Also written ampassy Cum.1 Dev.1 Cor.12 ; amsiam Oxf. ;
anpasty e.An.1; anparsy Dur.1 w.Yks.2 ; anparse
w.Yks.1 ; anparsil w.Yks.5 ; epse-and Lin.1 ; empassy on
Shr.1 ; empus-and Suf.1 ; passy Cor.12 ; passy-and Lin.1 ;
parcy-and N.Cy.1 ; parseyand e.Yks.1 See below. The
sign &, formerly written at the end of the alphabet in
school-books.

S. & Ork.1 Aberzeant, et cetera. Abd. Usually called Eppersyand,
N. & Q. (1880) 6th S. i. 500. N.Cy.1 In the old dames' schools it
was made a twenty-seventh letter — ' X, Y, Z, and parcy." Dur.1,
Cum.1 n.Yks.2 Amparsy, or Amplezant. ne.Yks.1 Anparsy, in
rare use ; sometimes Parsy-and. e.Yks.1 w.Yks. X, Y, Z, and
parcel, goa ta bed, Flk-rhyme, Yks. N. & Q. (1888) II. 14 ; Children
sometimes conclude the alphabet by saying ' X, Y, Z, and parsil,"
Hlfx. Wds. ; w.Yks.125 Chs. &— per se — and. On battledores
furnished to the free-school at Nantwich about the year 1820-1,
N. & Q. (1871) 4th S. viii. 468. n.Stf. He thought it had been put
there to finish off the alphabet — though ampus-and would ha' done
as well, GEO. ELIOT A. Bede (1859) xxi. Not.1 Epsey and. Lin.1
nXin.1 ' From A to andparcy ' is equivalent to ' from beginning
to the end.' Lei.1 Ampus-and. War.3 Shr.1 Zad an' expassy and
[ek'spu'si'and] is heard about Worthen, In/rod, xxiii. Oxf.1 Brks.1
Amsiam : always thus called by children, and named after the letter
Z when saying the alphabet. e.An.1 Cmb.1 Ab-er-zand, commonly
used in the dames' schools at Wisbech. Suf. Beside [Ampersand,
Anapasty], & is called here Anapaster and Amperzed, e.Ang. (1866)

II. 363; Suf.1 e.Sus.,Hmp. Amperzed, HOLLOWAY. Som. Anpassey ,
W. & J. Gl. (1873) ; JENNINGS Dial. w.Eng. (1869). w-Som.1 Our
alphabet always ends with 'aek's, wuy, zad, an'paa'see.' Dev.
Ampassy, HEWETT Peas. Sp. (1892) ; Dev.1, Cor.12 Cor.3 In Red-
ruth usually An-passy-an or Am-passy-an. Colloq. Any odd shape
folks understand To mean my Protean ampersand, Punch (Apr. 17,
1869) 153.

[Repr. ' and per se—and,' i. e. ' & by itself=and.']
AMPERY, «<#. Ken. Sur. Sus. Hmp. Som. [se-mpari.]

1. Covered with blotches or pimples ; gathered.

Som. W. & J. Gl. (1873) ; My finger is getting ampery (G.S.).
w-Som.1 Aanrpuree fae-usud [blotchy faced]. A very common
description of persons, but it would not be spoken of animals.

2. Of things, esp. of cheese : rotten, beginning to decay.
Ken. An amprey tooth, GROSE (1790) ; Almost equivalent to ' adle.'

Said of an old wagon in a rickety state and out of repair (P.M.).
ne.Ken. Applied to a creaking table, decaying cheese, or to a loose
blade in a knife (H.M.). Ken.12 Sur.1 That cheese is middlin'
ampery. Sus. The doctor opened Jim's mouth . . . but seem naun
amiss an not won ampre ang, JACKSON Southward Ho (1894) I.
251 ; Sus.1 Especially applied to cheese. Hampery. out of repair ;
Sus.2 Ampre-ang, a decayed tooth. Hmp.1
3. Fig. of persons : sickly, unhealthy.

Ken. Ampry, LEWIS I. Tenet (1736). e.Ken. 'A ampery 'apoth
of cheese,' applied to any one ofa weakly constitution (M.T.). Ken.12
e.Sus. HOLLOWAY. Sus.12, Hmp.1

[Amper, q.v. + -.?.]

AMPLE, adj. Shr. Also written imple Shr.' [a'mpl.]
Complete, perfect.

Shr. Very commonly used (M.L.) ; Shr.1 It wuz all in ample order
agen they comen back.

AMPLEFEYST, sb. ? Obs. Sc. (JAM.)

1. Applied to persons or animals : a sulky humour, a fit
of spleen.

Lth., Rxb. A horse is said to tak the amplefeyst, when he be-
comes restive, or kicks with violence. He's ta'en up an amplefeyst
at me.

2. Unnecessary talk, long stories.

Rxb. We canna be fash'd wi' a' his amplefeysts. [Not known
to our correspondents.]

AMPLUSH, sb. Irel. s.Pem. [a'mpluf, u'mpluf.] A
disadvantage, non-plus, state of unreadiness.

Ir. He was driven at last to such an amplush that he had no other
shift for employment, CARLETON Traits (1843) i. w.Ir. There was
no sitch thing as getting him at an amplush, LOVER Leg. (1848)
II. 472. s.Don. Amplush, a fix, a difficulty ; used also in Munster,
SIMMONS Gl. (1890). s.Pem. I did'n expect it, a took me all on a
umplush (W.M.M.).

[Repr. non-plus.]

AMPLUSH, v. Bnff. Irel. To reduce to a dilemma, con-
fuse in argument.

Bnff.1 w.Ir. He'd have namplushed me long ago, LOVER Leg.
(1848) II. 510.

[See Amplush, sb.~\

AMSCHACH, si. Sc. A misfortune, accident.

Sc. GROSE (1790) MS. add. (C.) Bnff. The vricht [wright] fell
aff o' the reef o' the hoose, an got a gey sehr namschach o' the head
(W.G.). Abd. But there is nae need To sickan an amshach that
we drive our head, Ross Helenore (1768) 284.

A-MULLOCK, adv. s.Wor. Glo. Untidily ; in a con-
fused heap. See Mullock.

s.Wor. Very commonly used (H.K.). Glo. Down er went on
ers backarl a-mullock, BUCKMAN Dai-he's Sojourn (1890) vii.

[A-, on + mullock, q.v.]

AMY FLORENCE, sb. Obs. Nhp.

Nhp.1 Any female loosely, untidily, and tawdrily dressed. She
is quite an Amy Florence. Now nearly obs. [Not known to our
correspondents.]

AN, pron. Sc. n.Cy. ; also Shr. Also written ane Sc.
See One and Yan. [en, an.] One.

Per. A bad ane, a good ane. Mony a ane thinks his neighbour
a coorse ane [coarse person] (G. W.). e.Lth. An' whan the warlock
bodies cuist doun their staves, an' they turned into serpents tae,
Awron's ane stude up on its hint legs an' devoored them a',
HUNTER'/. Inwick (1895) 1102. Edb. The weeane(J.W.L.). Cum.
Git up, my leuvv, my fair an, an" come away, DICKINSON Sng. Sol.
(1859) ii. 10. s.Wm, A dunnan [dun an] and a black an, HUTTON
Dia, Storth and Arnside (1760) 1. 23. n-Yks. It wasn't t'reetan,
TwEDVELLClevel. Rhymes (i8T$)3T. w.Yks.1 He's a bad an. That's
a good an. Shr.2 A bad an.

AN, num. adj. Sc. Nhb. [an, van.] The same,
equal.

Gall. They were fast comrades, being of an age, CROCKETT Moss
Hags (1895) 322. Nhb. Ki Geordy, We leve i' yen raw, weyet,
I' yen corf we byeth _gan belaw, weyet, N. Minstrel (1806-7) pt
iv. 76.

AN, prep. Sc. [an.] By, about the time of, often im-
plying before.

w. & s.Sc. I'll be back an gloaming. It'll be a" by an ye come back
(JAM. Suppl. ). Per. An, before ; not used so frequently as ' gin' or
'gan.' I'll be there an an hour (G.W.).

[Prob. an unstressed form of Sc. agane (see Again),
I'll be back agane gloaming QAM.).]

AN

ANATOMY

AN, cow/.1 Sc. Nhb. Cum. Wm. n. and w.Yks. Lan.
Der. Also in Nhp. Glo. e.An. Sur. Hmp. Som. Dev.
Written ant Der.1 [an, an.]

1. If; found also in comb. Antle, if thou wilt.

Sc. Ye may gae hame an ye like, HENDERSON Prov. (1832) 58, ed.
1881 ; You'll wash my bluidy wounds o'er and o'er, And see an
they'll bleed nae mair, JAMIESON Pop. Ballads (1806) The Twa
Brothers; An they had ever had the luck to cross the Firth, SCOTT
Midlothian (1818) xi ; I fore-ran A wee wee wife and a wee wee
man ; And sae will I you an I can, CHAMBERS Pop. Rhymes (1870)
86 ; The biggest salmon in the river couldna gie Jonah lodgings
an it had been willing, DICKSON Auld Min. (1892) 105. Abd.An it
had been a tyddie pennyworth, I might hae chanc'd to get a mens
[civility] o' her, FORBES Jrn. (1742) 15. Frf. Twenty year syne
we began life taegither, and an it please God we can begin it again,
BARRIE Minister (1891) xxvi. Per. Ye may lauch an' ye like,
neeburs, IAN MACLAREN Brier Bush (1895) 278. Twd. February,
an ye be fair, The hoggs'Il mend, and naething pair [lessen] :
February, an ye be foul, The hoggs'Il die in ilka pool, SWAINSON
Weather Flk-Lore (1873) 39. Gall. Whene'er we meet wi' liquor
guid, we'll drink an we be dry, NICHOLSON Hist. Tales (1843) 107.
n.Cy. Antle, an thou wilt (W.W.S.). Nhb.1 An yer gannin the
morn, will ye tyek us wi' ye ? Cum. Tou couldn't mend laws an
tou wad, man, BLAMIRE Poet. Wks. (c. 1794) 210. Wm.1 An tu dus
aa'l [I'll] whack tha. Yks.Antle, GROSE (1790) Suppl. ; He'd a gaed
hame that neight an' thou'd a let him, HOWITT Hope on (1840) xi.
n.Yks.12, m.Yks.* w.Yks.1 An he were. Antot'hed, if thou hadst.
Antul, if thou wilt. It's nout at au, antul believe me, bud a blind,
ii. 297 ; w.Yks.5 An thah doesn't let that aloan al hagel thee rig for
thuh. Lan.1 Aw'll warm thee, an thae does it. ne.Lan.1 He'll
cum an a sed sooa. Der.1 Ant like yo (pbs. 1890). Glo. An, if, but
often joined with ' if.' An he comes here, I will rattle him, GROSE
(1790) MS. add. (H.) e-An.1 An I do. Sur. When skulemaster
talked o' teachin' 'em drawin', I up and told him, an" 'ee did it my
old man should draw more lines on 'ee's back than ever the laads
did a' paper, BICKLEY Sur. Hills (1890) I. xiii. Hmp.1 An I were
back, I'll pay you. w.Cy. The western man saith ' Chud eat more
cheese an chad it,' BLOUNT (1656). w.Som.1 An yiie plaiz [if you
please]. Dev.1 Colloq. If ifs and ans were pots and pans there'd
be no trade for tinkers, Prov.

2. Although. ? Obs.

Sc. Get enemies the mastery over Christ as they will ; He will
ay be up upon them all, an they hadsworn't, GUTHRIE Sermon (i 755)
1 1 GAM.).

3. An if, if. See Nif.

Nhp.1 An if I did, what of that? w-Som.1 An if, the regular
form of if." In rapid common speech itis nearly always contracted
into ' nif.' Neef aay wuz yiie, aay-d zee un daam fuus [if I were
you I would see him d— d first].

4. An as if, as it were.

n.Yks. An as if the getherin' o' tweea armies, ROBINSON Whitby
Sttg. Sol. (1860) vi. 13.

[1. This word is mostly written and in the old writers,
and is identical with lit. E. and, OE. and (ond) ' et.' The
forms and and an both occur in SHAKS. (in old edd.
mostly and] : Ay, my lord, an't please you, J, Caesar, iv.
iii. 258 ; And I were a pope Not only thou, but every
mighty man . . . Sholde have a wyf, CHAUCER C. T. B.
3140. The word and in the sense of ' if ' does not seem to
have come into use bef. the beginning of the i3th cent.
The earliest instance in MATZNER is fr. Laymton, I. 355.
2. An thou wert a lion, we would do so, SHAKS. Love's
L. L. v. ii. 627. 3. An if freq. in SHAKS. : It is not lost ;
but what an if it were? Oth. in. iv. 83 ; An if your wife be
not a mad-woman, M. Ven. iv. i. 445.]

AN, conj." Sc. Wm. Yks. Lan. Glo. Oxf. e.An. Som.
Also written and Not. [an.] Than.

s. & w.Sc. Its mair an ye deserve (JAM. Suppl.). Wm. Warse
an that, BRIGGS Remains (1825) 182. n.Yks.1 Less an hau'f nowght.
e.Yks.1 That's waase an all. n.Lan. The lov's better an wine,
PHIZACKERLEY Sng. Sol. (1860) v. 2. ne.Lan.1 Not. No more and I
(J.H.B.). Glo. Ale seems more solider 'an cider this cold weather,
GISSING Vill. Hampden (1890) I. vi. s.Oxf. Six 'ear younger'n 'im
you was, ROSEMARY Chilterns (1895) 125. e.An.1 Little more an a
half. Nrf. We'll remahmberyar love more 'an wine, GILLETT Sng.
Sol. (1860) i. 4. Som. I don't know any maid I'd sooner zee
about my house . . . an' I would you, RAYMOND Sam and Sabina
(1894)49. w.Som.1 Noauudh'ur waiz-n u naafurul [no other than
a natural(fool)]. Dev. More an that, MOORE Hist. Dev. (.1829) I. 353.

AN, see Anon.

AN-, see On-.

ANA, sb. Obs. Sc. (JAM.) Also written anay. A
river-island, a holm.

Sc. The stones at the head of the anay. Rib. The Ana, or island,
opposite to the library, was many feet under water, Caledon. Merc.
(Jan. 29, 1820).

ANACK, sb. Obs. Hit. A kind of bread.

Hrt. Six several sorts of [oatmeal bread] may be made ... as
your anacks, janacks, &c., ELLIS Cy. Hwf. (1750) 205.

[Anack, a sort of fine bread made of oatmeal, BAILEY
(1721).]

ANAN, see Anon.

ANATE, adj. s.Irel.

Wxf.1 Anate, prepared.

ANATOMY, sb. Sc. Irel. and in gen. use throughout
dial. exc. in se. counties. Also by aphaeresis natomy,
notomy, atomy. The latter form occurs in Nhb.1 w.Yks.2
ne.Lan.1 n.Lin.1 nw.Der.1 Der.2 War. se.Wor.1 Hrf.12
w.Som.1 Dev. Cor.13 ; ottomy w.Yks.14 Nhp.1 ; ottomy
Irel. Chs.1 Der.1 War. ; otomy w.Yks.4 Hrf.1 Glo.1 ; nottamy
n.Cy.1 nw.Der.1 Shr.1 ; notomize n.Yks.12 w.Yks.6 War.
se.Wor.1; ottimaze, ottimize Chs.1 War. See below,
[ana'tami, a'tami, no'tami, o'tami, -aiz.]

1. A skeleton.

Sc. Attamie (JAM.). N.Cy.1 Wm. Wor thor giants alive? . . .
they er net whick I racken, they er what they coo otamys, WHEELER
Dial. (1790) 98, ed. 1821. n-Yks.1 m.Yks.1 Notomise, Notomy.
w.Yks.12; w.Yks.5 He use to goa through a trap-door intul t'cellar
ivvry daay to luke ar it [his money], an' one daay t'trap-door fell
ower him an' clickt him in, an' monny a year at after he wur fun a
notomize. Lan. An gooin obeawt stretes loike o lot o 'notamies,
ORMEROD TK Felleyfro Rachde (1851) i. e.Lan.1 Notomy. Chs.1,
Der.2 Rut. Yon lad's got a good ottamies, 'e 'asn't got a sprained
bonein'isbody(F.P.T.). Nhp.1, War.(J.R.W.) se.Wor.1 Atomize.
Hrf.1, Glo.1 Hnt. Nottomy, Nattomy (T.P.F.). e-An.1

2. A very thin, emaciated person or animal, a ' bag of
bones,' also at/rib.

Sc. She is wasted to a fair anatomy, ROY Horseman's Wd,
(1895) vi. Nhb.1 He's just a bit atomy. She's gyen tiv a fair notomy.
Cum.1 She's dwinnel't away til a atomy. n.Yks.2 He's pined tiv
a notomize, there's nought left on him but a few beeans an a trifle
o' bowels. Chs.1 The child that she carried on her arm was sup-
posed to be witched, for it went into a nottymaze and died
(s.v. Witched). s.Chs.1 Eh, what a nottimize yo bin ; yo dun look
badly. Der.1, nw.Der.1 An-otomy, Nottomy. n-Lin.1, War. (J.R.W.)
Wor. 'Er was that wasted, 'er 'ad got to be a complete natomy, or
frame o' bwones (H. K.). s.Wor.1 Nottomy. se.Wor.1 Shr.1 A cer-
tain faddy mistress ' werrited the poor girld [her maid-servant] till
'er wuz a rael nottamy.' Hrf.2 He's gone to an atomy. Glo.'Natomy,
BAYLIS Illus. Dial. (1870). Oxf.1 Natomy, Notomy. 'Er little un's
nuth'n but a natomy [Uur lit'l unz nuth-n bt u nafumuuy]. Suf.1
He's wasted to a nottamy. 'Tis nawn but a nottomize. Wil.1
Natomy, Notamy, Notamize. Dor. Lookzee didst ever zee zich a
leedle notomy(F.P-). w.Som.iPoor blid ! [blood, i.e. body]her idn
no otherways'n nottomy, her can't make use o' nort. A proper
old nottamy [oa'l nau'tumee]. Atomies, worn-out, wretched
creatures. Dev. ' And pray,' said the bishop, ' were you at all
inconvenienced by keeping the body [a baby] a day longer?'
' Not a bit o't, my lord ; us might have kep' un till these day —
'twas but a poor atomy thing,' Memoir Russell (1878) ix. Dev.3
Mary Ann's babby is a wisht atomy cheel, and by awl tullin'
'er idden long vur thease wordle. Cor. He's thin as a natamus
(H.D.L.) ; Cor.1 Anatomis ; Cor.3 Notomy, a little dried-up man.
Cant. That old dried-up otomy, who ought to grin in a glass case
for folks to stare at, AINSWORTH Rookuiood (1834) bk. in. ii. [Nfld.
Poor John is reduced to a natomy (G.P.).]

3. A pigmy, diminutive person, a small thin ' slip of a
fellow.' Cf. accamy.

wJr. The half of what the dirty little ottomy wasreadin', LOVER
Leg. (1848) II. 475. s.Wxf. (P.J.M.) Lan. Thou little otty-motty !
BRIERLEY Waverloui (1863) 17, ed. 1884. Brks.1 Dost think any-
body 'ud mind a natomy of a chap like thee ?

4. Used contemptuously, of a man.

Lth. He's a big, saft, low-bred, useless anatomy o' a man,
STRATHESK More Bits (1885) 283. War. Though what could make
her take up with a poor notomise of a parson, as hasn't got
enough to keep wife and children, there's One above knows—
I don't, GEO. ELIOT Amos Barton (1858) vi. Dev. A native of

H 2

ANAUNTERS

[52]

ANCHOR-STOCK

Torcross spoke derisively of the caravan-folk who came to the
regatta as ' a passel of old atomies,' Reports Provtnc. (1883) 80.
5. A small portion ; a particle of anything previously oi

larger bulk.

n.Yks.2 There's nobbut an atomy on t left.

[1. An anatomy, sceleton, COLES (1679) ; Scelete, the
whole coagmentation of bones in their natural position,
also an anatomy made thereof . . . which we call a
skelton or skeleton, COTGR. ; Death, death, O amiable
lovely death ! . . . that fell anatomy, SHAKS. K. John, in.
iv. 25, 40. 2. One Pinch : a hungry lean-faced villain,
A mere anatomy, ib. Com. Err. v. i. 238 ; Thou atomy,
thou !— Come, you thin thing, ib. 2 Hen. IV, v. iv. 33.
The forms in -ize, as ottimize, notomise, are prob. due to
anatomise, vb.]

ANAUNTERS, conj., adj. and sb. Usually in pi. In
n. counties to Yks. and Lan. Also written enanters
N.Cy.1 n.Yks. ; anaunter Nhb.1 ; enaunter w.Yks.1 ;
ananters Nhb.1 Dur.1 Cum. Wm. n.Yks. w.Yks.1 ne.Lan.1;
ananthers Wm. n.Yks.12 ne.Yks.1 m.Yks.1; enanthers
n.Yks.12 [ana-nt3(r), a'ntar.]

1. conj. Lest, in case that.

N.Cy.1 Nhb.1 Ananters aa get well home. Dur.1 Cum. & Wm.
' A'll just put in a few garden seeds, ananters,' said a village shop-
keeper in sending an order to a customer in the spring (M.P.).
Wm. Step in tae see yaur nebbors en ant er they will be vexed,
WHEELER Dial. (1790) 85, ed. 1840. n.Yks. Ah'd better drop, in
anters 'at Ah gi'es tha ower mitch ov a gud thing, TWEDDELL Clevel.
Rhymes (1875)50; n.Yks.1; n.Yks.2 Ananthus. I'll take my cloak,
ananthers it should rain. ne.Yks.1 Thoo mun stop here ananthers
he cums. m-Yks.1 w.Yks. HUTTON Tour to Caves (1781) ; w.Yks.1
Ananters he does lick us. To mack a girt bloaz, ananters they
spy aleet i t'other beacons, ib. 31, ed. 1834. neXan.1

2. adj. Applied to ' company' dishes.

Cum. & Wm. Ananters pudding, an extra Sunday dish to be used
in case of the arrival of company (M.P.).

3. sb. comp. Poke-anaunters.

Wm. The nickname ' poke-ananthers ' was given to a good-for-
nothing who always carried a bag in case he met with anything
worth picking up (J.M.).

Hence Anaunterscase, conj. lest it should be the case.

N.Cy.1 Nanterscase. n.Yks.2 Nantherskeease. ne.Yks.1 The
form ananthers case was frequently used near Northallerton some
years ago ; but now obsolete, or very nearly so.

[Anger nould let him speake to the tree, Enaunter his
rage mought cooled be, SPENSER Sh. Kal. Feb. 199 ; With
them it fits to care for their heir, Enaunter their
heritage do impair, ib. May, 77 ; An aunter hit nuyede
me, P. Plowman (c.) iv. 437 (an auenture, (B.) in. 279).
An, on+aunter (auenture), OFr. aventure, Lat. adventura.}

ANAUNTRINS, conj. Obs. Nhb. Yks. ; nantherins
n.Yks.2 If so be, peradventure.

n.Cy. (K.) ; N.Cy.2 Nhb. GROSE (1790). n.Yks.2 Nantherins.
w.Yks.1

\Anauntrins, if so be, COLES (1677). A naunter +-ings,
advb. ending ; see above.]

ANBURY, sb. Yks. Lin. Nhp. e.An. Also written
hanbury Nhp.1 Nrf. Suf.1; nanberry n.Yks.2 w.Yks.8
Freq. ambury and anberry. [a'nbari, a'nibari. |

1. A spongy swelling on the bodies of horses or oxen.
n.Yks.2 w.Yks.3 Nanbury, a kind of wart formed on the bag of

a cow. n.Lin.1 Nhp.1 Anberry, a small excrescence at the end of
a horse's nose. . . . We occasionally apply it to a wart on the heel.
e-An.1 Anberry, a small swelling, or pustule, to which horses are
subject on the softest parts of their bodies. Nrf. The hanbery,
a distemper in a horse's heel, which was a watry excrescence,
that would sometimes grow to the bigness of one's fist, LISLE
Husbandry (1757).

2. A disease affecting turnips and other allied plants,
popularly supposed to be due to the puncture of an insect.

n.Cy. Anbury, GROSE (1790) Suppl. Nhp.1, e.An.i Nrf. That
common destructive turnip disease ... in the sandy grounds of
Norfolk . . . [which] is there called anbury [called also fingers-and-
toes], ELLIS Mod. Hush. (I75o) IV. i. 27. e.Nrf. The anbury is a
large excrescence, which forms itself below the apple [i.e. root of
turnip]. It grows to the size of both the hands ; and, as soon as
it is ... brought to maturity, it becomes putrid, and smells very
offensively, MARSHALL Rur. Econ. (1787). Suf.1

[1. Ambury (Anbury), a bloody wart on any part of a
horse's body, JOHNSON ; A disease in horses breaking out
in spungy swellings, BAILEY (1721) ; The ambury (in
horses), Verruca spongiosa sanguine plena, COLES (1679) ;
Ambury, Morbus equontm, SKINNER ; Moro, a mulberry-
tree, also a kind of wartle in some horses, called an
anberry, FLORIO. Prob. a variant of Angleberry.j

ANBY, adv. Wil. Dor. Som. Also written amby
w.Som.1 [anbai-, ambai'.] Presently, by and by ; anby
night, to-night.

Wil.1 I be main busy now, but I'll do't anbye. Dor. Anby
(W.W.S.). Som. JENNINGS Obs. Dial. w.Eng. (1825). w.Som.1
When be gwain ?-— Oh amby, can't go avore. Umbye, used with
' night ' in the sense of 'to-night.' Nif you want to catch'n, look in
to Half-Moon umbye night, 'bout of a nine o'clock.

[Perh. for 'by and by.'— At Yatesbury, n.Wil., the
form used is (or was) present-an-bye, which seems to com-
bine presently and by and by (G.E.D.).]

ANCE, v. Sh. and Or. I.

1. To heed, care for. Usually with negative. See Ant.
Sh.I. (Coll. L.L.B.); Never anse him. Will du no anse me?

[pay attention] (K.I.)*

2. To have regard to, to concern.
Or.I. It is little anced to you (K.M.).
ANCH, see Hance.

ANCHOR, sb. Yks. Lin. Lei. Nhp. Glo. Hmp. Also
written anker w.Yks.24 [a'rjka(r), e'rjka(r).]

1. The chape of a buckle, the part by which it is attached
to the belt, strap, &c.

N.Cy.1 e.Yks.1 MARSHALL Rur. Econ. (1788). w.Yks.1; w.Yks.s
Enchor. Glo. GROSE (1790) ; Anchor, so called from its holding
fast the strap inserted in it, HOLLOWAY. e.An.1 The part of a
buckle . . . put into a slit in the strap ; so called from some resem-
blance in shape to an anchor. Hmp.1 Wil. The anchor is the
part by which [a buckle] is first fastened : opposed to the tongue
which holds it when fixed, BRITTON Beauties (1825) ; Wil.1

2. The tongue and swivel of a buckle, the part which
pierces the strap and keeps it in place.

w.Yks.24, n-Lin.1 Lei.1 The piece of metal [called also Anchor-
piece] is shaped something like an anchor. The hole in a buckle
through which the strap passes is called the ' mouth ' ; the ' long '
and ' chape ' represent respectively the ' tongue ' and ' chap,' or
' cheek,' of the buckle. Nhp.1 Anchor, the transverse piece of a
buckle which attaches to the chape.

3. An iron tie in a building.

4. Comp. Anchor-piece, see 2.
Lei.1

ANCHOR, v. e.An. Of tree-roots : to anchor out, to
hold fast like an anchor.

e-An.1

ANCHOR-FROST, sb. Lei. Nhp. (i) A frost which
causes ice to form along the bed of a running stream ;
(2) Anchor-ice, q.v.

(i) Lei.1 Nhp.1 This frequently occurs in the neighbourhood of
a mill-stream, and I remember once hearing a miller say, 'We had
a sharp anchor-frost last night, for my pole would stand upright
in the water this morning.' (a) Lei.1

[Bright enough to thaw an anchor-frost on the mill-
wheel, WHYTE MELVILLE in Fortn. Rev. (Nov. 1867) 588.]

ANCHOR-ICE, sb. Lei. Ice formed far below the
surface of the water in a running stream ; ground ice.

Lei.1

ANCHOR-STOCK, sb. Obs. Sc. A large long loaf
of rye, or more rarely of wheaten, bread.

Sc. Anker-stock has been supposed to be so called from ' an
anchorite's stock, or supply for some length of time ' ; or, more
probably, ' from some fancied resemblance to the stock of an anchor,'
SIBEALD Chron. Poetry (1802) (JAM.). Edb. Before Christmas in
Edinburgh large tables of anchor-stocks [appeared] at the head of
the old Fish-market Close. These anchor-stocks, the only species
of bread made from rye offered for sale in the city, were exhibited
in every variety of size and price, from a halfpenny to a half-crown,
Blackiv. Mag. (Dec. 1821) 691 ; A Musselburgh ankerstoke to
slice down for tea-drinkings and posset cups, MOIR Mansie Wauch
(1828) vii ; I have heard my grandmother speak of the anker-
stock loaves she used to buy in the High Street of Edinburgh
(J.W.M.).

ANCIENT

[53]

ANCONY

ANCIENT, sb.1 Som. Naut. [se-nfant.] The ensign or
national colours.

[Ancient, the flag or streamer in the stern of a ship. Probably
from end-sheet (for seamen call the sails sheets), the most likely
name for the flag in the stern : they corruptly speak ' Anshent '
(K.I.] w.Som.1 The Union Jack of a British vessel. In the Bristol
Channel this is the usual term among the fisher-folk. How can
anybody tell what her is, nif her ont show her ancient ?

[Ancient, the flag or streamer of a ship, and, formerly,
of a regiment, JOHNSON; Ancient, or Anshent, a flag or
streamer set up in the stern of a ship, BAILEY (1755).]

ANCIENT, adj. and sb,2 Sc. Irel. Yks. Chs. Not. Lin.
Shr. Suf. Som. Dev. Cor. Also written encient N.I.1
[e-njant, e-nfsnt.] See Old.

A. adj. 1. Old, advanced in years.

Ir. An ould ancient man, BARLOW Bog-land (18931 80. [The
younger brother is the ancienter gentleman, RAY Prov. (1678)
85.] Suf.1 A very ancient man. Dev. 'Auncientl' she ex-
claimed ; ' I'se warrant he's as old as Adam,' BRAY Tamar and
Tayy (1836) II. 4. Cor. ' Ancient ould ' and 'ould ancient' are
often used in conversation. He's an ancient ould fellow (M. A. C.).

2. Cunning, clever.

N.I.1 A sea gull's a very anncient bird.

3. Of children : staid, demure, precocious.

Per. An ancient bairn (G.W.). s.Chs.1 Hoo's an ancient little
thing. s.Not. The lass can mek noise anoo when she likes, for all
she looks so ancient (J.P. K.). Shr.1 Patty wuz a mighty nice
little wench, 'er went about things so stiddy an" ancient. Such
children are said to be ' too ancient to live.'

B. sb. An old man ; quaint, old-fashioned person ; in
pi. ancestors.

w.Yks.1 Antients. n.Lin.1 Well, old ancient, what did Adam
saay when you last seed him? w.Som.1 Well, my old-ancient, how
b'ee ? Her's a proper old-ancient, her is.

[A. 1. This ancient ruffian, sir, whose life I have spared
at suit of his grey beard, SHAKS. K. Lear, n. ii. 67. 2. The
duty of old women is ... to be sober, sage, and ancient,
BECON Chr. Relig. (1564) 521 (N.E.D.). B. Those that
lived in old times were called ancients, JOHNSON ; Can
a man . . . brag of the vertues of his auncients if his
owne life be vitious ? CROSSE Vertues (1603) 21 (N.E.D.).
Cp. Fr. les anciens, (i) the nations of old time, (2) the old
writers, esp. of Greece and Rome.]

ANCIENTNESS, sb. Sc. Antiquity.

Sc. Ancientness, s. v. Ancientry (JAM. Suppl.). Edb. Great folk
pretend to have histories of the auncientness of their families, MOIR
Mansie Wauch (1828) 5.

[Ancientness, ancientry, antiquitas, vetustas, COLES
(1679) ; Anciennete, ancientness, oldness, COTGR.]

ANCIENTRY, sb. Sc. Lan. Also written auncientry Sc.

1. Antiquity.

Cld. They claim great ancientry o' name and bluid(jAM. Suppl.).

2. Precocity.

Cld. The ancientry o' that bairn I dinna like ; he talks like a
gran'father (JAM. Suppl.).

3. Old things, antiquities.

Lan. It's o' cromfull o' ancientry, An' Roman haw-pennies,
WAUGH Sngs. (1866) Eawr Flk. ; Lan.1

[Ancientry, the honour of ancient lineage ; the dignity
of birth, JOHNSON ; Wronging the ancientry (i. e. the old
people), SHAKS. Wint. T. in. iii. 63. Ancient + -ry.]

ANCIENTY, sb. Cor. Antiquity.

w.Cor. That [a cromlech] 's a reg'lar piece of ancientey (M.A.C.).

[Ancienty, ancientness, KERSEY ; Ancienty, eldership,
COLES (1677) ; Ancienty, oldenesse, eldertyme, olde con-
tinuance, BARET ; A gret stane . . . That throu the gret
anciente Was lowsyt, BARBOUR Bruce, vi. 252. AFr.
anciente'.}

ANCITER, see Aunceter.

ANCLE-BAND, sb. Yks. [a-rjkl-band.] A strap for
low shoes ; a shoe with a strap round the ancle.

n.Yks. (J.T.); n.Yks.1 ; n.Yks.2 Ankleband, a strap attached by
its middle to the back of the shoe with the ends meeting in front
of the instep and buttoning upon it. ne.Yks.1 m.Yks. Ah want
a pair o' ancle-bands. Ah've brokken strap o' mv ancle-band

(R.S.).

ANCLE-BELT, sb. Yks. Lan. [e'qkl-belt.] A shoe
for children, nearly like a slipper with a strap round
the ancle.

w.Yks. Ankle-belt in this sense has a very wide use (B.K.).
Lan. Ancle-belt is a familiar word in North Lonsdale (J.R.).

ANCLE- JACK, sb. Cum. Wm. Lan. Nhp. War. Oxf.
Hrt. Dor. Colon. See below.

1. A heavy boot coming above the ancle, sometimes used
in Lan. of laced clogs.

Ctun.(J.P.) Wm. Obsol. (H.D.R.'i Lan. His feet were sheathed
in a pair of clinkered ancle-jacks, WAUGH Besom Ben (1865) i ;
Lan.1, neXan.1, m.Lan.1 Nhp.1 Anclee-jacks or ankle-Johns.
John, or Johnny, is a common generic term for rustics by whom
these articles are worn. War.3 Oxf.1 Ankley-jacks, shoes, strong,
but not water-tight, MS. add. Hnt. (T.P.F.) Dor. He wore
breeches and the laced-up shoes called ankle-jacks, HARDY Madding
Crowd (1874) viii. Colloq. He changed his shoes and put on an
unparalleled pair of ankle-jacks, DICKENS Dombey (1848) xv.
[Aus., N.Z. In a few months' time you come across him on the
gum field in ankle-jacks and ragged shirt, picking up a scanty living,
HAY Brighter Britain (1882) II. 24.]

ANCLE-STRAP, sb. Van dial. See below.

w.Yks. Ankle- strap, a kind of children's shoes, nearly like a
slipper, with a strap to go around the ankle to keep them on the
feet(B.K.); In Keighley the child's shoes fastened with a semi-
detached strap, buttoning in front, are called ancle-straps (J.R.).
Lan. (A.C.) [' Ancle-strap ' I have met with as far south as Bristol,
and I fancy it is common in the Midlands (R.S.).]

ANCLET, sb. Nhb. Wm. Yks. [a-rjklit, e-rjklit] A
gaiter, a short stocking.

n.Cy. Anclet, a gaiter (HALL.) ; N.Cy.1 Anclet, Ancleth, a gaiter.
Nhb.1 Wm.1 Obs. w.Yks.3 A short stocking or sock.

ANCLIFF, sb. Sc. Irel. Nhb. Lan. Chs. Nhp. War. Wor.
Shr. Pern. Glo. Oxf. Sur. Sus. Dor.; not in gloss. ofe.An.
and sw. counties. Also in the forms anklet N.I.1 N.Cy.1
Nhb.1 ; ankley s.War.1 se.Wor.1 Glo.1 Oxf.1 w.Sus. ; an-
cleth Sc. N.Cy.1; anclief N.Cy.1 ; anclif e.Lan.1 Chs.1;
anclee, Nhp.1 War.2; ancley Sur.1 Sus.1 [a'rjklif, a'rjklat,
a'rjklit, a'rjklsb, a'ljklii.]

1. The ancle.

Sc. Hancleth, SIBBALD CArox. Poetry (iSoa) QAM.). N.I.1 n.Cy.
GROSE (1790) ; N.Cy.1 Nhb. Te see them hirplin 'cross the floor
Wi anklets shawd, WILSON Pitman's Pay (1843) a4 i Nhb.1 Lan.
E aktilly pood [pulled] o seek gradely oer his yed as reycht welley
deawn to his ancliffes, ORMEROD Felleyfro Rachde (1864) v ; Lan.1
Yore Jack's knockt his anclef out wi' jumpin. eXan.1, Chs.1
Chs.3 Th' neatest ancliff as ever oi seed. Nhp.1 War.2 Ancler.
se.Wor.1 Shr.1 The maister's bin laid up above a wik 66th a kench
in 'is ancler, an they sen as it'll be a wik or nine days lunger afore
'e'll be about agen. s.Pem. Ankler, LAWS Little Eng. (1888) 419.
Glo.1, Oxf.1, Sur.1 Sus. Turnen he's ancliff, JACKSON Southward
Ho (1894) I. 433 ; Sus1, Dor.1

2. Comp. Ancliff-bone.

Sns.1 e. I have put out my ancliff-bone [sprained my ancle].

[The forms ankley, anclee, go back to OE. ancleow ; cp.
OHG. anchlao, MDu. anclau, Du. enklawe and aenklauwe
(KILIAN). This type is prob. due to form-association
with the word ' claw ' ; see Clee. With the forms anclif,
anclief, cp. MDu. anclief (VERDAM), OFris. onklef (RicHT-
HOFEN), the phonology of which has not been explained.
The forms ancleth, anklet, are possibly developed fr. the
•/form.]

ANCOME, sb. n.Cy. [a'nkum.] An ulcerous
swelling. See Income.

N.Cy.1 Ancome, any swelling or other infirmity not traceable to
any cause, or which has formed unexpectedly. Cum.2

[Ancome, a kind of boil, sore, or foul swelling in the
fleshy parts, KERSEY ; An ancome (felon), furunculus,
COLES (1679) ; Vijt, an ancombe, or a sore upon one's
finger, HEXHAM ; An ancome, adventitius morbus, BARET.
In ME. oncome is used of the plagues of Egypt : pe to]>er
oncome atte him felle Was froskis, Cursor M. 5927. Cp.
ON. dkoma, arrival, visitation, eruption on the skin.]

ANCONY, sb. Stf. Sus. (obs.) and Tech. A term for
a ' bloom,' or roughly wrought piece of iron of a parti-
cular shape ; also comp. Ancony-end.

Sus. Ancony is a bar about 3 feet long : at both ends a square
piece [is] left rough to be wrought at the Chafery, RAY ^1691).

AND

[54]

ANDER

Stf. A Bloom [has] two square knobs at the end, one much less
than the other, the smaller being called the ancony-end, (K.) ; Stf.1
[At the iron-works, in the forge call'd the Finery, they work the
metal by the hammer till they bring it into Blooms and Anconies.
A Bloom is a four square mass of about two foot long wch they
afterwards by heating and working bring to an Ancony, the figure
whereof is in the middle a barr about three foot long of that shape
w^ they intend the whole bar shall be after made, leaving at each
end a square rough piece (K.).]

AND, sb. ? Obs. Sc. Yks. Also Nrf. Also written
eind Sc. ; eynd e.An.1 Nrf. ; yane Yks.

1. The breath ; to take one's einds, to take a breathing
space, pause in any employment.

Sc. His stinking end, corrupt as men well knows, WATSON Coll.
Poems (1706) III. 24 (JAM.) ; Aynd, breath, GROSE (1790) MS, add.
(C.) Abd. And a' were blyth to tak' their einds And club a pint
o' Lillie's Best ale that day, SKINNER Poems (1809) 12, ed. 1859.
Per. Eind. This word is not common (G.W.). n.Cy. I am out of
eand (K.) ; N.Cy.2 Eand. Yks. Yane (K.). n. & e.Yks. A base
stincking yane, MERITON Praise Ale (1684) 564.

2. Sea-mist, ' water-smoke.'

e.An.1 Nrf. The eynd, or water-smoke, as it is called, occurs
mostly between spring and autumn. All at once a damp cold mist
sets in from the sea and spreads at times many miles inland.
Sometimes it remains the whole day, at others not more than an
hour or two, then gradually vanishes. It has a faint smoky appear-
ance, as if entirely distinct from ordinary fog, WHITE c.Eng.
(1865) I. 176 ; Though a resident for nearly half a century in
Norfolk, I never heard the well-known trying fog called eynd, or
by any name like it, N. & Q. (1866) 3rd S. ix. 361.

[He na mocht His aynd bot with gret panys draw,
BARBOUR Bruce, iv. 199 ; Myn and is short, I want wynde,
Towneley Myst. 154 ; An ande, anelitus, Cath. Angl. ; pis
under wynd him gis his aand, Cursor M. 541 (v.r. ande,
ond, onde). ON. andi, breath.]

AND, v. Sc. (JAM.) Obs. Written eind, eynd. To
breathe, whisper, devise, imagine.

[Spiral, ergo vivit, as I wald say, he aindes, ergo he lives,
Ress. betw. Knox and Crosraguel (JAM.) ; ON. anda, to
breathe.]

AND, adv. Yks. [an.] In phr. with comparatives
and . . . and=the . . . the.

Yks. An' more he saw, an' worse he liked it, TAYLOR Miss Miles
(1890) xv.

AND, conj. Sc. Irel. Yks. Chs. Stf. Lei. War. Won GIo.
Oxf. [and, an.]

1. Connecting two adj. or an adj. and a ///. it gives to
the former an advb. force.

e.Yks.1 Fine and [i.e. exceedingly] pleased. Awful and tired,
vexed, unfortunate, &c., MS. add. (T.H.) s.Chs.1 Fine an' vexed.
Stf.2 I'm afeart ar Mary Ann's got lost, 'ers foine an late ony road up.
That apple-pai wur raer an good. Mi feidharz [father's] foin an
drunk taneit. Wor. This table is beautiful and smooth (J.W.P.).

2. To introduce a nominative absolute, sometimes with
ellipsis of v.

Sc. Could I go against my father's orders, and him in prison, in
the danger of his life? STEVENSON Catriona (1893) x. e.Lth. It
wadna be seemly, an' me a deacon, HUNTER J. Inarick (1895) 38.
Ir. See all the people and they laughing ! How could I say it an'
me an me oath ? [said by a witness before the Times Allegations
Commission] (G.M.H.). Kid. I walked in the garden, and hid [it]
in bloom [it being in bloom], Oral ballad (G MM.}.

3. (i) Between two ordinal numbers (the first of which
would be a cardinal in lit. E.) ; (2) in phr. expressing
strong affirmation ; (3) connecting every member of a
clause, and is redundant.

(i) Sc. When Paris was in his twentieth and fourth year,
three goddesses are said to have waited of him, Scotic. (1787) 115;
The twentieth and first verse of the hundredth fortieth and fifth
psalm.iA.gs. (2)Lei.J At public meetingsparticularly it isafavourite
form of expressing assent—' And way wull,' ' And it is.' War.2 ;
War.3 This is common enough in Birmingham but I do not
remember it in rural Warwickshire. (3) Sc. And in and at her

signed an' sealed and ever so, ROSEMARY Chilterns (1895) 6°

4. And is sometimes omitted after vbs. of motion.

Bio. 1 11 go look, GISSING Both of this Parish (,1889) I. 3.

AND ALL, adv. and conj., prop. phr. Sc. Irel. Nhb.
Cum. Win. Yks. Lan. Chs. Stf. Der. Not. Lin. Rut. Lei.
War. Wor. Glo. Oxf. Som. Dev. Written an', [an a,
an o, an ol, an 93!.]

1. adv. "And everything (else), et cetera. Hence : also,
besides, in addition.

Sc. Woo'd and married an' a', BAILLIE Sng. Dmf. The red, red
rose is dawning and a', Rem. Niths. Sng. no (JAM.). Bwk. He
ran to the smith, he ran to the sutor, He ran to the cooper an' a',
HENDERSON Pop. Rhymes (1856) 133. Nhb.1 An aa, An aal. The
folks was gaun in, so aw bools in an' a', ROBSON Sngs. of Tyne
(1849). Cum.1 We'd breed, an' butter an' cheese an' o', an o'
maks o' drink. Wm. When she saw me she wept ; I wept ano',
HUTTON Bran New Work (1785) 1. 378 ; Wm.1 He's gitten et ano.
n.Yks. An' there's sum canny bit lasses annole, TWEDDELL Clevel.
Rhymes (1875) n ; Tack them reeaks [rakes] wi tha, an' thoo'd
better tack't forks an' all (W.H.). e.Yks. He had ti clame wall ower
wi tar, an he clamed his-sen anole, an neeah mistak, NICHOLSON
Flk-Sf>. (1889) 94 ; e.Yks.1 Bill and Tom went an all. m.Yks.1
Ah's going an' a'll. w.Yks. Whoy, we'n all been up an darn
anole ! BYWATER Sheffield Dial. (1839) 27 ; w.Yks.1 There's Tommy
come an au ; w.Yks.2 Recovering he found himself in a warm
bed, And in a warm fever an' all. Lan. Hoc wanted to kiss
theean' o, WAUGH Sngs. (1866) 8, cd. 1871. ne.Lan. I make nowt
o' poor folk apein th' quality, and when they're deead and all,
MATHER Idylls (1895) 19; ne.Lan.1 An-o. Chs.1 Mun ol come an
aw ? Sometimes reduplicated, ' An all an all.' s.Chs.1 The Lord
do so to me, an more an aw, Ruth (1887) i. 17. s.Stf. Yo'd better
tak me an' all wi yer (T.P.). Stf.2 If the't gooin to th' concert, oi
shud loike ar Turn fur goo an aa. Der.1 An6 [old unoa', mod. unau'].
nwJDer.1 An-aw. Not.1 ; Not.2 An' he did it anall. Lin. She beald
' Ya mun saave little Dick, an* be sharp about it an' all,' TENNYSON
Ovid Rod (1889). n.Lin. Fer he'd sawn wheat agaan that year an'
all, PEACOCK Tales and Rhymes (1886) 70 ; n.Lin1 He wants sendin'
to Ketton [Kirton- in-Lindsey prison], an' a-cat-o'-nine-taails an'-all.
Rut.1 He's not very well, and the weather's rather inferial and all.
Let.1 Let the b'y coom an' all. War.2 Bring your sister and all;
War.3 Have you got your pipe and all and all. se.Wor.1 Ower Tom
a got a good place ; 'e gets five shillin' a wick, un 'is fittle an
all. Glo. Joice'll be there an' all, GISSING Vitt. Hampden (1890)
iii. w.Som.1 1 'sure you, sir, I've a beat-n and a-told to un, and a-
tookt away 'is supper an all, and zo have his father too, but tidn
no good, we can't do nort way un [a truant's mother's answer
to chairman of School Board]. Dev. It had to be all clean and
polished then, kettle and all, O'NEILL Idylls (1892) 49. Colloq.
Down comes the baby and cradle and all, Nursery Rhyme • You talk
o' better food for us, an' schools, an' fires, an" all, KIPLING Brk.
Ballads (1892) Tommy.

2. Expletive or emphatic.

Ir. An you full as a tick, an" the sun cool, an" all an" all, KIPLING
Plain Tales (1891) Private Ortheris; And I thramped afther thim,
. . . carryin' the baskets an' all, BARLOW Bog-land (1893) 45. sJr.
Grand company coming to the house and all, and no regular serving-
man to wait, CROKER Leg. (1862) 285. Cum. We must be off, or
they'll likely be finingme and aw, fornotbeingatt'meeting,//«/z«//y«
in Coriifi. Mag. (Oct. 1890) 380. Lei.1 Way'd such a coomin' o' ege
an' all an' all [i.e. such rejoicings at the coming of age of the young
squire]. Rut.1 Who should come by just then but the Honour-
able and all [though the Hon. A. B. who came up so inopportunely
was unaccompanied]. s.Oxf. She thinks the world an' all o' that
boy, ROSEMARY Chilterns (1895) 38.

3. Truly, indeed.

Cum. It s that dog of Ritson's. ... I thowt he'd [the dog] give it .
back to Watson's yan this time, and, by gocks ! he hes an' aw ; seast
tha Watson's dog goas upo' three? Helvellyn in Comh. Mag. (Oct.
1890) 392. ne.Yks.1 Did you enjoy yourself? — Ah did an" all.
w.Yks. He's a reet un an' all (G.B. W.). s-Chs^The Tories binna
gotten in, bin they ?— They bin, an' aw. Stf.2 Mester inna jed, is i' ?—
He is, an aa.

4. conj. Although.

n.Yks. (I.W.) w.Yks. An' allAhsayitmisen, ther' isn't abetterlad
livin' ner ahr Johnny (JE.B.) ; The use in the sense of 'although'
is unusual (G.B.W.).

[1. And you and all, & te quoque etiam ; ... He had
lost his faith and all, Perdidisset fidem quoque, ROBERTSON
(1693)-]

ANDER, sb. Sh.I.

ShJ. A porch before a door (W.A.G.). S. & Ork.1

[ON. ond (gen. andar), a porch, lit. the place over
against the door (and-dyn), (VicFussou).]

ANDERN

[55 1

ANEAST

ANDERN, ANDERS, see Undern.

ANDERS, sb. ? Obs. e.Yks.

e.Yks. Drift ice in extended masses brought up by the tide and
stranded along the beach. The word is said to be in common use
by fishermen and others at Spurn, Lin. N. & Q. (Apr. 1891) 180.
[Not known to our correspondents.]

ANDIER-DOGS.sZ-.//. I.W. Andirons.

I.W.' Anjur-dogs, kitchen utensils for the spit to run on.

[For etym. see Andirons, and cp. An-dogs.]

ANDIRONS, sb. pi. Yks. Lan. Also written end-irons
w.Yks.5 [e'ndaianz.]

A pair of movable iron plates to contract the fire-
grate.

n.Yks. Endirons (I.W.). e.Yks. Rur. Econ. (1641) 175. w.Yks.5
Lan.1 Put them endarns in, an id'l nod [it will not] brun so monny
coyls.

[In the dial, the word is understood and pron. as if it
were end-irons, the irons at the ends of the fireplace.
The lit. E. andirons had already been altered in form from
association with the word iron. Andiron, from a chimney,
sustentaculutn ferreum, BARET. The older form of the
word was andier : I lacke a fyre pan and andyars to bere
up the fuel, HORMAN. AFr. andier (Moisv), OFr. andier
(mod. landier).}

ANDLE, sb. Der. [a'ndl.] An anvil, stithy.

Der.2, nw.Der.1 [GROSE Pegge Suppl. (1814).]

[Repr. ME. forms of ' anvil' (OE. onfilti), with change
of prefix from an- to and- : They smyte on the stythye
or andvell, CAXTON G. Leg. 358 ; Golde . . . bitwene j>e
andfelde and )>e hamoure strecceb in to golde foyle, TREVISA
Earth. (N.E.D.) Cp. SHERWOOD : An andvil, voyez, an anvil.]

AN-DOGS, sb. pi. Shr. Glo. Som. Dev. [ae-ndogz.]
Andirons, the bars which support the ends of logs on a
wood fire, or in which a spit turns.

Shr.1 Andogs, 0*5. Glo. An-dogs, so called from the dogs' heads
with which they were anciently ornamented, GROSE (1790) MS.
add. (H.) Som.(F.H.) w.Som.1 [Andogs] are still very commonly
used in farm-houses, and others where wood is burnt. They are
well described in the old-fashioned riddle, ' Head like an apple,
Neck like a swan, Back like a long-dog, And dree legs to stan.'
In large old-fashioned chimney-places it was usual to have two
pairs of irons. The dogs, which were the most used, were at the
middle of the hearth, and bore the fire always. The andirons
stood on each side, and were only needed when an extra large
fire was wanted. The latter, much larger and heavier, usually had
some ornamental finish, as a brass head, a scroll, or a knob, and in
kitchens the upright part of the iron was furnished with a row of
hooks, one over the other, on the side away from the fire. On
these hooks rested the great spit on which the meat or poultry was
roasted. Both 'andirons 'and 'dogs' have now become ' hand-dogs '
(s.v. Hand-dogs). Dev. 'Andugs, HEWETT Peas. Sp. (1892) 46.
n.Dev. GROSE (1790) MS. add. (H.)

[Another common name for ' andirons ' was ' fire-dogs '
or ' dogs.' An-dogis prob. a contamination of these two
words. Cp. Fr. chenet (der. of Men, dog), an andiron. See
Andier-dogs.]

ANDOO, v. Sh.I. Also written andow. To keep a
boat stationary by gentle motion of the oars.

Sh.I. (Coll. L.L.B.); (W.A.G.) S.& Ork.1 Andoo, to keepaboat
in position by rowing gently against wind or tide.

[ON. and-of, a paddling with the oars, so as to bring
the boat to lie against wind and stream.]

ANDORN, see Undern.

ANDRA, see Undern.

ANDRAMARTIN, sb. Irel. A silly trick ; nonsense.

Lns. In use all over this district, Dublin included (P.J.M.).
s.Wxf. Oh, musha, Mick, don't be goin' on with your andra-
martins ! McCALL Fenian Nights in Shamrock Mag. (1894) 428 ;
Don't think your andramartins can be carried out unknowns! to
every one, ib. 453.

ANDREA FERRARA, sb. Obs. Sc. A Highland
broadsword.

Sc. Basket hilts, Andra Ferraras, leather targets, SCOTT Rob Roy
(1817) xxiii ; There was risk of Andro Ferrara coming in thirdsman,
ib. Midlothian (1818) xxiv. Edb. With a weel-sharpened, old, High-
land, forty-second Andrew Ferrary, MOIR Mansie Wauch (1828) 36.

[The blades are commonly marked Andrea on one
side and Farara or Ferara on the other. The swords

known by this name among the Scotch Highlanders
were basket-hilted broadswords. It is asserted by
Italian writers that these were made at Belluno in
Venetia by Andrea Ferara and his two brothers (CD.).]

ANDREN, ANDREW, see Undern.

ANDREW, sb. Yks. Suf. Ess.

1. St. Andrew's Day, Nov. 30 ; also allrib. Obs. See
Saint Andrew.

w.Yks. In candles for ye Ringers ringing at ye Income of Andrews
ffare, i*, Ace. Bradford Prsh. Chivardens (1683). Ess. From April
beginning, till Andrew be past, So long with good huswife, hir
dairie doth last, TUSSER Husbandrie (1580) 106, st. 19.

2. A clown, mountebank.

Suf. Andrer (F. H.). Ess. Then the Andraas play'd sich tricks,
CLARK /. Noakes (1839) 23 ; Ess.1 Andraa.

[2. See Merry-Andrew.]

ANDREW MASS, sb. Sc. Yks. Lin. The festival of
St. Andrew.

Per. The name of Andirmess market is still given to a fair held
at this season in Perth (JAM.) ; Andirmas [Anermas] market was
not held last year [1895] on St. Andrew's Day. All the fairs
were upset by the public auction of cattle at populous centres
(G.W.). e.Yks. The best time for frost and snowe is about a week
afore St. Andrewmasse, BEST Rur. Econ. (1641) 76. w.Yks.1
Andersmas. n.Lin.1 Andremas, obs.

[For the servese bouke at Sant Andrames vij8, Kirton-
in-Lindsey Ch. Ace. 1581 (ap. n.Lin.1). Andrew + mass.]

ANDRUM, see Undern.

ANDSELL, see Hansel.

ANDURION, sb. Lan. (Ormskirk). Eupatoriutn canna-
binum, hemp agrimony.

ANE, see Awn.

ANEAN, prep. Lin. [ania'n.] Beneath.

Lin. My wife a life she leadeth me Like a toad anean a roll,
E. PEACOCK John Markenfield (1874) !'• 84- n.Lin. Anean th' esh,
M. PEACOCK Tales and Rhymes (1886) 74 ; nXin.1 You'll find th'
almanac anean Bible up o'th parlour taable.

[A-, on + nean, ME. necfen, OE. neooan, below.]

ANEAR, adv. and prep. Irel. Nhb. Stf. Lin. Lei. Nhp.
War. Wor. Glo. Som. Cor. [ania'(r).]

1. adv. Close by, near.

Ir. But anear or afar on the win' comes a flicker of the crathur's
cry, BARLOW Bog-land (1893) 181. Stf.2 Th' doctor niwer come
anear aw that day. Lei.1 Anear, not as common as ' anigh.' War.2
Yo' ain't anear when yer wanted. He never came anear all day ;
War.3, Glo.1

2. Nearly.

nXin.1 s.Wor. 'E 'an't anear done it (H.K.).

Hence Anearly, adv. nearly.

n.Lin.J

3. To the point, esp. in phr. What's anear?

Cor.2 What's anear, MS. add. ; Cor.3 What's anear ? [what has
that to do with the question ?] That's naught anear.

4. prep. Near, close to.

Nhb.1 Dinna gan anear the waiter. The kettle's boilin' ; dinna
gan anear'd. s.Stf. Do' let him come anear me, PINNOCK Blk. Cy.
Ann. (1895). Lei.1 Nhp.1 Don't come anear me. War.2 Don't
go anear him. s.Wor. I dus'n't come anear 'im (H.K.). Som.
JENNINGS Dial. w.Eng. (1869). Cor. She is so cross I'm afeard
to go anear her (M.A.C.).

[1. Now seems it far, and now a-near, SCOTT Last
Minst. v. xxxi. 2. The lady shrieks, and well anear Does
fall in travail with her fear, SHAKS. Per. in. Introd. 51.
A- (pref.w) + near.]

ANEARST, prep. Wor. Glo. Oxf. I.W. Som. Dev.
[ania-st.] Near, close to.

Wor. Ow con 'ee live anearst thot 'ooman ? OUTIS Vig. Man.
mWor.Jm. Glo.2 Annearst Oxf.1 I.W.1 Don't goo aneerst 'em ;
I.W.2 Don't goo annearst the mare, she med fling at ye. Som.
SWEETMAN Wincanton Gl. (1885). n.Dev. I will not go anearst him,
GROSE (1790) MS. add. (H.)

[A- (pref.10) + nearest.]

ANEAST, prep. Sc. Wor. Glo. Som. Dev. Cor. Also
written anest, aneest, aneist Cor.1 [ania-st, ania's.]
Near, near to.

Ayr., Rxb. The auld wife aniest the fire She died for lack of
snishing, Herd's Collection (1778) II. 16; Off I sets for the gray
stone anist the town-cleugh,.B/acAa<. Mag. (Nov. 1820) 201 (JAM.).

ANEATH

[56]

ANENT

Wor. I could not get aneist him (W.A.S.). Glo. 'Er never bin
aneist I sinz, BUCKMAN Darkens Sojourn (1890) 120. Som. Aneast
en, near him, JENNINGS Obs. Dial. w.Eng. (1825) ; An' she right
down aneast the ricks, RAYMOND Love and Quiet Life (1894) 209.
w.Som.1 Twaud-n ee% ee nuvu'r waud-n unee'us-n [it was not he,
he never was near him]. Used only with vbs. implying motion.
It would never be said ' The house is aneast the road ' : ' handy ' or
' home beside o' ' would in that case be used. In the example
above, ' never was near ' implies ' never went near.' Dev. Best
hire ma? Come aneest me, Exm. Scold. (1746) 1. 80 ; I won't go
aneest en, MOORE Hist. Dev. (1829) I. 353. n.Dev. They'm close
aneest the yeat, ROCK Jim an' Nell (1867) St. 47. Cor. I'd not go
anes en to gat the King's crown, J. TRENOODLE Spec. Dial. (1846)
43; Cor.1 1 caan't bear him to come aneist me; Aneest, some-
times Anest, Anist.

[A- (pref.10) + nearst (nearest), superl. of near.}

ANEATH, prep. Sc. Nhb. Cum. Lan. Der. Brks. [anr}>,
ania-jj.] Beneath.

Sc. Aneath the auld portcullis, SCOTT Redg. (1824) xi ; I was
a wean aneath her art, ALLAN Lilts (1874) 24 ; I sat down aneath
his shadow, ROBSON Sng. Sol. (1860) ii. 3. Sh.I. Anaeth da fit o
iron-shod Despair, BURGESS Rasmie (1891) 118. Abd. Then sat
she down aneth a birken shade, That spread aboon her, Ross
Helenore (1768) 67, ed. 1812. Frf. Mistress Ogilvy aye lookit on
Chirsty as dirt aneath her feet, BARRIE Thrums (1890) 16. Per.
It wud be a heartsome sicht taesee the Glen a' aneath ae roof aince
a week, IAN MACLAREN Auld Lang Syne (1895) 33. Gall. It was
a new sermon o' his granfaither's, daecent man, him that lies aneath
the big thruch stane in the wast corner o' the kirkyaird, CROCKETT
Stickit Min. (1893) 102. Bwk. Aneath the soughin hawthorns,
HENDERSON Pop. Rhymes (1856) 83. Nhb.1 Where's the maister?
— He's aneath the steeth. Cum. But I cower aneath their look,
GILPIN Ballads, 3rd S. (1874) 203. neXan.1 Der. Drive him
aneath th' tawest whoke tree, CUSHING Voe (1888) I. ix. Brks.1

[A-, on + neath (in beneath)^

ANEEND, see On end.

ANEK, see Neck.

ANEMT, see Unempt.

ANENT, prep. Sc. Irel. Nhb. Cum. Wm. Yks. Lan.
Chs. Stf. Der. Lin. War. Wor. Shr. Hrf. Rdn. Glo. Brks.
Ken. Hmp. Wil. Also written anant w.Wor.1 se.Wor.1 •
anont Glo.1 Wil.1 ; anunt Hrf.12, Glo.1 Wil.1 The form
anenst, too, is used in Sc. and all the n. counties of Eng
to Der., also War. Wor. Shr. Hrf. Glo. Brks. Ken. Also

sne'nst]

1. Opposite, in front of; in comparison with.
Sc. Set them up on this bit peat Anent the cutchack, BEATTIES
Panngs (1801) 3; The Farmer sits anent the light An' reads a
piece o' Wallace wight, it. 26 ; And syne the mare through the
wall anent her set up sic a scraichin, Roy Horseman (1895) 336 ;
Is naething anent them ava— ah na, ALLAN Lilts (1874) 278. Gall.
The bonny corn that had grown so golden on the braes anent the
isle, CROCKETT Raiders (1894) vii. N.Cy.1 Nhb. Till nenst aa'd
Lizzy Moody's, Monthly Chron. n.Cy. Lore (1887) 377; Nhb.1,
Dur.1 Cum. 'Anenst' is more common than 'anent' (M.P.).
Wm. & Cum.1 Anenst it, about a styan throw aff, 128. Wm.
Ameeast anenst Parliament Hooses theear was a girt whappan
kirk, CLARKE Spec. Dial. (1868) Jonny Shippard. s.Wm. Annent
aur Hause Dur, HUTTON Dia. Storth and Arnside (1760) L 34. Yks.
But when he comes anent her Shoo gies him sich a smile, Garl.
(1873) la. n.Yks.1 Set your name in this spot, anenst his [over
against his]; n.Yks.3, m.Yks.' w.Yks.GROSE (i19o)MS. add.(C.)\;
If thear happans ta be a vacant seat anent yo, doant put yer mucky
teet up on ta it, TOM TREDDLEHOYLE Bairnsla Ann. (1861) 7 ;
An umberella cummin wi t'point fair anent yo-is a thing ta mind,
10. (1873) 53 ; Maks ya feel as small as thieves Anent a magistrate
PRESTO* ,Natterin Nan (1872) st. 5; Does ta think tha could domeabit

llcTs a&^fi7',H,ARTLoEY ClockAlm- ('873); Anenst'church,

bCAS Stud. Nidderdale (c. 1882) ; w.Yks.1 1 prisently spies him i"

ouer hay claas, onf heeadland, anent waw, ii. 295. Lan. Reetanent

w eanenst Ollinorth,5«m Sondknocker,

3- Lan.1 We stopt anenst th'yate. Chs.1" s.Stf. He had it al
there anunst him bodily, MURRAY Rainbow Gold (1886) 80 • A house
right anunst the Bull's Head, PINNOCK Blk. Cy. Ann. '(Xf Stf.1
Der. GROSE (1790) ; Der.*, nw.Der.i n-Lin.1 I was anent to him.

War. (J.R.W.), s.War.1 Wor. GROSE (1790); I lightened ov
'im anonst 'is 'ovel, OUTIS Vig. Man. in Wor. Jrn. w.Wor.1 Thaay
lives right anenst we. se.Wor.1 Put them there faggits down
anant the door. s.Wor.1 Shr. Suddenly the horses stopped short,
right anunst the witch's house, BURNE Flk-Lore (1883) 152 ; Shr.1
If yo'n follow the rack alung that green leazow, yo'n see a stile right
anunst yo'. Hrf. Hur swore as hursid him . . . down in th' ditch ov
the road anunt his oawn door, Why John (Coll. L.L.B.); Maister,
be I ur gwoy-in ter orrer th' pens anunt th' voller vild ? (Coll.
L. L.B.); Hrf.2 I took a front seat, [in church] right up anunst the
turkey [i.e. the brass eagle lectern]. Glo. Enunty, over against,
over anent, directly opposite, GROSE (1790) MS, add. (M.) ; ' How
far off?' I asked. 'Why, here, just close anent 'ee, BUCKMAN
Darke's Sojourn (1890) xviii ; Glo.1 2, Ken.1 2, Hmp.1, Wil.1

2. Against, near, in proximity to.

Sc. Fodder thy lammies anent the shepherd's shielins [tents],
ROBSON Sng. Sol. (1860) i. 8. Ir. Butshureyou can stop anent the
town at the blacksmith's an' have it set right, McNuLTY Misther
O'Ryan (1894) iv. n.Yks. Yan o' t'lads gat hissel' croppen oop
closeanenstlathe-deear,ATKiNsoN^/oor/. Parish (1891) 55; n.Yks.1;
n.Yks.2 I sat close anenst 'em. ne.Yks.1, e.Yks.1 m.Yks.1
Anenst, against. w.Yks. I sat me down anent him, BRONTE Agnes
Grey (1847) xi ; A passenger at sat anent ma, TOM TREDDLEHOYLE
Manch. Exhibition (1857) ; Awst throw me daan anent her feet,
HARTLEY Puddiri (1876) 63 ; Aw dooant envy th' Queen on her
throoan when awm sittin anent thee, ib. Seets (1895) ii ; w.Yks.5
That tree anent t'church. He's cloise anent him. neXan.1 War.
He run right anunt the wall (J.B.) ; War.8 Stand anent the hedge.
In common use near Stratford-on-A von. w.Wor. Helives,sur,anant
the church, S. BEAUCHAMP Grantley Grange (1874) I. 31 ; w.Wor.1
Put down them faggits anant the door. s.Wor. Ananst, Anunst,
against (H.K.). Hrf.12. Glo. Where did you leave cider and tot ? —
Anont thick ash tree (J.D.R.) ; Glo.1

8. Side by side with, in a line with.

Sc. Trail'd by horses at a slow jog trot Scarce fit to haud anent
an auld wife on her foot, ANDERSON/3(W>«5(i8i3) 71 (JAM.). w.Yks.3
A cricket-ball in a line with the wicket is anent it ; w.Yks.5 Soldiers
abreast are ' anenst ' each other, or 't'oan anenst t'other,' as it would
beexpressed. Rdn. Anent, alongside of, MORGAN Wrfs.(i88i). Glo.1

4. About, concerning, with regard to.

Sc. Summonsed all the neighbouring princes to a conference,
anent the injury done by Paris, Scotic. (1787) 116; GROSE (1790)
MS. add. (C.) ; To see what can be done anent your affairs,
SCOTT Rob Roy (1817) xxii ; To raise scandal anent them, ib. Mid-
lothian (1818) ii ; Touching that round monticle . . . anent whilk I
have heard, ib. Leg. Mont. (1830) ii. Gall. The black dog was
sitting heavy on him at the thought of the fine anent harbourers of
rebels, CROCKETT Moss Hags (1895) 84. N.Cy.12 Yks. Anenst
(K.). n.Yks.2 What say you anent it. w.Yks. LUCAS Stud. Nidder-
dale (c. 1882) 229. Chs.1 ; Chs.3 I know nought anent him.

5. Towards, by way of contribution to.

N.Cy.1 The cash was paid nenst her year's rent. n.Yks. I'll give
you something anenst that [to help you to buy it] (I.W.) ; n.Yks.2
I gav a pund anent it [the subscription].

6. In competition with.

Sc. Could modern heads, wi' philosophic wit, Wi' argument
anent an auld wife sit, ANDERSON Poems(iSi3) 73 (JAM.). w.Yks. If
tha drinks, I'll drink anent tha (S.K.C.) ; w.Yks.3 A lass dresses
anent a lady in trying to rival her.

7. In turn with.

e.Lan.1 If Jack works at a machine in the forenoon and Jim
works at the same machine in the afternoon, Jack and Jim are
said to work anenst each other. s.Stf. The mon what works
anunst me [i. e. the man who does at night the same work which
the speaker does in the day-time, or vice versa], PINNOCK Blk. Cy.
Ann. (1895).

8. With.

w.Yks. We'll tak'a sack anent us, GRAINGE Nidderdale (1863) 225.

9. By such a time.

Lan. THORNBER Hist. Ace. Blackpool (1837) 106.

10. Nearly, thereabouts ; also used as adv. as in phr.
anenst about the matter.

Glo. They use ' anent ' in place of ' or more,' meaning ' nearly,
close upon,' ELLIS Pronunc. (1889) V. 65. Brks. When they
would say 'nearly' or 'thereabouts,' they say 'anenst about the
matter,' NICHOLS Bibl. Tofog. Brit. (1783) IV. 56, ed. 1790. Hmp.
Nens as he was. Pretty nens one [pretty much the same], JV. & Q.
(1854) ist S. x. 120; Hmp.1 [Anenst the matter (K.).]

[1. A brothir with brothir stryveth in dome, and that
anentis unfeithful men, WYCLIF (1382) i Cor. vi. 6.

ANERLY

[57]

ANGISH

2. Anent, juxta, COLES (1679); Gawlistoun That is rycht
evyn anent Lowdoun, BARBOUR Bruce, vm. 124. 3. Him
on efn lige¥> ealdorgewinna, Beowulf, 2903. 4. Anent
(concerning), De, COLES (1679) ; Anentis men this thing
is impossible ; but anentis God alle thingis ben possible,
WYCLIF (1388) Matt. xix. 26. OE. on efen (efn, etnn),
on even (ground) with, whence, side by side with, oppo-
site, in view of.]

ANERLY, adv. and adj. Sc. Yks. Also written yan-
nerly n.Yks.2 ne.Yks.1 m.Yks.1 [a'narli, ya'narli.]

1. adv. Alone, lonely, solitary.

Sc. Anerly, Anyrly (JAM.). n.Yks.2 ne.Yks.1 He left her all
yannerly at home. Whya ! yoor maistther's geean doon ti
Whidby ; you'll be quite yannerly.

2. Comp. All-anerly, quite alone.

Sc. The next time that ye bring ony body here, let them be
gentles allenarly, SCOTT Bride of Lam. (1830) xxvi.

3. adj. Fond of retirement, shy.

Sc. (JAM.). n.Yks.2 Annerly ways, unsocial habits. m.Yks.1
Yannerly, unyielding, rudely retiring, or unsocial in manners.

4. Selfish, absorbed in one's own interests.
n.Yks.2 A yannerly soort of a body. m.Yks.1

[1. Thai said that he ... duelt . . . With a clerk with
him anerly, BARBOUR Bruce, n. 58 ; Thai . . . That saw
him stand_thair anerly, ib. vi. 132. Anerly, der. of Sc. am,
one, OE. an(e); the -eris prob. due to compar. formations ;
cp. formerly, latterly.]

ANERY, Sc. A term occurring in a rhyme of children,
used for deciding the right of beginning a game. Several
versions are still current.

Per. A version of this rhyme ' Anery, twarie,' is quite familiar
(G.W.). Lth. Anery, twaery, tickery, seven, Aliby, crackiby,
ten or eleven ; Pin-pan, muskidan, Tweedlum, twodlum, twenty-
one, Blackw. Mag. (Aug. 1821) 36.

ANES, see Even.

ANEW, prep, and adv. Obs.'i Sc. QAM.) Below,
beneath.

Abd. [Not known to our correspondents.]

ANEWST, prep, and adv. Hrf. Glo. Oxf. Brks. Ken.
Sus. Hmp. I.W. Dor. Wil. Som. Also by aphaeresis newst
Glo. Wil? ; neust Brks. I.W.1 Wil.1 ; neoust, noust Wil.1
Also written anoust Glo. Wil.1 ; annaust Glo. ; enewst
Glo.1; aneoust Hrf.1 Glo. Brks.1 Wil.1 Som.; aneust
Glo.1 Brks. Hmp.1 I.W.1 Wil.1; newse (K.). [anhrs,
aniu'st. | See below.

1. prep. Of place : near, hard by, over against.

Hrf.1 Aneaoust. Brks.1 I zin 'in aneoust the chake pit [saw him
near the chalk pit]. Ken.1, Sus.2, Sus. & w.Cy. RAY (1691).
Som. Dwon't ye come anuost yer zister ta vessy wi' er, JENNINGS
Dial. w.Eng. (1869) 143.

2. Nearly, approximating to, almost.

Glo. Anaust a handful or spoonful, GROSE (1790) MS. add. (H.)

3. adv. Of manner or degree : nearly, approximately,
about.

Hrf.1 Neaous. Glo.1 Near anoust. Oxf. Neaust, Newse, Aneus.
There or there aneus (K.). Brks. GROSE (1790) ; Brks.1, Ken.2
Sus. RAY (1691) ; Sus.12 Hmp. Anybody med newst so well be
made love to by a owl, MAXWELL GRAY Heart of Storm (1891) I.
192 ; Hmp.1 I.W. Tell me aneuse the time of the day, MONCRIEFF
Dream in Gent. Mag. (1863) 1. 32 ; I.W.1 Neuce the seyam ; I.W.2
She do goo on ... jest as if she was missus. D'ye think the wold
man's married to her 1 — I dunno, but I louz "tes anewse the saame.
Dor.1 Anewst the seame. Wil.1 What is it a clock ? — A newst one.
Which of the two is oldest ? — They are newst of an age. Which
of those things are best ? — They are anewst alike. Som. SWEETMAN
Wincanton Gl. (1885).

4. Resembling, like.

Glo. 'Ee's a bit aneist 'is feyther (S.S.B.) ; Glo.2
6. In phr. anewst of anewstness, ' much of a muchness,'
nearly alike ; anewst the matter, nearly right ; near anewst.
Glo. GROSE (1790) Suppl. MS. add. (P.) ; Glo.1 Brks. ' Neust of
a neustness," an expression very current, RAY Prov. (1678) 225.
ed. 1860. Wil. BRITTON Beauties (1825); Wil.1 Which of these
things are best ? — They are a newst of a newstness. Oxf. Neaust
the matter (K.) ; (M.W.) I.W.1 Neuce the matter ; I.W.2 Anewse
the matter. Glo. Near a neawst, near ye matter, RAY (1691) MS.
add. (J.C.) 108.
[1. Arente, aneust, very neere unto, FLORID (1611) ;

VOL. I.

Waes 'Saer on neaweste hus, BEDA, v. 14. 2. Anewst
almost, COLES (1677). Anewst=A-, on + newsl; OE. neah-
zvist, nearness, neighbourhood ; cp. ON. na-vist, presence,
OHG. nah-wist.}

ANG, sb. Nhb. Cum. Wm. Yks. Lan. [an, erj.] The
beard of barley or wheat.

n.Cy. GROSE (1790) ; HOLLOWAY ; N.Cy.1, Nhb.1 Cum. MORTON
Cyclo. Agric. (1863); Cum.2 Wm. FERGUSON Northmen (1856)
169 ; Wm.1 T'barley angs sticks tew mah. w.Yks. HUTTON Tour
to Caves (1781). Lan.1, ne.Lan.1

[This form is prob. ofScand. origin, ant* representing an
older agn, by metath. of g ; cp. Sw. ag?z,"ON. ogn, an awn.]

ANG, see Ampery.

ANGALUCK, sb. Sh.I. An accident, a disaster.

Sh.I. Angaluck (JAM. Suppl.). S.&Ork.1

[Cp. Du. ongeluk, misfortune.]

ANGEL, in comp. and comb, (i) Angel-fish, a fish of the
shark family ; (2) -maine, see Angel-fish ; (3) Angels'
eyes, the plant germander speedwell ; (4) -shark, see
Angel-fish ; (5) Angel's pincushion, a plant, the Devil's
Bit, Scabiosa succisa ; (6) -swaine, see Angel-fish.

(i) Cor.2ByArtedicalledtheMermaid-fish,M5.rtrfrf. [Angel-fish,
-maine, -shark, -swaine, Squatina angelus (SATCHELL).] (2) Cor.1 2
Angelmaine, the Monk fish, Sqtiatina angelus. (3) Dev. The sweet
germander speedwell, . . . here, most poetically, named by the
peasantry Angels' eyes, GOSSE Dartmoor in Intell. Obs. (1863) 318
(N.E.D.); Around her hat a wreath was twined Of blossoms
blue as southern skies ; I asked their name, and she replied, We
call them Angels' Eyes, Garden (June 29, 1872); Angels' eyes,
Veronica chamoedrys. (5) Dor. Angel's pincushion, the Devil's Bit
scabious (G.E.D.).

[An angel-fish (scale), Squatina, COLES (1679).]

ANGER, sb. Cum. Wm. Yks. Lan. [a'na(r).]

1. Inflammation.

Cum. & Wm. That finger 'ill gedder, ye'll see. Ther's a deal o'
ang-er and heat aboot it (M.P.). n.Yks.2 My leg's full o' anger.
wYks. Leeds Merc. Suppl. (May 16, 1891). n.Lan. (W.H.H.)

2. Rashness.

n.Yks.2 They should hae had mair wit i' their anger.

[1. Rawness and anger (in that dialect, wherein we call
a sore angry), HAMMOND (1659) On Ps. Iviii. 9 (N.E.D.) ;
I made the experiment, setting the moxa where the first
violence of my pain began, and where the greatest anger
and soreness stifl continued, notwithstanding the swelling
of my foot, TEMPLE Misc. (JOHNSON).]

ANGER, v. Sc. Irel. Nhb. Yks. Lan. Dev.

1. To vex, irritate, make angry.

Sc. I couldna but laugh, though it sore angered my mother to
see me do't, WHITEHEAD Daft Davie (1876) 139. Wxf.1 Angerth,
angered, angry. Nhb. Me muthor's bairns gat angort at us, ROBSON
Sng. Sol. (1860) i. 6 ; Nhb.1 n.Yks. Mah mother's bairns were
angered at mah, ROBINSON Whitby Sng. Sol. (1860) i. 6. w.Yks.2
Dev. Tain't safe to anger she, O'NEILL Idyls (1892) 23.

2. To inflame, irritate (of a wound).

n.Yks.1 Hoo's Willy's leg t'morn ? — Whyah, it's nae better. It's
desput sair and angerd ; n.Yks.2 Lan.1 Yon lad's foot gets no
betther; he's bin walkin' this mornin', an his stockin' mun 'a
angert it. m.Lan.1 When yo're towd nod to anger a soore place.

[1. 'Twould have anger'd any heart alive To hear the
men deny't, SHAKS. Macbeth, HI. vi. 15; Beware howe
you anger hym, garder vous de le corroucer, PALSGR.
2. Itch most hurts when anger'd to a sore, POPE Donne
Sat. iv. 119. ON. angra, to grieve, vex.]

ANGER-BERRY, see Angle-berry.

ANGERIE.s*. Sh.I. (JAM. Suppl.} A crowd, multitude.

ANGERLY, adj. n.Yks. [a-rjali.] Fierce, raging.

n.Yks.2

[The word is very rare in E. as an adj. Byron so uses
it : (He) was angerly, but tried to conceal it, MOORE Life
(N.E.D.). Anger, sb. +-fy. Cp. ON. angrligr, sad.]

ANGISH, sb. and adj. Irel.
1. Poverty.

Wxf.1 Lim. I have heard this word used in the sense of poverty,
wretchedness, misery , by the very common people. Seldom used at

..

2. adj. Poverty-stricken.
Ir. The poor man is angish enough (J.F.M.F.).

ANGLE

[581

ANGRY

Hence Angishore, a poverty-stricken creature.

sJr. 'Angishore" was and is in very common use ; a miserable
creature in poverty and wretchedness, almost exactly equivalent
to what we mean by our epithet, ' a poor devil ' (P. W.J.). s.Wxf.
Give the poor angashore a chance, Humour oflrel. (1894) 391.
3. Sickly, unhealthy.

Ir. A delicate, pale, miserable-looking child would be called 'an
angish creather' 'J.F.M.FA Wxf. Angish, very poorly (J.S.).

[This word is due to a Gael, use and pronunc. of lit.
E. anguish in the s. of Irel. — aingis.]

ANGLE, sb.1 Yks. Der. [a'nl.]

1. A small hook.

m.Yks.1 A small hook, as a fishing-hook.

2. Comp. Angle-rod (obs.), a fishing-rod.

Der.1

[1. Go to the see and cast in thyne angle, TINDALE
Matt. xvii. 27 ; Gang to ¥sere sae and wurp Sinne angel
fit, OE. vers, (ib.) OE. angul, cp. ON. 6'ngull, a fishing-
hook. 2. He makes a May- fly to a miracle; and furnishes
the whole country with angle-rods, ADDISON Sped. No.
108 ; An angle-rod, Pertica Piscatoria, COLES (1679);
Before you undertake your tryal of skil by the angle-
rod, WALTON Angler (1653) 170.]

ANGLE, sb* Som. Dev. [ae'rjl.] A worm used in
fishing, an earthworm.

w.Som.1 U buunch u ang-lz wai wiis'turd driie um-z dhu bas bauyt
vur ee ulz [a bunch of worms with worsted through them is the
best bait for eels]. You be bound vor togie em [larks and thrushes]
a angle now and then. Dev. ' Fishing with an angle" is by more
people understood to be fishing with a worm than what it really
is — fishing with a hook, Reports Provinc. (1889). s.Dev. (F.W.C.)

[Prob. for Angle-twitch, q.v.]

ANGLE, sb.3 e.Yks. n.Lin. A name given to the holes
or runs of vermin, such as badgers, field-mice, &c.

e.Yks. MARSHALL Rnr. Econ. (1796). n-Lin.1 Angles, artificial
burrows used for capturing rabbits in warrens.

ANGLE, v . Som. [as'rjl.] To loiter or ' hang ' about a
place with some design ; to intrigue. Also used as sb.

w.Som.1 Wau-d-ur kau'm ang-leen baewt yuur vaur ? [what does
he come loitering about here for?]— Aay au'vees kunsiid urd eens
ee wuz ang-leen aa-dr Mils Jee-un [1 always thought he was
angling after Miss Jane]. Aay kaa'n ubae-ur-n, liz au-vees pun dhu
ang-1 [I cannot endure him, he is always upon the angle, i. e.
intriguing].

[She knew her distance, and did angle for me, Madding
my eagerness, SHAKS. Alts Well, v. iii. 212. Fig. use of
angle, vb., to fish with a hook, to use an angle (see
Angle, sb.1).]

ANGLE-BERRY, sb.1 Sc. n.Irel. Nhb. Cum. Yks. Lan.
Glo. Also written annle-, see below, [a'rjl-bari.] The
same as Anbury, 1.

Sc. A fleshy excrescence resembling a very large hautboy straw-
berry, growing on the feet of sheep, cattle, &c. (JAM.). N.I.1 Angle-
berries, large hanging warts on a horse, sometimes about its mouth.
Nhb.1 Anger-berry, or Angle-berry, a warty excrescence growing
on the umbilicus, or scrotum, or teats of an animal. These are
highly vascular and easily hurt. Cum.2 Yks. Before the angle-
berries or warts grow strong, you may pull them up, KNOWLSON
Cattle Doctor (1834) 98. w.Yks.1 Nannle.berries. ne.Lan.1 Angle-
berry, a sore under the hoof of an animal. eXan.1 Handle-berry.
Glo.i [Angle-berry, a sore or imposthumation under the claw of a
beast (K.).]

[Prob. for an earlier "ang-berry • OE. ang-, pain, anguish
(as in ang-seta, carbuncle) + berry. For berry used in this
sense, cp. strawberry as applied to a birth-mark, and the
use of It. moro for a mulberry-tree and a wart on horses
(FLORIO). See Anbury.]

ANGLE-BERRY, sb." n.Cy. Lathyrus pmtensis.

n.Cy. Angle-berry, the common wild vetchling, from the angles
of its pods, Poetry Prov. in Comh. Mag. (1865) XII. 34 ; N.Cy.1
Nhb.i Among old people angle-berry is the name of a vetch • prob-
ably because it angles or catches hold and clings to plants or
shrubs stronger and taller than itself.

[Angle (Fr. angle) + berry.]

ANGLE-BOW, sb. Glo. Som. Dev. A running knot,
a snare with a spring noose, a gin for birds or fish

Glo. GROSE (1790) MS. add. (H.) w-Som.1 Angle-bow, a running
noose, a shp-knot, especially a wire on a long stick for c™tch nf

fish ; also a springle for catching birds. The poacher's wire is
always an angle-bow. Dev. Applied to any running noose (F.W.C.).

[Angle (Fr. art%le) + bow (a single-looped knot).]

ANGLE-BOWING, vbl. sb. Som. Dev.

1. Poaching for fish by means of an angle-bow.
Dev. (F.W.C.)

2. A method of fencing the enclosures where sheep are
kept, by placing bent sticks into the ground ; also the act
of fencing in this manner.

w.Som.1 n.Dev. Chell tell vautlfer o't zo zoon es ha comath hum
vrom angle-bowing, don't quesson't, Exm. Scold. (1746) 1. aia ;
GROSE (1790) MS. add. (H.) Dev.1

[1. Vbl. sb. of angle-bow, q.v., used as a vb. 2. Vbl.
sb. of angle-bow, vb.', deriv. 01 Angle (Fr. angle) + bow (the
weapon for shooting arrows).]

ANGLE-DOG, sb. Dev. The earthworm.

Dev. At Culmstock a farmer, speaking of loose straw on pasture,
said, ' You'd be surprise how zoon th' angle-dogs'll draw it down,'
Reports Provinc. (1889).

ANGLE-EARED, adj. Dev. Mischievous.

s.Dev. Angle-yeared (used of children); orig. ' with outstanding
(pointed) ears,' such as Puck is represented with. Angle-yeared ?
— that's when boys be artful. You angle-eared young toad !
(F.W.C.)

[Angle (Fr. angle) + eared.}

ANGLE-TWITCH, sb. Gmg. Pern. Dev. Cor. Also
written angle-titch nw. Dev.1; angle-ditch Cor.2 ; -touch
Wei. [ae-rjl-twitf.]

1. The earthworm.

Gmg., Pern. COLLINS Cower Dial. Trans. Phil. Soc. (1850) IV. 222.
Dev. Reports Provinc. (1895.) n.Dev. Jim, go and zarch vor angle-
twitches, ROCK Jim an Nell (1867) 35. Dev.1 You drumble-drone-
dunder-headed-slinpole, ... I'd twack thee till I made thee twine
like an angletwitch ; Dev.3, nw.Dev.1 Cor. GROSE (1790) MS. add.
(C ) ; The king's highway ought not to be twisting and turning
like an angle-twitch, HUNT Pop. Rom. iv.Eng. (1865) 33 ; Far as
I cu'd see you've done naught but fidget like an angletwitch, ' Q.'
Three Ships (1890) vii ; Turnin' an" twestin' like a' angle-twitch,
PEARCE Esther Pcntreath (1891) bk. i. iv ; But aw twingled like an
angle-dutch, THOMAS Randigal Rhymes (1895) 24 ; Cor.1 Wrig-
gling like an angle-twitch ; Cor.2

2. A slow-worm.
Dev.3

3. In phr. to have an angle-twitch in the bonnet, to be not
quite sane.

Dev. Eh, daddy says t'ers an angle-twitch till her rewdon,
MADOX-BROWN Dwale Bluth (1876) bk. iv. ii.

[See NARES (s.v. Angel-touche) • His baites are Tag-
wormes, which the Cornish-English term 'Angle-touches,'
CAREW Cornwall (1602) 26. ME. Greyte wormes bat
are called angel twycches, MS. in Prompt. 279. OE.
angel-twice*.]

ANG-NAIL or ANGER-NAIL, see Agnail.
ANGOLA, sb. w.Yks. Cotton and fine wool mixed
in the fibre, spun in the same way as wool, the feel of
wool thus being obtained, while the cotton prevents
shrinkage by washing or perspiration (J.F.).

Hence Angolas. A term used in the rag trade for
underclothing made from cotton and wool, but chiefly
cotton (M.F.).

ANGRY, adj. Nhb. Dur. Cum. Wm. Yks. Lan. Chs.
Stf. Der. Lin. Lei. Nhp. War. Wor. Oxf. Hnt. Cmb. e.An.
Sus. Hmp. Som. [a'nri, a-rjgri, ae-nri.] Inflamed, red.
Used with reference to a wound or sore.

Nhb.1 Me fingr's beeldin' aa's flaid — it leuks se angry. Dnr.1,
Cum.12, Wm.1, n-Yks.1, ne.Yks.1 w.Yks. (J.T.) ; w.Yks.s, Lan.1,
m.Lan.1 Chs.1 That thumb o' hisn's looks main angry. s.Chs.1
Stf.2 That bad pises on thoi 'and links very angry. nw.Der. ' Lin.
STREATFIELD Lin. and Danes (1884) 315. n-Lin.1, Lei.1 Nhp.1 It's
a bad wound; it looks so very angry. War.2 Rub a little ointment
on that sore, it has an angry look ; War.3 ne.Wor. A wound or
sore place ' looks very angry' (J.W.P.). Oxf.1 MS. add. Hnt.
(T. P.F.) Cmb.1 That there cut on your finger's rare and angry —
you'd better put a hutkin on. e.An.1 My kibe is very angry to-night
Nrf., Snf., Sns., Hmp. A person, when angry, generally looks red ;
so does the inflamed part of the body, HOLLOWAY. w.Som.1 He
was getting on very well till s'mornin, but now the leg looks
angry.

ANGUISH

[59]

ANKSOME

[This serum . . . grows red and angry, WISEMAN Surgery
(JOHNSON) ; I have rubb'd this young quat almost to the
sense, And he grows angry, SHAKS. Oth. v. i. 12 ; Pedigndni,
angrie kibes, chilblanes, FLORIO (1611).]

ANGUISH, sb. Sur. Hmp. Cor. [ae'rjwij.]

1. Inflammation.

Sur. It's nice and cooling is that Elder ointment I made ; it keeps
off the anguish, N. & Q. (1880) 6th S. i. 238. Hmp.1 Of horses
it is said, ' If we foment it, it'll take the anguish out of it.' Cor.3
There is a deal of anguish in my finger. That is the anguish
coming out [said of water running from an inflamed eye].

2. Pain felt at a distance from the actual wound or seat
of disease, commonly known as ' sympathy.'

Cor.3 My hand is swelled and I've got a swelling too in my arm-
pit, but that is from the anguish of it. The pain that arises in one
tooth from sympathy with another corresponding one in decay is
called anguish.

[OFr.angoisse, anguish, agony of mind or body (CoxcR.).]

ANGUISHED, ppl. adj. Lin. Pained, troubled.

n.Lin.1 1 was straangely anguished in my joints all thrif Thomas
th' wizzard.

[My soule was angwishid in me, WYCLIF (1382) Jon.
ii. 8. Anguished, pp. of anguish, vb. I anguysshe, Je
angoysse ; This wounde anguyssheth me, ceste playe me
aiigoysse, PALSGR.]

ANGUISHOUS, adj. Lan. Chs. [a'rjwifas.] (i) Pain-
ful, causing pain. (2) Sorrowful, oppressed with pain.

(.0 Chs.1 2) Lan.1 He lookt quite anguishous, an aw felt sorry
for him.

[(i) Ful anguisshous than is, god wool, quod she,
Condicioun of veyn prosperitee, CHAUCER Tr. &° Cr. HI.
816. (2) For I was al aloon, y-wis, Ful wo and anguissous
of this, CHAUCER R. Rose, 520. OFr. angttissus, Fr. angois-
seux (PALSGR. 305).]

ANIE, sb. Sc. A small one.

Abd. Gie's a bonny anie. It's but a wee little anie (G.W.).
Knr. Anie, a little one QAM.). Edb. A mother speaking of the
youngest of her children says ' The wee ane ' or ' The wee anie.'
What bowl [of porridge] willye tak. Jamie? — The wee anie (J. W. M.).

[Dim. of ane, n. dial, form of lit. E. one. Ane + -y.]

ANIGH, adv. and prep. Stf. Lei. Nhp. War. Wor. Shr.
Glo. Oxf. Brks. Sur. Sus. Hmp. I.W. Som. Aus. [anr,
onai' ; Lei. anoi'.]

1. adv. Near.

Lei.1 Oi'll gie ye a clout if yo coom anoigh. War.23 Shr.1
The doctor never come anigh. Glo.1, Sus.1

2. prep. Near to, near ; gen. with vb. of motion.

s.Stf. Do' let him come anigh me, PINNOCK Blk. Cy. Ann. (iSgsX
Stf.2 Ei nivgr kum anoi mi for 3 wik. Nhp.1 He lives anigh
me. s.War.1 Don't ye go anigh him. se.Wor.1 Don't you get
anigh them osses. Oxf.1, Brks.1 Sur.1 And for all that I was
bad so long he never come a-nigh me. Hmp.1, I.W.1 w.Som.1
Used with vbs. implying motion only. Dhur aewz uz nuy dhu
roa'ud, bud aay niivur diidn goo unuyum [their house is near the
road, but I never went near them]. [Aus., N.S.W. We mustered
the cattle quite comfortably, nobody coming anext or anigh us
any more than if we'd taken the thing by contract, BOLDREWOOD
Robbery (1888) I. xi.]

ANIGHST, prep, and adv. Der. Wor. Hrf. Glo. Oxf.
Brks. Sus. Hmp. Wil. Dor. Cor. Also written anist
Der.2 nw.Der.1 Cor.12 ; anyst Cor.2 [anai'st, ani'st.]
1. prep. Near, near to ; gen. used with v. of motion.

Der.2, nw.Der.1 Wor. I 'oodn't live anighst her wotever, OUTIS
Vig. Man. in Wor. Jnt. s.Wor.1 Hrf.1 They never come anighst
me. Bio. I never cud get anist un (S.S.B.) ; Master Michael . . .
oodn't let un come anighst the house, GISSING Vill. Hcmtpden
(1890) II. v; Glo.1 Oxf.1 A said 'twas I as 'ut 'im, an' I never
went nooer anighst'n. Brks. Blessee, child, doantee go anigst it,
HUGHES T. Brown (1856) 37 ; Now thou'rt like to get th' lotment
thou'lt not go anyst 'un, ib. T. Brown Oxf. (1861) xix ;
Brks.1 Best not come anighst that ther hoss, med be he'll kick "e.
e.Sus. HOLLOWAY. Hmp.1 Wil. The miller zeed it ael, but
couldn't come anighst un, AKERMAN Spring-tide (1850) 48 ; Wil.1
Nobody's bin anighst us since you come ; Wil.2 Dor.1 Don't goo
aniste en. Cor. Don't you come anist my door agen for a bra'
spur. FORFAR IVisard ^871 j 54 ; They durstn't ha' gone anighst
a shop, PARR Adam ami Eve (,1880; I. 276. w.Cor. So take and

go the west [way] home and dos'en aw come anist me, THOMAS
Rant/igal Rhymes (1895) 7. Cor.2 Don't go anist him, MS. add.
2. adv. Nearly, almost.

Dor. You've said anighst all, HARDY Tower (1882) 327, ed. 1895.

[A- (pref.w) + nighest, superl. of nigh.]

ANIGHT(S, adv. War. Wor. Som. [anai't] At night,
of a night.

War., Wor. I can't sleep anights (H.K.). s.Wor.1 w.Som.1 You
can't never do it by day, but you can zometimes anight.

[Bid him take that fof coming a-night, SHAKS. As You,
ii. iv. 48; Though I him wrye a-night and make him
warm, CHAUCER C. T. D. 1827. A-, on + night.]

ANIND, see Onhind.

ANISE, sb. A plant-name applied to (i) Afyssum
maritimum (Dev.) ; (2) Koniga maritinta (Dev.) ; (3)
Myrrhis odorata (Dun).

Dev.4 Anise, the same as Sweet Alice.

[Dial, uses of anise (Pimpinella antsum), Fr. ants, Lat.
ariisum, Gr. avlaov.}

ANK, v. Lan. To be of opinion, to assert em-
phatically.

Lan. ' Con aw ? ' cried Jimmy ; ' aw ank a con,' STANDING Echoes
(1885) 24. e.Lan. In common use among the natives of the Tod-
morden valley, and in Burnley (F.E.B.).

[Etym. obscure. Perh. the same word as hank (to
fasten), q.v.]

ANKER, sb. Sc. Nhb. Cor. [a'rjkar, ae'rjka(r).]

1. A liquid measure : ten imperial gallons.

Sc. I had whiles twa bits o' ankers o' brandy, SCOTT Rob Roy
(1817) xviii ; Anker, a liquid measure formerly in use in all districts
that traded with the Dutch (JAM. Sitppl.}. S. & Ork.1 Danish
anker, 38 Danish quarts, 10 imperial gallons. Nhb. About ten
ankers of gin, RICHARDSON Borderer's Tablc-bk. (1846) VII. 175.

2. A small cask adapted for carrying, and containing
about four gallons.

Sc. Tun, anker, and cag, DRUMMOND Muchomathy (1846) 66.
s. & w.Sc. A small barrel used by smugglers for carrying their
brandy on horseback, &c. ; also the small barrel open at one end
used for holding the oatmeal in daily use. Still so used in se-
cluded districts of the s. and w. of Scotland, and is a big or a wee,
a muckle or a little anker, according to its size or capacity (JAM.
Suppl.}. Frf. Some bring, in many an anker hooped strong, From
Flushing's port, the palate-biting gin, TENNANT Anster (1812) viii.
Cor. We'll drink it out of the anker, my boys, DIXON Sngs. Eng.
Peas. (1846) 160, ed. 1857; Cor.1 ; Cor.2 'Free-traders' imported
their ' moonshine ' in such ankers when the nights were dark.

3. A dry measure.

S. & Ork.1 An anker of potatoes, one-third of a barrel. Or. & Sh.I.
A dry measure similar to the firlot, for measuring potatoes (JAM.
Suppl.).

[1. Anker, a liquid measure chiefly used at Amsterdam.
It is the fourth part of the awm, and contains two stekans :
each stekan consists of sixteen mengles ; the mengle
being equal to two Paris pints, CHAMBERS Cycl. (1788) ;
A few anchors of right Nantz, SMOLLETT Per. Pick. (1751)
I. ii. io.— Du. anker, a measure of wine, the fourth part
of an awm (aani) ; also a cask holding the above quantity;
the word is also used in the fish-trade (DE VRIES). G. and
Dan. anker, Sw. ankare (SERENIUS) ; MLat. anceria (OFr.
ancere) ; see DUCANGE.]

ANKERLY, adv. ? Obs. Sc. Unwillingly.

Slk. GAM.) [Not known to our correspondents.]

[Perh. a deriv. of anker (OE. ancor], an anchorite, in
ref. to his unwillingness to join in the society and pleasures
of the world.]

ANKLING, see Rankling.

ANKOR, sb. Nhb. [a'rjkar.] The bend of a scythe
or adze.

Nhb.1 Some men prefer the angle at which a scythe-blade is set
from the handle to be more or less acute. Hence the direction in
fixing a new handle is ' Give 'or a bit mair ankor,' or ' A bit less
ankor,' as the case may be. The same direction is given in fixing
a new handle to an adze.

[Perh. a use of anchor, with regard to the angle made
by the fluke with the long shank.]

ANKSOME, see Anxom.

i 2

ANLET

[60]

ANOINTING

ANLET, sb. w.Yks. [a'nlat] A mark in the shape of
an annulet, or small ring.

w.Yks.1 Anlet, the mark on a stone, being an ancient boundary
in this neighbourhood.

[Annelet, a little ring for the finger ; any annelet or
small ring used about apparel or armour, COTGR.]

ANNAUST, see Anewst.

ANNET, s*.1 Nhb. s.Pem. Cor. Written anny s.Pem.
The Kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla.

Nhb.1 s.Pem. LAWS Little Eng. (1888) 419. Cor. RODD Birds
(1880)314. [FoRSTERSzfa//ozi'(i8i7)92 ; SWAINSON Birds (1885)
206.]

[See Annet, sb.2]

ANNET, sb.2 Nhb. Lan. [a'nat]

1. The common Gull, Larus canus.
Nhb. SWAINSON Birds (1885) 208.

2. A ' gull,' a silly fellow.

Lan. That eendless annul o' thoine's keen bitter, SCHOLES Tim
Gamwattle (1857) 39.

[Perh. equiv. to ON. dnd (gen. andar), a duck, Dan. and,
cp. OE. ened.]

ANNOY, v. Yks. Lan. War. Shr._ Ess._ (obs.) Som.
Also by aphaeresis noy w.Som.1 [anor, noi.]

1. To hurt, trouble, damage.

War.3 It does not annoy my memory [to write down dialect
words], Shr.1 That theer bit o' roche 'as annoyed my spade.
Ess. Leaue oxen abrode for anoieng the spring [shoots of under-
wood], TUSSER Husbandrie (1580) 105, st n. w.Som.1 Don't you
believe it, he widn noy you 'pon no 'count in the wordle.

2. Hence (i) Annoyance, sb. offence, damage ; (2)
Annoisome, adj. hurtful ; (3) Annoyment, sb. intent to
injure, malice ; (4) Annoyous, (5) Annoyful, adj. trouble-
some.

(i) w.Som.J Nif you'll plase to let us put up the ladder in your
garden, we'll take care not to make no noyance. (2) w.Yks.2 No
man shall put any scabbed horse to the common whereby they
maie be annoysome or troublesome to his neighbours (obs.). (3)
w.Som.1 1 knows em purty well, 'tis all a-do'd vor noyment. Lan.1
(4) Anoyful. (5) Yo're varra anoyous ; give oer.

[1. I noye or hurte one, Je nuys, PALSGR. ; It dooth no
good . . . but anoyeth, See ye nat, lord, how mankinde it
destroyeth ? CHAUCER C. T. F. 875. AFr. anoyer (mod.
ennuyer). 2. Annoyance. Suffrance suffreth swetely all
the anoyaunces and the wronges that men doon to man
outward, CHAUCER C. T. i. 655.— Annoyful. Alle tarying
.... anoyful, ib. B. 2220. — Annoyment. I warrant she
neuer fele anoyment, Play Sacr. (MATZNER).— Annoyous.
Ony thing That anoyus or scathfull be, BARBOUR Bruce,
v. 249; Thilke thinges shullen ben unjoyful to thee or
elles anoyous, CHAUCER Boeth. 11. v. 95. — Annoysome. Cp.
the aphetic lit. E. form noisome: The noisome pesti-
lence, BIBLE Ps. xci. 3.]

ANNUAL MEADOW GR ASS, phr. Sus. Poaannua;
called also Causeway grass, q.v.

Sus. The annual meadow, vernal, smooth . . . seem to be best
adapted for the feed of sheep, MARSHALL Review (1817) V. 489.
ANNY, see Annet.

ANOINT, v. Nhb. Wm. Yks. Chs. Der. Nhp. Shr. Hrf.
Glo. e.An. Ken. Wil. Dor. Som. By aphaeresis 'noint
Win. n. Yks.1 w.Yks.2 3 Chs.1 * s.Chs.1 w.Som.1 ; nint Wil.1 ;
ninte Shr.1 ; again corrupted to oynt Suf.1 ; aint e.An.1
Nrf.1 Suf.1 ; aaint Nrf.1 Suf.1 [anoi'nt, noint, naint, aint.]
1. To thrash, chastise by word or act, ' to baste.'
Nhb. Aw'd peel her te the varry sark Then 'noint her wiv a twig
o' yeck, WILSON Pitman's Pa_y(i843) n. Wm. Maister's nointed
me to-day for talking in class (B.K.). n. Yks.1, w.Yks.2; w.Yks.3
Au'll noint thee. Chs.12, s.Chs.1 Shr.1 Billy, if yo' dunna come
back and get on wuth that leasin' I'll ninte yore 'ide fur yo'.
Shr. & Hrf. Neint, to beat, BOUND Prov. (1876). Hrf. I saw Bill
Jones 'ninting the parson, N. & Q. (1865) 3rd S. viii. 547. e-An.1,
Nrf.i Suf.1 I'll aaint yar hide for ye. Ken.1 Wil.1 I'll 'nint ye
when I gets home ! Dor. Anoint, to beat (W.W.S.). w.Som.1
Jimmy! tumm'ld down again and dirt yer pinny ! you bad boy, I'll
noint your bottom vor 'ee, I will, you young rascal !
Hence Anointing, a thrashing.

Wm. He gat hissel a good nointing for his pains (B.K.). s.Chs.1
They gen [gave] him a pratty nointin'. Nhp.1 You'll get a good

nineting, young lad. Shr.2 Shr. &. Hrf. I'll give you a neinting,
BOUND Prov. (1876). Glo.1
2. To run, hurry away.

w Yks 2 A man said of his mare, ' You should see her nant up
them hills.' Now, lad, noint it. He did make us nanty. nw.Der.1
Shr.1 They wun comin' alung as fast as the pony could ninte.
Shr. Hrf. How that horse did neint along, BOUND Prov. (1876).

n' I'll anoint him with a cat-and-nine-tails, SMOL-
LETT Rod. Random, v. ME. The kyng away fly, Which
so well was anoynted (Fr. si bien otngt) mdede, Rom.
Partenay, 5653. 2. The sense 'to hurry along' is a
development from sense 1 ; cp. the use of beat, pelt, in the
sense of hurried movement.]

ANOINTED, ppl. adj. In gen. dial, use in Irel. and
Ens Also by aphaeresis, nointed n.Yks.12 m.Yks.1
Chs12 Lin x Rut.1 Lei.1 w.Som.1 nw.Dev.1 ; nineted Nhp.1
se-Wor.1 Shr.12 Hrf.2 I.W.2 ; niented I.W.2

1. Of persons: thoroughly bad, wholly given up to evil
courses, notorious.

Wxf. ' Why, you anointed rogue,' says he, KENNEDY Banks Bow
(1867) 287. n-Yks.1 ; n.Yks.2 A nointed youth. s.Lan. The ex-
pression a ' neignted yung rogue ' was common in this district some
years ago. It is seldom, if ever, now heard, Manch. City News
(Feb. 8, 1896). Chs.12 Lin. He's a 'nointed one, THOMPSON
Hist. Boston (1856) 7 1 6. Rut. ELLIS Pronunc. (1889) V. 256. Lei.1
A'sa'nineted'un,ais. Nhp.1 Wor. Called him an 'anointed young
vagabond,' ./V. & Q. (1865) 3rd S. viii. 452. se.Wor.1 'E's a nineted
un, 'e is. s.War.1 He's an anointed young rascal. Shr.1 E's a
nineted pippin [said of a vicious youth] ; Shr.2 Hrf.2 Ninetedum,
corruption of 'anointed one.' Him's a ninted yarb. Hnt. He's
the most anointed young hound I ever met in my life, N. & Q.
(1865) 3rd S. viii. 452. Nrf. We commonly hear a very bad boy 01
man called ' an anointed willain,' ib. (1867) 3rd S. xii. 237. Suf.
(F.H.) Ken. Anineted, nineted, audacious, fast (A.M.); Ken.1 He's
a regular anointed young dog. The devil's own anointed young
rascal. I.W.1 ; I.W.2 Don't hay nothin to do wi' that feller, he's
a nineted rogue. w-Som.1 There idn nit a more nointeder young
osebird in all the parish. Dev. He is an anointed wretch, Reports
Provinc. (1882) 7. nw-Dev.1 Cor. Aw, he was an anointed old
rascal, ' Q.' Troy Town (1888) xi ; That boy'd end badly, for aw was
a most anointed lem, THOMAS Randigal Rhymes (1895) 3 ; Cor.1 2

Hence Ninety-bird, one who is given up to evil ways.

se.Wor.1

2. Very great, terrible.

w.Som. It was an anointed shame, ELWORTHY Gram. (1877) 22.

[Anointed in this sense is prob. conn, with anoint, vb. (to
thrash). An ' anointed scoundrel ' would mean a scoundrel
who has deservedly been well thrashed.]

ANOINTER, sb. Yks. Chs. Stf. War. Wor. Glo. Oxf.
Bck. Wil. Som. Also written nointer Yks. Chs.1 s.Chs.1 ;
nineter War.2 Glo.1 Wil.1 ; neinter Chs.1

1. A scapegrace, a mischievous fellow. Also used as adj.
w.Yks. Leeds Merc. Suppl. (May 31, 1884) 8. Chs.1 s.Stf. He's

a reglar nointer, I'd believe anythin' o' him, PINNOCK Blk. Cy. Ann.
(1895). War. NORTHALL Flk-Phr. (1894). w.Wor. That lad's a
nineter, sir, he is. He'll fight like a robin, Berrow'sjm. (Mar. 10,
1888). s.Oxf. David Loveday names his dog ' Nainter' because it is
troublesome, barking at the wrong time, and sometimes worrying
the sheep, Flk-Lore Jrn. (1884) II. 188 ; ' She allus were a reglar
nineter,' said her father with a delighted chuckle. ' Whatever's a
nineter, uncle?' asked Sam. 'A nineter? Why, a nineter's a reglar
Bedlam,' answered Tom, ROSEMARY Chilterns (1895)162. Bck. He's
a nice young nineter, he is! (A.C.) Wil.1 A nineter young rascal.

2. A trickster, a sharp, crafty person.

w.Wor. He be a nipper and a nineter, he be (W.B.). Glo.
Som. Nineter, SWEETMAN Wincanton Gl. (1885).

3. An energetic, pushing person.
s.Chs.1 Hey's a nointer, that mon.

4. A miser, a skinflint.
Wil. SLOW Gl. (1892) ; Wil.1

5. Of things : causing perplexity or surprise ; a ' puzzler.'
w.Yks. That's a nointer (G.B. W.) ; (B.K.)

[Anoint, vb. (q.v.) + -er. The word means prob. one
who deserves an ' anointing," i. e. a thrashing. The use
of the suffix -er (of the agent) is remarkable.]

ANOINTING, adj. Bck. Mischievous.

Bck. Aint he a nineting young rascal ? (A.C.)

[See Anointed.]

ANON

[61]

ANTIC

ANON, adv. Dev. [ano'n.] To-night.
Dev. GROSE (1790) MS. add. (C.) Dev. & Cor. Monthly Mag.
(1808) II. 621. Dev.3 Yii shet away 'ome Bill, us'll volleree anon.
Midden be airly, tho' tweel be avore owly-light [midnight].

[This sense is due to the earlier use of anon in the
sense of soon, in a short time. I am gone, sir, And anon,
sir, I'll be with you again, SHAKS. Twelfth Nt. iv. ii. 131.
OE. on an, into one (moment).]

ANON, int. Widely diffused throughout the dial, of
Sc. Irel. Eng. Amer. Also written anan N.Cy.1 Chs.123
s.Chs.1 Der? e.An.1 I.W.1 Wil.1 Cor.12; non n.Yk.12;
nan Nhp.2 Hrf.1 Glo.1 e.An.1 Hmp.1 I.W.1 Wil.1 Dev.1
nw. Dev.1 Cor.12; name. An.2; a'an e.An.1 ; annan Dor.1
[ano'n, ana'n, non, nan.] An interrogation. What did
you say ? A mode of expressing that the hearer has failed
to catch the speaker's meaning.

Sc. The brute of a lad puzzles me by his ' anan,' and his ' dunna
knaw," SCOTT Redg. (1824) v. Ir. ' Anan ! ' said she, not under-
standing hisquestion, LEVER Martins (1856) I. 195, ed. 1872. Dur.
Traveller. ' Pray which is the road to Durham ?' — Clown. 'Non!'
(J.H.) n-Yks.1 Anon or anan is an interjectional sound of doubting
inquiry, similar to the utterly inexpressible (by letters) sound of
assent or attention which is employed by many Yorkshire people
when listening to a narrative or a remark where verbal observa-
tions are unneeded. w.Yks.1, Chs.12 ; Chs.3 Anan, what's that?
s.Chs.1 I have never got the word at first hand, and think it died
out with the last generation. Der.1 Obs. (1890). Nhp.2 Wor.
Anan, what do you say ? PORSON Quaint Wds. (1875). Hrf.1, Glo.1
e.An.1 Often contracted to A'an, or N'an. Nrf-Anan? An? N.&Q.
(1850) ist S. ii. 217. Ken. GROSE (1790) MS. add. (P.) w.Sus.
Anan, Nan. This interjection has the same sense as the word
' hay ' in Hampshire, HOLLOWAY. Hmp.1, I.W.1 Wil.1 Anan, 'Nan.
Used by a labourer who does not quite comprehend his master's
orders. Dor.1 Som. Anan, Nan, eh ! what? W. & J. Gl. (1873).
Dev.1, nw.Dev.1 Cor. Anan. An interjection used by old people
within remembrance, though now extinct, QuiLLER-CoucH Hist.
Polperro (1871) 172; Cor.12 [Amer. Anan, how? The word
is common in Pennsylvania, BARTLETT. We have in Philadelphia
' Anan,' interrog. what ? N. & Q. (1870) 4th S. vi. 249.]

[See Anon, adv.]

ANONSKER, adj. n.Yks. [ano-nska(r).] Eager,
desirous, set upon a thing.

n.Yks.1 ; n.Yks.2 They've setten him anonsker o' t'sea [anxious
to become a sailor],

[Of ON. origin ; cp. Dan. an, on + ijmske, wish.]

ANOTHER, in comp. (i) -gates, (2) -guess, (3) -kins, of
a different kind ; (4) -when, another time.

(i) Lan.1 (2) Lei.1 Shr.1 Another-guess sort, generally taken
in the sense of 'better.' Ah! the poor toud missis wuz another
gis-sort o' body to "er daughter-law. Glo. Thelikeo'webeanother-
guesssortoffolk,GissiNG.So</!q/W,s.P«roA(i889)I. 117; Glo.2 You
are another guess-sort of a man. (3) n-Yks.1 He was anotherkins
body te t'ither chap ; n.Yks 2 That's anotherkins teeal [a different
version of 'the story]. m.Yks.1 That plum's of anotherkins sort.
(4) Ken.'

[Another-gates. When Hudibras about to enter Upon
an othergates adventure, BUTLER Hud. i. iii. 42 ; He
would have tickled you othergates than he did, SHAKS.
Twelfth Nt. v. i. 198. Another-gates, i.e. of another gate,
of another way; see Gate. Orig. an adv. gen. in -es,
a late analog, formation. — Another-guess. At present
I am constrained to make another guesse divertisement,
Com. Hist. Francion (NARES). This is a form of another-
gates, which was also pron. another gets. See Othergates.]

ANOUST, see Anewst.

ANOW, see Enow.

ANOWER, see Inower.

ANPARSE, ANPASSY, see Ampersand.

ANSEL, see Own-self.

ANSELL, ANSTIL, see Hansel.

ANSH, see Haunch.

ANSWER,!/.1 Chs. War. Som. [ansa(r).]

1. To last, endure.

w.Som.1 That there poplar 'out never answer out o' doors, I'll be
a ratted in no time.

2. With prep, to, (i) to succeed with ; (2) to be easily led.
Chs.1 (i) It is said that clay land easily answers to bones. (2) He's

a soft sort o' chap ; he'll answer to owt. War. (J.R.W.)

ANSWER, sb. and v? Irel.

1. 56. A bite (in fishing).
Wmth. Did you get ere an answer?

2. v. To bite (of fish).

nJr. Are there many fish there ? — Yes, because they answered
them many a time (S.A.B.).
ANSWERABLE, adj. Sus. Som. Dev. [avnsarabl.]

1. Durable, lasting.

w.Som.1 A man said to me of a draining tool, ' Dhik-ee soa-urt
bee dee'urer, but dhai bee moo'ur aan'surublur ' [that sort are
dearer, but they are more answerable, i.e. cheaper in the end].
Dev. 'Twas good answerable reed [for thatching], Reports Pro/vine.
(1887) 3

2. With prep, to, corresponding to.

Sus. They did pretty middlin' answerable to their size, EGERTON
Flks. and Ways (1884) 85.

[1. Answerable, consentaneus, COLES (1679). 2. The
daughters of Atlas were ladies who brought forth children
answerable in quality to those that begot them, RALEIGH
Hist. World (JOHNSON).]

ANSWERING, prp. used as prep, and conj.

1. prep. Corresponding to.

Cum., Wm. Answering this time last week [at the correspond-
ing time], SULLIVAN Cum. and Wm. (1857) 90.

2. conj. Provided that.

Cum., Wm. Answering he conies, SULLIVAN Cum. and Wm.
(1857) 90.

ANT, v.1 Sh.I. [ant.] To show attention to, respect,
obey.

Sh.I. Ant, to pay regard to (Coll. L.L.B.); Freq. used with
negative, ' Never ant him' (K.I.) ; An prickin nerves ant no da
will's intent, BURGESS Rasmie (1891) 118. S. & Ork.1

ANT, v.2 Chs. [ant] A method of ploughing.

Chs.1 To plough out a small subsoil furrow from a reen.

ANTELUTE,s6. ? Obs. Shr. [a'ntilut] A tea-party.

Shr.1 Now then, girls, if yo'n look sharp an' get yore work done,
yo' sha'n g66 to the antelute.

ANTER, see Aunter.

ANTERIN, see Undern.

ANTERS, ANTHERS, see Aunters.

ANTHILL-GRASS, sb. Midi, counties. Festuca syl-
vatica.

Midi. MARSHALL Rur. Econ. (1790) 107, ed. 1796.

ANTHONY OVER, sb. Gall. A child's game at ball.

Gall. The bairns vexed his soul by playing ' Antony Over ' against
the end of his house, CROCKETT Stickit Min. (1893) 99 ; Throwing
a ball over a house, from one party of children to another (S.R.C.).

ANTHONY-PIG, sb. Chs. Der. Hrt. Ken. Hmp. Dev.
Also written Tanthony-pig Chs.12

1. The smallest pig of a litter, the favourite one supposed
to be dedicated to and under the special protection of
St. Anthony, the patron saint of swineherds.

Der.2 Anthony-pig, the ruckling of the litter ; nw.Der.1 Hrt.
We call a poor starved creature a Tantony pig, SALMON Hist, of
Hrt. (1728). Ken. The favourite pig of the farrow, GROSE (1790) ;
The word Anthony is by analogy used as a diminutive generally
(P.M.); Ken.1 Hmp. Tanthony-pig, N. &Q. (1851) ist S. iii. 429.
Dev.3 Anthony's pig is also called nessel tripe.

2. Fig. One who follows close at heel.

Chs.1 ; Chs.2 To follow anyone like a Tantony pig, is to stick as
close to him as St. Anthony's favourite is supposed to have done
to the saint.

[He will follow him like a St. Anthony's pig. St. A.
is notoriously known for the patron of hogs, having a pig
for his page in all pictures, FULLER Worthies, II. 56.
Tantony repr. St. Antony. The form occurs in SWIFT:
Lord ! she made me follow her last week through all the
shops like a Tantiny (sic) pig, Polite Conv. I.]

ANTIC, sb. and adj. Van dial, uses in Sc. Irel. Dur.
Lan. Der. Brks. Som. Dev. Cor. Also written hantic,
hantick, hanteck. See below, [a'ntik, arntik.]
1. sb. Gen. used in the pi. Manoeuvres, movements,
odd ways and tricks.

Sc. Antick, a foolish ridiculous frolic (JAM.). Dur.1 Lan. Tom
oth-Grinders an Owd Lurry wi him, laighin', dancin, an playin
o maks o antiks, Abrum o' Flap's Quortin' (1886) 13. nw-Der.1,
Brks.1 w.Som.1 Hot ailth the mare ? her's all vull o' her hantics.
Dev. I niver did zee nobody za vull ov hantecks as 'er is, HEWETT

ANTIOUS

[62]

ANY

Peas. Sp. (1892) 86 ; Dev.1 What hanticks a had ! naddling his
head, drawing out his hands, and blasting up his ees to the gurt
oaks. Naut. After this, we had a little few more ' antics,' as the
sailors call them, moving from columns of divisions with the ships
in line ahead into other formations in line abreast, then by sub-
divisions and so forth, Standard (Aug. 12, 1889) 3, col. i. [Anticks,
gesticulations such as Merry Andrews employ, GROSE (1790) MS.
add. (C.)]

2. A fool, a buffoon or clown.

Cor.1 You dunderheaded old antic,— lave that to the musicianers,
' Q.' Three Ships (1890) i ; Cor.1 I never seed such an antic in my
born days ; Cor.2 Such an antic.

3. adj. Droll, grotesque.

NJ.1 He's very antic. Antickest [most funny].

4. Frantic with excitement, mad, unmanageable.
w.Som.1 Hantic. n.Dev. What's the matter? . . . what art tha

hanteck? Exm. Crtship. (1746) 1. 620 ; Hantick, wanton and unruly,
GROSE (1790) MS. add (M.) ; Dev.1

[1. Antic, he that plays anticks, JOHNSON ; To dance
anticks is to dance like a Jack-pudding after an odd and
ridiculous manner, KERSEY. 2. Antick, a buffoon or
juggler, KERSEY ; Jugglers and dancers, anticks, mum-
mers, mimicks, MILTON S.A. 1325; There the antic
(i.e. Death) sits, Scoffing his state, and grinning at his
pomp, SHAKS. Rich. II. HI. ii. 162. 3. The prize was to
be conferred upon the whistler that could go through his
tune without laughing, though provoked by the antick
postures of a Merry Andrew, ADDISON Sped. No. 179 ;
He came running to me . . . making a many antic gestures,
DE FOE Crusoe (1719) 183. It. antico (ancient), a term
applied in the i6th cent, to the grotesque work found
among the ruins in Rome, and ascribed to the ancients.]
ANTIOUS, adj. Pern, [e'n/as.] Ancient, beautiful
with age, rare.

s.Pem. ' 'Tis an antious old place," said of a somewhat ruinous
building (E.D.) ; The idea of ' beautiful ' is always associated with
that of ' old ' or ' ancient.' It is difficult to know which of the two
is uppermost in the mind of the speaker. It is certain that the
word is never used when mere age is considered. This chist [chest]
is a very antious one. Oh, here's an antious set of china ! This
pictier [picture] is owld an' hansom, David, deed, it's antious
(W.M.M.).

ANTLE, see An, Hantle.

ANTLE-BEER, adv. Dev. fae-ntl-bia(r).] Cross-
wise, irregular (the form of two uprights and one cross-
piece, like a door-frame).

n.Dev. Et wel zet arter tha antlebeer lick the dooms of a door,
Exm. Scold. (1746) 1. 274 ; GROSE (1790).
Hence fig. cross-grained.

Dev. They only thought it was my ' appurted witherful develtry ,'
as they called it, and Nurse added that I was ' antle-beer,' MADOX-
BROWN Dwale Bluth (1876) bk. iv. i.
ANTLING, see Hantling.

ANTONMAS,s6. Sh.I. St. Anthony's Day, a festival
held Jan. 29, twenty-four days after Christmas (old style).
Sh.I. Jan. 29. By oldest people called St. Anthony's Day. now
Fower-an-twenty Day, and UphellyA. Yule ends, Manson's Aim.
(1893) 16; Antonmas is observed here yearly as the last day
of Yule-tide. In the country districts the young people meet and
have a dance, but in Lerwick there is generally a torchlight
procession of guizers, who afterwards make a bonfire of their
torches and then proceed to the houses thrown open for their
entertainment where they have fiddling and dancing (K.I.);
Antinmas. St. Anthony's Day in the calendar [new style] is I7th
January (JAM. Suppl.). S. & Ork.1

[Anthony + mass (a Church festival).]
ANTRIMS, sb. pi. Wm. Yks. Chs. Der. War. e.An.
Also written antrums e.An.1 Suf.1 ; antherums n.Yks.2
[a'ntrimz, a'ntramz.]

1. Airs, whims, caprices, with an implication of temper.
N.Cy.1 Wm. Antrums, tantrums, flightiness, airs that one gives

oneself, GIBSON Leg. and Notes (1877) 91. Chs.1 At your antrims
again; Chs.23, Der.2, nw-Der.1, War. (J.R.W.), e-An.1, Nrf.1
Suf.1 'As in 'as antrums this morning.

2. Doubts, hesitations.
n.Yks.2

[Etym. unknown. See Tantrums.]
ANTRUM, see Undern.

ANT-TUMP, sb. War. Won Shr. Hrf. Also written
anty- tump War.2 Shr.1 Hrf.1; anti-tump w.Wor.1 [an'ti-
tump, a-nt-tump.] An ant-hill.

War.2, w.Wor.1, s.Wor.1 Shr.1 'E raved an tore like a bull at
a anty-tump. Hrf.1

[Ant + lump, q.v.]

ANUNDER, adv. and prep. Sc. Irel. Nhb. Dur. Cum.
Wm. Yks. Som. Dev. Also written annundher N.I.1;
anonder n.Sc. QAM.) Cum.1; anuner Nhb.1; anoner
Abd. UAM.); in-under Nhb.1 h.Yks.2 w.Som.1 nw.Dev.1;
innundher N.I.1; in-onder n.Yks.2 [anu-nda(r), anu-na(r).]

1. adv. Beneath, under (of actual position).
NJ.1, N.Cy.1 Nhb.1 Aa's gan anuner. nw.Dev.1

2. prep. Under, underneath.

Sc. As a hen gathereth her chickens anunder her wings, HEN-
DERSON Matt. (1862) xxiii. 37. Sh.1. He aims me a lick just anunder
da belt, BURGESS Rasmie (1891) 15. Abd. A lamb anoner Nory'scare,
Ross Helenore (1768) 12, ed. 1812. Ant. Anondther, Anonder
(W.J.K.). Nhb. His left han's anunder me heed, ROBSON Sag. Sol.
(1860) ii. 6 ; Anunder his care, ib. Bk. of Ruth (1860) ii. 12; Nhb.1
The boxis inunder the bed. Dnr. Ah sat doon unnonder his shaddow
wih greet deleyght, MOORE Sng. Sol. (1860) ii. 3. Com. En onder
them he said was two lile princes buried, Mary Drayson (1872)
13 ; Com.8 If I stopt anonder ya tree i' t'wud, I stopt anonder
twenty, 23. At keeps o' he cares anonder ya hat, 55. Wm. An
buried him snugly an-under some trees, WHITEHEAD Leg. (1859) 8 ;
Ye'll be best anonder t'blankets. I isn't in anonder t'least doubt
about it (M.P.). n.Yks. Ah sat me down on t'binch in under t'awd
yak tree, TWEDDELL Clevel. Rhymes (1875) 48. w.Som.1 Dhai vaewn
un tu laa-s aup-mdhu taal-ut, een uun'dur u buun'l u aa-y [they
found him at last up in the tallet, underneath a bundle of hay].

3. Beneath in command, in subjection to.

n.Yks.2 He was in-onder t'other man [in office]. w-Sora.1 Our
Bill's a go to work to the brew-house, in under Mr. Joyce the
maltster.

[ME. Ther nis non betere anonder sunne, K. Horn, 567.
An, on + under.]

ANVIL, sb. Ken. [ae'nvl.] In comp. Anvil-clouds,
clouds of the shape of an anvil, supposed to betoken rain.

Ken.1

ANXOM, adj. Yks. [a-nksam.] Anxious.

e.Yks. He'd monny a anksome lewk at his store, NICHOLSON
Flk-Sp. (1889) 42 ; e.Yks.1 MS. add. (T.H.)

[A form of anxious, contam. with the suff. -some ; cp.
fearsome, q.v.]

Hence Anxomness, anxiety.

e.Yks.1 ATS. add. (T.H.)

ANY, adv., adj. and pron. Van dial, uses in Irel. and
Eng. See below, [e'ni, o'ni.]

1. adv. At all.

n.Yks. It dizn't dry onny (I.W.). ne.Yks.1 It didn't rain onny.
s.Not. Ah don't see as she's improved any (J.P.K.). swiin.1 He's
not worked any sin' June. She can't sit up any. Wor. If I
leaves it till to-morrow it won't hurt any (H.K.). s.Oxf. They be
Sunday does . . . and scarce wore any, ROSEMARY Chilterns (1895)
76. Suf. He tell them brick every now and agin to see if they've
wasted any (C. G. de B.). Snr.1 The cuckoo don't sing this year
scarce any. Slang. You don't want bein' made more drunk any,
KIPLING Badalia (1890) 7.

2. pron. One of two things indifferently, either.

Wm.1 Ther's nobbet twoa left — will ta hev onny on em ? — Ay, aa'l
tak onny on em thau likes to gie ma'. s.Lan. John, fetch me one
of those two pairs of trousers out of my wardrobe. — Which shall I
bring ? — Oh, any of them will do (S.W.).

3. In phr. (i) Any bit like, tolerably good, used with
ref. either to the weather, health, or behaviour; (2) -
body, an indef. pers. pron. also construed as pi. ; (3) — end
up, in any case, at any rate ; (4) — make, any kind ; (5)
— metre, for the future ; used in positive, as well as
negative phr. ; (6) — more than, only, but that ; (7) -
road, anyway, anyhow ; (8) — road up, in any case ;
(9) — thing, at all ; (10) — way for a little apple, easily
persuaded ; (n) — way up, in any case ; (12) — wise, in
any way.

(i) ne.Yks.1 Wa s'all be leadin' ti-moorn if it be onny bit leyke.
e.Yks.1 Ah could ha putten up wiv her if she'd been onny-bit-leyk.
w.Yks. Noa two fowk owt to be moor comfortable if tha'd be
ony-bit-like, Clock Aim. (1878) 48; w.Yks.2 I'll come and see thee

ANYESDER

APPEAL TO

to-morrow, if it's onnv-bit-like. Lan.1 If th' weather's onny-bit.
like. nw.Der. H.R. 2 n.WU. 'Tis cowld enough to vriz anj'-
body. Anybody caant do nothin now wi'out bein took up far't
;E.H.G.). w.Som.1 Un-ee bairdee keod-n voo-urd-u due ut, neef
dhai diid-n due ut nai-tuymz, keod ur ? [one could not afford to
do it, if one did not do it night-times, could they?] (3) s.Cbs.1 I'll
send ye a chem [team] anny end up. Stf.2 I dunna know when
ar J ack's cumin whom , bar oi'll let yer know ony end up. (4) m. Yks. '
Onnymak, any shape, form, or sort. (5) nJr. A servant being in-
structed how to act, will answer ' I will do it any more ' (G.M.HA
6 War.2 I wouldn't a-gone any more than I promised to buy Dick
a trumpet. Wor. I wouldn't do it any more than I've got so
much else to do H.K.X s.Wor.1 I should be sure to go to church
any more than I've not got a gownd to my back. n.WU. I shouldn't
trouble to pick them apples to-day, any more'n might be wet to-
morrow (E.H.G.;. Wil.1 He's sure to come any more than he
might be a bit late. (7) w.Yks. (J-w-) s-stf- Any ">ad, you tell
'em that. MURRAY Rainbow Gold ( 1886^ 137. [Aus., N.S.W. I don't
want to blow — not here, any road — but it takes a good man to put
me on my back, BOLDREWOOD Robbery (1888) I. i.] (8si Stf.2
I dunna know when ar Jack's cumin whom, bur oi'll let yer know
ony road up. (9) swJJn.1 He's never ailed anything. 10
N.Cy.1 Ony way for a little apple, (n) Stf.2 Oi'll let yer know ony
way up. (12) Sur. I knowed you ha' time enough to wait at this
plaace, anywise, BICKLEY Sur. Hills (1890) III. iv.

[1. Cp. the use of ' any-thing ' in CHAUCER : For if hir
wheel stinte any-thing to tome, Tr. &* Cr. i. 848. 2. And
if that any of us have more than other, Lat him be trewe,
and parte it with his brother, ib. C.T. D. 1533.]

ANYESDER, sb. Sh.I. A sheep in its second year.

S. & Ork.i

[An, one+yesier (yearster), repr. year+suff. -ster.]

ANY KIN, adj. Obsol. Yks. [o'ni kin.] Of any kind
or sort.

n.Yks. D'ye knaw ov onny kin things like them ? — I decant think
I hev onny kin things like them (I.W.) ; n/Yks.1, m.Yks.1

[Noe, for anikins chanse Sal I noght take sli a no|>er
venganse, Cursor M. 1941.]

ANY WAY(S, adv. phr. Irel. Cum. Yks. War. Oxf.
Sur. See below.

1. In any way, in any respect, by any means.

e. Yks.1 Was he onny ways put oot? MS. add. (T.H.) War.
If the child ever went any ways wrong, GEO. ELIOT S. Afarner
'1861) xiv. s.Oxf. I'll go if I anyways can, ROSEMARY Chiltrrns
(1895) 17. Sur.1 We can't make anyways sure.

2. At all events.

Ir. I may be poor, but any way I'm honest (A.S.P.). n.Yks.
Anyways I'm mista'en if he is, LINSKILL Behv. Heather and N. Sea
(1884) i. w.Yks. Onnyway, thah'rt noan bahn wi' us (./E.B.).
[Amer. Block Island is rather a wisht kind of a place any way, Flk-
LoreRec.(iS8i)lV. 93.]

3. In every way, in all respects.
Cum.1 This is enny way as good as that

4. Carefessly, confusedly.

n.Yks. He thrust them tegither onnyway (I.W.). e-Yks.1 Onny
ways, MS. add. (T.H.)

[1. All those who are any way concerned in works of
literature, ADDISON Sped. No. 529; All those who are any
ways afflicted ... in mind, body, or estate, Bk. Com. Pr.
(Prayer for all conditions of men).]

ANY WHEN, adv. Lin. Bdf. Ken. Sur. Sus. Hmp.
I.W. Wil. Dor. At any time.

niin.1 I'll goaony-when you like, if nobbut it duzn't raain. Bdf.
(F.H.), Ken. (P.M.) Sur. I can come the first week in November
or any when from Nov. i, N. & Q. (1881) 6th S. iv. 367 : Two-
pence is good enough for eggs any when, ib. 542 ; Sur.1 Sus.
' Anywhen ' may be heard any day and every day, A^ & Q. (1853)
ist S. vii. 335 ; Sus.1, Hmp.1. I.W.1, WU. (W.C.P/i Dor. If I was
quite sure, I would go any-when, HARDY Tess (1891) vi ; Dor.1

[He giveth not himself to wildness any when, Hist.
Jacob 6- Esau (1568), Dodsley's Old Eng. Plays, II. 196
(ed. HAZLITT).]

APACE, adv. Lan. [ape's.] By degrees, steadily.

Lan. A man who was making headway in his business quietly
without much show would be said to be ' getting on apace ' (S. W.).
ne.Lan.1 He will get on apace.

[The word now means in lit. E. ' at a good pace. ' The
dial, meanings are nearer the usage of CHAUCER, where
it often implies a slow pace : In lasse whyle Than thou

wolt goon a paas nat but a myle, C. T. c. 866 ; And forth
she walketh esily a pas, ib. F. 388. Fr. a pas. Cp. pas a
pas, step after step, COTGR.]

APAST, prep, and adv. Yks. Stf. War. Hmp. Wil. Som.
[apa'st, apa'st,]

1. prep. Of time : after, past.

s.Stf. Ten apast seven by the clock, PINNOCK Bit. Cy. Ann.
\ ' 1895). Hmp.1 WU. SLOW Gl. (1892).

2. Of place : beyond, past.

w.Yks. Ah've getten apast Sarah Alice at summin' [arithmetic],
Leeds Merc. Suppl. (May 23, 1891). Hmp.1 Som. JENNINGS Obs.
Dial. ui.Eng. ( 1825).

3. adv. Of place : past
War.2 He's just gone apast.

[ME. apassed (pp. of apassen) in Allil. P. I. 539, and
CHAUCER Boeth. 11. v. 35. OFr. apasser, to pass on.]

APE, sb. Yks. Lan. [ep.]
L A mischievous, troublesome child.

m-Yks.1 Thou young ape, get out of the road with thee, before I
pick thee over. ne.Lan.1
2. Cotnp. Ape-faced.

n.Yks.2 Yap-feeac'd, pug-nosed, monkey-faced.

APEAK, adv. n.Yks. [apia'k.] In a peak.

n.Yks.2 Belt apeeak ; built up to a point or pyramid.

[A-, on +peak.]

APEN, see Open.

APERN, see Apron.

APESOME, see Apish.

A-PICK-A-BACK, see Pick-a-back.

APIECE, adv. n.Cy. Der. [apl's.] Severally, to each
one.

n-Cy. Now lads ! here's healths apiece (HALL.) nw.Der.1

[Neither have two coats apiece, BIBLE Luke ix. 3. A
piece, for each one piece, hence severally.]

A-PIECES, adv. phr. Lan. Lin. Nhp. War. e.An.
[aprsaz.] In pieces, to pieces.

Lan. I fund foak bizzy knokink the'r heaws sides epeeses.
WALKER Plebeian Pol. (1796) 7, ed. 1801. ne.Lan.1. Lin.1, Nhp.1,
War. (J.R.W.), e-An.1 Sul1 Ta crumble all 'apieces.

[What so many may do, Not being torn a-pieces, we
have done, SHAKS. Hen. VIII, v. iv. 80. A-, on +pieces.]

APIEST, see Alpiust.

APISH, adj. n-Yks. [ye-pi/.]

n.Yks.2 Yapish, Yapsome, impertinent.

A-PISTY-POLL, adv. Dor. Of a child : carried on
the back or shoulders. Cf. pick-a-back.

Dor. Gl. (1851) ; Dor.1 A mode of carrying a child with his legs
on one's shoulders, and arms round the neck and forehead.

APLACE, adv. Cld. (JAM.) Conveying the idea that
one is present, as opposed to that of his being absent ;
as ' He's better awa nor aplace,' i.e. it is better he should
be absent than present.

[Things abused to idolatry . . . are farre better away
then aplace, GILLESPIE Cerent. (1637) in. ii. 22 (N.E.D.) ;
To telle How such goddes come aplace, GOWER C. A. 11.
152. A-, on + place.}

APLOCH, see Ablach.

APOD, see Uphold.

APONTED, />>>. Dor. [apo'ntad.] Tainted.

Dor.1 Decs vish is a-ponted.

[A- (pref?) + panted, pp. ofpont (to bruise), q.v.]

APPARATUS, sb.1 w.Cor. [aepare-tas.] A kitchen
stove.

w.Cor. The cooking stove in the kitchen is so called (T.C.P.) ;
I have never heard this word in Penzance, but several times at
Falmouth (M.A.C.).

APPARATUS, sb.2 Nhb. Dur. See below.

Nhb.. Dur. Apparatus, machinery at the surface for separating
the small coals (screened out from the round) into nuts and duff.
The small coals, which have passed through the screen, are drawn
up either a vertical or an inclined framing, in a tub called an ap-
paratus tub, which teems itself at the top of the frame, and is passed
over two or more screens, NICHOLSON Coal Tr. Gl. (1888).

APPEAL TO, v. Sur. [api'L] To approve of, find
benefit from.

Sur.1 How do you find the whiskey suit you ?— I appeal to it
very much. [Unknown to our other correspondents.]

APPEAR

[64]

APPLE-GARTH

APPEAR, sb. Glo. [api-a(r).] Appearance
Glo. Often used in the neighbourhood of Bisley (H.b.H.) ; Glo.
[Which she on every little grass doth strew . . . against
the Sun's appear, FLETCHER Faithful Shepherd (c. 1610) v. i.

(N.E.D.)]
APPEAR, v. n.Irel. Of ghosts : to ' walk,' to haunt

places.

n.Ir. Ghosts still ' appear' in old churchyards, or when a murd.
of a particularly striking kind has been committed (R.M.Y.) ; N.I.1

[And many bodies of seyntis . . . apperiden to many,
WYCLIF (1388) Malt, xxvii. 53.]

APPEARENTLY, flafo. m.Yks. [apia'rantli.] Seebelow.

m.Yks.1 In freer use as an affirmative response than is usual in
ordinary speech. We's ganging to t'feast, ye see, apparently.
It's boon to weet, appearently [it is going to wet (or ram)].

APPELL, v. Obs. Sc. QAM.) To challenge.

Sc. There were many Southland men that appelled other in barrace,
to fight before the King to the dead, for certain crimes of lese-
majesty, PITSCOTTIE (ed. 1768) 234.

[ME. I appelle hym for trouthe broken, Rowlands?* (Jl.
(1400) 343 (N.E.D.). Lat. appellare, to call upon.]

APPERIL, sb. s.Irel. Risk, peril.

s.Ir. Don't be out of her on your apperl, LOVER Leg. (1848) II. 289.

[Faith ! I will bail him, at mine own apperil, B. JONSON
Magn. Lady, v. x ; Let me stay at thine apperil, Timon,
SHAKS. Timon, i. ii. 32. A- (pref.lo)+ peril.]

APPERNTLE, sb. Chs. Shr. [a-pantl.] Anapronful.

s-Chs.1 A apperntle o' tatoe-pillins for th' pigs. Shr.1 W'eer'n
'ee bin laisin, Peggy?— I' the paas'ns piece; I've got whad yo'
sin, an' a good apparntle o' short ears.

[Appern, apron + -tle (suff.); this is a common suff. in
the Shr. dial. ; cp. cantle, hantle, bucketle, pochette. It is prob.
an equiv. of-ful; see Shr.1 (gram, xliii).]

APPETIZE, v. Sc. Nhb. In pp. : having appetite for
food.

Sc. I am well appetized for my dinner, Monthly Mag. (1798) II.
436 ; Supper for which I feel rather more appetized than usual,
SCOTT Monastery (1820) 39, ed. 1879. N.Cy.1, Nhb.1

[A deriv. of appetite (Fr. appetit), formed on the analogy
of vbs. in -ize.]

APPING, see Happing.

APPLE, sb.1

1. The cone of Finns abies (Lin. Won).
Wor. (H.K.)

2. Comb, (i) Berk apple, Pinus sylvestris (n.Yks.); (2)
Deal— (e.An.), (3) Fir — (nw.Cum. Lin. Sus. Hmp.),
(4) Pine — (Hrt. Nhp.), the cone of P. abies.

(4) Nhp.1 Pie-apple or Pur-apple, the cone of the fir. Hrt. Cones,
or what we call pine-apples, ELLIS Shep. Guide (1750) 134.

[The fir-cone was formerly called a pine-apple, q.v.]
APPLE, sb.2 [a-pl, se'pl.l Pyrus malm. Irel. Mr
Lin. Nhp. Wor. Shr. Hmp. Wil. Som. Dev. Cor.

1. Comp. (i) Apple-bee, a wasp ; (2) -dumplings, plant-
name, the great hairy willow herb ; (3) -headed, see below ;
(4) -meat, pies, tarts, &c., made with apples ; (5) -mill, a
machine in which apples are crushed in cider-making;
(6) -pear, a variety of pear ; (7) -potato, a certain kind of
potato ; (8) -scoop, a scoop or spoon, made of bone, used
to abstract the cores from apples ; (9) -shrub, the plant
Weigelia Rosea ; (10) -wife, a woman who sells apples.

(i) Cor. MonthlyMag. (1808)11.421. (2) Nhb.1 Apple-dumplins,
Epilobium hirsutum. Called also Corran-dumplin. (3) Nhp.1 Apple-
headed, a term applied to a low, stunted oak with a round bushy
head. (4) s.Dev. (G.E.D.) (5) nw.Dev.1 (7) Myo. First and fore-
most there's no better than the apple-pratees, HARRINGTON Sketches
(1830) III. xvi. (8) nXin.1 Apple-scohp, an instrument made of
a sheep's metacarpal bone, sometimes carved, dyed green, &c., used
for taking the cores out of apples. ne.Wor. (J.W.P.) Wil.1 Apple-
scoop, made from the knuckle-bone of a leg of mutton, and used for
eating apples, the flavour of which it is supposed to improve. (9)
w.Som.1 Apple-shrub, the Weigelia Rosea, no doubt so called from
the likeness of its flowers to apple-blossom. It was only intro-
duced from China in 1855. It is now one of our commonest
flowering shrubs. Dev. We call it the apple-shrub, Reports Provinc.
(1885) 87. (10) Nhb.1 He sent the apple-wives to mourn, A month
iv wor awd cassell, OLIVER Local Sngs. (1824) 15.

2. Comb, with attrib. adj., applied to plants or fruit-

(1) Cane Apple, Arbutus unedo or strawberry-tree (Irel.) ;

(2) Coddled — , Epilobium hirsutum or willow herb (Lin.
NnoV (q) Morris— , see below (Hmp.); (4) Scrog— ,
q.v; (5) Scalded- Lychnis diurna (Shr.) ; (6) Well

see below (Hmp.).

(3) Hmp.1 Morris-apple, an apple with very red cheeks. (5)
Shr.1 Scalded apple, Red Campion. (6) Hmp.1 Well-apple, a light
yellow apple.

APPLEv.1 Lin. Wor. To gather fir-cones or apples.

Lin. The poor people supply themselves with very good fuel by
gathering the fir-apples ; you will sometimes see twenty children
in my plantation appleing, as they call it, YOUNG Agric. Sun*.
Wor. (H.K.)

APPLE, v.2 Lin. Nhp. Hrt. Used of roots. To form

into tubers.

n-Lin.1 Apple, to bottom, to root. Spoken of potatoes, turnips,
and other bulbs. s.Nhp. Unless the soil has some mixture o£ sand
the turnips do not apple, as they call it : that is, do not bottom well,
MORTON Nat. Hist. (1712) 487. Nhp.1 Turnips apple well, when
the roots swell, and assume a bulbous form. Hrt. [Turnips] did
apple or bottle well, ELLIS Mod. Hush. (1750) IV. iv. 70.

APPLE-BIRD, sb. Dev. Cor. The Chaffinch, Frin-

gilla coelebs.

Dev. GROSE (1790) MS. add. (C.) Cor. SWAINSON Birds (1885)
63 ; Cor.12

APPLE-BLOWTH, sb. Dor. Som. [ae-pl-bliib.] Apple
blossom. See Blowth.

Dor. When the apple-blooth is falling and everything so green,
HARDY Tess (1891) 159. Som. To inspect the apple-blooth and
hear the birds sing, RAYMOND Gent. Upcolt (1893) 105.

APPLE-BOUT, sb. n.Wil. [ae-pl-beut] An apple-
dumpling.

Wil.1

APPLE-CART, sb. Nhb. Yks. Der. Lin. Som. Used
metaph. in various ways.
1. Of the human body.

n.Cy. Down with his apple-cart [knock or throw him down]
(HALL.). n.Yks. He'll sharpen thy apple-cart for thee [he will
thrash thee, if thou dost not take care] (I.W.). nw.Der.1. Lin.1

leying ' „.

2. Of anything carried, chiefly in phr. to upset the apple-
cart.

Som. Don't upsit th' apple-cart ! That is, be careful you do not
let fall anything carried, PULMAN Sketches (1842) 77, ed. 1871.

3. Of a plan, project. Also in phr. as above.

Nhb.1 That's upset his apple-cairt for him, aa think [that has
completely stopped his project].

APPLE-DERN, sb. Cor. [arpl-dan.]

Cor.2 Apple-dern, the dead and dry stock of an apple-tree, MS.
add.

APPLE-DRANE, sb. Som. Dev. Cor. A wasp.

w.Cy. Apple-drone, a wasp ; a terrible devourer of apples and
more especially when they are beaten or ground to make cider
(HALL.). •w.Som.1 Common, but not so much used as ' wapsy."
Dev. Leek bullocks sting'd by appledranes, P. PINDAR Royal Visit
(1816) III. 365 ; An' apple-dreane an' a drumble-drone Wert aw'
ther' wert ter zee ; Th' drumble-drone lay dead i' th' snaw, Th'
yapple-dreane i' th' dree ! ' MADOX-BROWN DivaleBluth (1876) bk.
iv. ii ; I dreamt there wor an apple-drain buzzin', PEARD Mothei
Molly (1889) 145 ; There's a appledrane's nist down in the cassia-
tree moot, HEWETT Peas. Sp. (1892) 47 ; Appledrane, a wasp or bee,
GROSE (1790) MS. add. (C.) Cor.1 Apple-drain, a drone, a wasp.

[See Drone.]

APPLE-FOOT, sb. War. Shr. Glo. An apple pasty or
turnover.

War.3 An apple turnover of clumsy shape. Shr.1 The plural
form of the term is ' applefit.' They are often given to the men
for their ' bait.' Now, Dick, bin yo' gwei'n to get any bayye [sic] ?—
W'a'n 'ee got?— Apple fut. Glo. NORTHALL Flit. Phr. (1894).

APPLE-GARTH, sb. Obs.*. Yks. [a'pl-gab.] An
orchard.

n.Yks.2 e.Yks.1 Still preserved in Apple-garth looan— a lane
at Bridlington which led to the orchards of the monastery, previous
to the dissolution, MS. add. (T.H.)

[An applegarthe,/owan'M»«, LEVINS Manip. ; An appelle
garth, pometum, Cath. Angl. See Garth.]

APPLE-GOB

[65]

APRICOCK

APPLE-GOB, sb. Shr. A boiled apple-dumpling. Cf.
gob.

Shr.1

APPLE-JACK, sb. e.An. Apples sliced and sugared,
and baked in a pastry crust. Sometimes used of apples
pared, and baked whole inside the dough.

e.An.1 A homely sort of pastry, made by folding sliced apples with
sugar in a coarse crust and baking them without a pan. Also called
flap-jack, apple-hoglin, crab-lanthorn, turn-over. Nrf. We shall
have roast-beef and apple-jack for dinner to-day (P.K.E.); Nrf.1
Apple-John, sugared apples, baked in a square thin paste, the
two opposite corners flapped, or turned over. Suf. An apple jack
contains only one apple, whole and pared (F.H.) ; Suf.1 Apple-jack,
or Apple-John, sugared apples, baked in a paste, with two opposite
corners turned over the apple, or flapped so as to form a ' three
square.'

APPLE- JOHN, sb. Chs. War. e.An.

1. A special kind of apple.

Chs. War. WISE Shakespere (1861) 97. e.An.1 Apple-John,
John-apple, a species of apple.

2. See Apple-jack.

[1. John-apple, a good relished apple that lasts 2. years,
KERSEY ; Nor John-apple, whose wither'd rind entrench'd
By many a furrow aptly represents Decrepid age, PHILLIPS
Cider (NARES) ; I am withered like an old apple-John,
SHAKS. i Hen. IV, in. iii. 5. This apple is so called because
it is ripe about St. John's Day (June 24).]

APPLE-OWLING, sb. Wil. The custom of knocking
off from the trees the useless fruit remaining, after the
apple-harvest has been gathered in.

Wil.1 Apple-owling, knocking down the small worthless fruit, or
'griggles,' left on the trees after theapple crop hasbeen gathered in.

APPLE-PIE, sb. Yks. Chs. Glo. Hrt. Suf. Ess. Name
given to various plants : (i) Artemisia vulgaris, or mug-
wort (Chs.) ; (2) Cardamine pratensis, or lady-smock
(Yks.) ; (3) Epilobium hirsutum, or great hairy willow
herb (Yks. Chs. Glo. Hrt. Suf. Ess.) ; (4) ? Lychnis
diurna (n.Yks.).

(i) Chs.1 Apple-pie. (3) n.Yks. Apple-pie, from time immemorial
the name for the hairy willow herb, from the scent of its flowers
strongly resembling the smell of warm apple-pie (G.M.T.). Chs.3
The great hairy willow herb is called Apple-pie, the smell re-
sembling that of the apple. Glo.1 Hmp.1 (4) n.Yks. Apple-pie,
? Lychnis diuma (I.W.).

APPLE-PIE BED, sb. Gen. colloq. use in Eng. A bed
made by way of a practical joke with one sheet so folded
as to make entry impossible.

Nhp.1 Apple-pie bed. A bed is so called when it is made with
a single sheet, one end tucked under the pillow, the other turned
over at the top, which doubles the sheet in the middle, and pre-
vents the longitudinal extension of the occupant. Colloq. Some
' evil-disposed persons ' have already visited his room, made his
bed into an apple-pie, plentifully strewn with hairbrushes and
razors, Sat. Review (Nov. 3, 1883) 566, col. 2 (FARMER) ; The
servants, who. to begin with, thought nothing more amusing than
the young gentlemen's apple-pie beds and booby-traps, have
reached the verge of mutiny by the fifth week, Standard (Aug. 3,
1889) 5, col. 2 ; Apple-pie bed, so called from the apple turnover,
a sort of pie in which the crust is turned over the apples, N. & Q.
(t894) 8th S. v. 347.

APPLE-PIE FLOWER, sb. n.Hmp. See Apple-pie (3).

APPLE-PIE ORDER, sb. Gen. dial, use in Eng. Phr.
expressive of perfect order and regularity.

w.Yks.8 A room with everything tidy and properly placed is
pronounced to be ' in apple-pie order.' Lin.1 The house was in
apple-pie order. Oxf.1 MS. add. Colloq. I am just in the ' order '
which some folks — though why I am sure I can't tell you — would
call apple-pie, BARHAM Ingoldsby (1864) Old Woman in Grey.

APPLE-PIE PLANT, see Apple-pie (3).

APPLE-PUMMY, sb. Som. [ae-pl-pumi.] The pulp
of apples remaining after all the cider has been ex-
tracted.

w.Som.1 While full of juice and in process of cider making,
the ground apples are simply pummy. I've a-drawd a load o'
apple-pummy up in the copse ; I reckon they [the pheasants]'!!
zoon vind it out.

[Water wherein a good quantity of apple-pomice hath
been boil'd, EVELYN Pomona (1664) 95 (N.E.B.).]
VOL. i.

APPLE-RINGIE, sb. Sc. Also written apple-ringy,
apple-riennie (B. & H.). The plant Southernwood,
Artemisia abrotomnn.

Sc. Would you like some slips of apple-ringy, or tans}' or thyme ?
Petticoat Tales (1823) I. 240 (JAM.); The aipple-ringic and the
sweet brier, OCHILTREE Redbtirti (1895) ii. Ayr. The window
looked into a small garden rank with appleringy , and other fragrant
herbs, GALT Sir Andrew (1821'; 1.44. Lnk. Here is plenty of apple-
ringy, FRASER Whatips (1895) i.

[Apple-ringie may prob. be a corn of AFr. averoine
(WRIGHT Voc. 554. 14); cp. Fr. aurone. Aiironnr, the herb
Southernwood, COTGR. Lat. abrotonum.]

APPLE-SHEELY, sb. Nhb. The Chaffinch, Fringilla
coelebs. See Sheely.

Nhb.1

APPLE-STUCKLIN, sb. Nrf. Suf. Sus. Hmp. I.W. Also
written -stucklun I.W.1; -stucklen I.W.2 [ae-pl-st^klan.]
Apples sliced or whole, sugared, and baked in a paste.
Cf. apple-turnover.

Nrf., Suf., Sus., Hmp. A homely sort of pastry, made by folding
sliced apples with sugar in a coarse paste, and baking them with-
out adish or pan, HOLI.OWAY. I.W.1; I.W.2 Apple-dumpling baked.

APPLE-TERRE, sb. Obs. Sus. An orchard.

e.Sns. HOLLO WAY ; Sus.12

[Apple + Fr. terre, a piece of ground.]

APPLE-TURNOVER, sb. Lin. Lei. Wor. A kind of
apple-tart baked without a dish.

n.Lin.1 Apple-turnover, an apple puff. . Lei.1 Apple-turnover, a
large puff, made with a circular or oval piece of paste doubled
over, and containing apples. Wor. (J.W.P.)

APPLE-TYE, sb. Sus. A loft where apples are kept.

Sus.1

[See Tye.]

APPLETY-MOY, sb. Wm. [a'plti-moi.] Apples
stewed to a pulp.

Win. Applety-moi consists of apples stewed until soft and then
crushed to a pulp (E.W.P.) ; Bobby browt oot a girt weyshin pot
full a applety-moi, Spec. Dial. (1885) pt. iii. 10.

[Cp. ME. applemoyle (also pomesmoille in gloss. Cookery
Bks. (E.E.T.S. 91) ; appitlmoy in Form of Cury, 79. May,
moyle, repr. Fr. mouille, moistened, soaked.]

APPROBATION, sb. Rut. [aeprabe'Jan.] An authori-
tative opinion.

Rut.1 I can't make out what's wrong wi' her ; so I shall send for
Clark, and get his approbation of it.

[An old meaning of this word was the action of authori-
tatively declaring good or true ; hence the dial, sense
' opinion.' By learned approbation of the judges, SHAKS.
Hen. VIII, i. ii. 71.]

APPROOF, sb. Yks. Som. [apru'f.]

1. Approval, praise.

w.Yks. Leeds Merc. Suppl. (June 7, 1884). m.Yks. Speaking of
Hungarian flour, an old farmer used words after this fashion —
' Such rubbish as that gets no approof of mine' (W.B.T.). Som.
He may crack about his dairy as much as he do like, but 'e see
the judge giv" he no approof (W.B.T.).

2. Obsol. Courage, pluck tried by experience.

w.Yks. I like Jack better nor Tom ; there's more approof in
him (W.B.T.).

[This word is noted as old in JOHNSON. 1. One and the
self-same tongue, Either of condemnation, or approof,
SHAKS. M. for Meas. n. iv. 174. 2. A soldier and of very
valiant approof, ib. Alts Well, n. v. 3. OFr. aprove, proof,
trial.]

APPURTENANCES, sb. Cor. The heart, liver, and
lungs of an animal.

Cor.2

[An appurtenance of a lamb, viscera, pantices, COLES
(1679). This word is freq. found in its aphetic form
purtenance, q.v.]

APRICOCK, sb. n.Cy. Lan. Lin. Lei. Nhp. War. Shr.
Hrf. Som. [e'prikok.] The apricot. See Abricock.

N.Cy.1, n-Lan.1, nXin.1, Lei.1, Nhp.1, War.3, Shr.1, Hrf.1 Som.
JENNINGS Obs. Dial. w.Eng. (1825).

[Apricot or apricock, a kind of wall-fruit, JOHNSON ;
An apricock, Malum praecoquum, COLES (1679) ; Abricot,
the abricot or apricock plumb, COTGR. ; Yond dangling

K

APRIL

[66]

APTYCOCK

apricocks, SHAKS. Rich. II, HI. iv. 29 ; Of trees or fruites
to be set or remooved, i. Apple-trees ... 2. Apricocks
TUSSER Hush. 76. Port, albricoque. See Abricock. |

APRIL, sb. Nhb. Cum. Yks. Lan. Chs. Der. War.
Comp. (i) -errand, an errand upon which a person is sent
on the first of April, as a practical joke ; (2) -gawby,
(3) -gob. (4) -gobby, (5) -gowk, (6) -noddy, various names
for an April fool.

(i) n.Cy. This ... is called a ' gawk's errand,' ' an April errand,'
'hunt the gowk,' Fit-Lore Rec. (1879) VII. 85. (2) Chs.1 April
gawby. War. (J.R.W.) (3) Chs.1 April gob. nw.Der.1 April gob.
an April fool. (4) Chs.1 April gobby. (5) n.Cy. We in the North call
persons who are thus deceived, April-gowks, BRAND Pop. Antiq.
(1777") 400 ; April gowks are past and gone, You're a fool and I am
none [i. e. after midday, the person who attempts the joke is called
the fool], Flk-LoreRec. (1879) VII. 85. Nhb.1 The cuckoo has become
synonymous with jest and joke ; gowk is cuckoo. Boy : ' Hi,
canny man. see what ye've dropt.' The canny man turns round to
see, and is hailed with a yell, ' O, ye April-gowk ! ' as the boy
runs off. Cum. One of these gentlemen we hope to send back
to London as our representative in Parliament, and the other as
an April-gowk [speech of a political West Cumbrian gentleman,
Apr. i, 1879] (M.P.); Cum.1 n. Yks.2 April gowk, an April fool.
The old custom of making April fools is said to have proceeded
from letting insane persons be at large on the first of April, when
amusement was made by sending them on ridiculous errands.
April day is here called ' Feeals' haliday,' fools' holiday. (6) n.Lan.1
Apple-noddy's past an' gone, An' thou's a noddy for thinkin' on.

APRIL-FOOL, sb. Lei. One upon whom practical
jokes are successfully played.

Lei.1 A person may be made an April-fool of at any time of the
year. Ah suppose a wanted to mek a Epril fule on me.

APRILLED, ppl. adj. Dev. [apri'ld.] Sour, on the
point of turning sour, applied to milk or beer. Also,
fig., to a person's temper.

Dev.Aprill'd, turned sour, MOORE Hist. Dev. (1829) I. 353. n.Dev.
Why, than tha wut be a prilled, or a muggard [made sour, or
sullen], Exm. Scold. (1746) 1. 194; Aprilld, soured, or beginning
to turn sour, when applied to milk or beer, GROSE (1790) MS. add.
(H.) ; Bin 'e wur aprilled hours ago, ROCK Jim an' Nell (1867) 4.
Dev.1 Why, the ale was worse ;— that was a-prill'd, was maukish,
dead as dishwatter, pt. ii. 12.

[A- (pref?)+ prilled, pp. of prill, q.v.]

APRON, sb. Van dial, uses in Sc. and Eng. Also
written apern se.Wor.1 w.Som.1 [a'pran, a'pan.]

1. The diaphragm of an animal.

e.Yks.1 nXin.1 The inner fat of a pig and the fat of a goose
are called the pig-appern and the goose-appern. se.Wor.1 Apern
or Apun, the midriff of a pig. e.An.1 Apron, the cawl or omentum
of a hog. Dev. He drove his long brow-antler up to its hilt in
the hound's side ; and then, in withdrawing it, brought out that
portion of the interior known as ' the apron ' Memoir Russell
(.1878) xiii.

2. The skin covering the belly of a roast duck or goose.
n.Lan.1 Sus., Hmp. Apron, the flat, skinny covering of the body

of a goose or duck, HOLLOWAY w.Som.1 The skin between the
breast-bone and the tail of a duck or goose when sent to table, is
called the apern.

3. The abdomen of the brachyurous . . . crustaceans, as
crabs ; so called because it is folded under and closely
applied to the thorax (CD.).

Bnff.1 e.Yks.1 Appron, the hinge-like appendage of a crab's

4. A strip of lead on a chimney.

e.An.2 The upper part of a chimney opening above the grate. Suf.
A piece of lead or zinc fastened to the front of a chimney where it
the" roof r°tPreVenttherain """""& down the chimney through

5. Comp. fij Apron-man, a tradesman, a mechanic •
(2) -piece, (3) -string farmer, see below ; (4) -strinK-
wo' PTOperty held in virtue of a wife ! (5) -trad!,

wom

(i)

(2) eXan.1 Appron-piece, the front part of a fire-
range which supports the oven. (3) s.Wor. Apron string farmer,
an effeminate town-bred farmer (H.K.). (4) Hrt. A man being pos:
sessed of a house and large orchard by apron-string-hold, felled
almost all h,s fruit-trees, because he expected the death of his sick
wife, ELLIS Mod. Hush (nioWI
traade oal petch'd to scraim/r V

^ r- -
$ ^

[2. Apron of a goose, in popular language, the fat
skin which covers the belly, BAILEY (1755). 4. The
aprons (of lead) round the chimney-stalks, LOUDON, § 935
(N.E.D.). 5. You have made good work, you and your
apron-men, SHAKS. Cor. iv. vi. 96; We answered the
apron-man (the wine-drawer), ROWLEY Search for Money,
1609 (NARES, s. v. Aperner).— The dial, form apern was
common in the i6th and i7th cents. Apernes of mayle,
STOW Survey, XII. 103; Semjcinctium . . . Tablier, a womans
aperne, an artificers or handicraftsmans aperne, Nomeit-
clator (NARES).

APROPO, v. Som. To match, resemble.

w.Som.1 Dhik'ee dhae-ur aa'breepoa-z muyn nuzaak'lee [that one
resembles, or matches, mine exactly]. I heard this spoken of a
canary. By no means uncommon.

[Fr. a propos, fitly, just pat (CoTGR.).]

APS, sb. War. Glo. Hrt. Ken. Sur. Sus. Hmp. Wil.
Som. Dev. Cor. Also written apse Sur.1 Sus.1 Hmp.1
w.Som.1 nw.Dev.1; eps Ken.1 [aps, aeps, aps.] Theaspen-
tree, Populus tremula. See Asp.

War. Aps, or Apse, the oldest form of asp or aspen. Glo.1 Hrt.
ELLIS Mod. Hush. (1750) VII. i. 101. Ken. May 7, 1787. For
32 feet Epps Timber at iod per foot £i 6s. 8d., Pluckley Overseers
Ace. (P.M.) ; Eps, an asp tree (K.) ; Ken.1 ; Ken.2 Sur.1 A field in
Titsey parish is called the Apses field. Hmp.1 Made out of apse
[made of aspen wood]. Wil.1 Always so called by woodmen. w.Som.1
The wind Ve a blowed down a girt limb o' thick apse tree. nw.Dev.1

Hence Apsen, made of aps or aspen wood ; comp.
Apsen-tree, the aspen.

Sus. They must be taken without the patient's knowledge . . . and
put into a hole in an apsen tree, EGERTON Flks. and Ways (1884) 112.
Som. JENNINGS Dial. w.Eng. (1869). Cor.1 Severing [shivering]
like an apsen-tree.

[OE. ceps, the aspen-tree (in Leechdoms and dLlfric
Gloss.).}

APS, see Haps.

APSE, sb. Som. Dev. Cor. Also written aps. [aps.]
An abscess, tumour.

w.Som.1 Her 've a got a apse 'pon her neck. Dev. N. & Q.
(1857) 2nd S. iii. 240. s.Dev. Fox Kingsbridge (1874). Cor. Apse
is with us an evident corruption of abscess, ./V. & Q. (1857^ 2nd
S. iii. 240.

[A corruption of abscess.]

APSE, int. Chs. Also^ written arpse Chs.13; yaps,
yahpse, yeps s.Chs.1 [yaps, yeps.] An exclamation of
surprise or reproof, as in phr. apse upon thee.'

Chs.1 Apse upon thee ! or Arpse upon thee ! If a man took up a
piece of iron which he unexpectedly found was too hot to hold he
would, very likely, in dropping it, make use of the exclamation;
Chs.3 Apse, or Arpse upon thee ! An exclamation often used in
scolding a child for some peccadillo ; like ' Out upon thee!' s.Chs.1
Yaps upon yO!

APT, adj. Irel. [apt] Of persons: certain, sure.

Ir. They'll be apt to keep her in it all's one. BARLOW Lisconnel
(1893) 8; Ay, he's a terrible big man, isn't he? Apt to knock the
head off himself he'd be, if he was offering to come in at our door,
ib. 86. n.Ir. If you go out to-day you'll be apt to take cold. If you
cut the loaf that way you'll be apt to cut yourself (W.H.P.).

Hence Aptly, certainly, without fail.

Ant. Will you be drawing turf for me to-morrow? — I aptly will

APTISH, adj. Yks. [a-pti/.]

1. Skilful, useful, accurate.

n.Yks.1

2. Intelligent, quick-witted.

Yks. I have heard an old country schoolmaster speak of a lad
as an aptish pupil, but I do not fancy the word is generally known
(R.S.). n-Yks.1 He's eptish at his book-lear ; n.Yks.2

{Apt, prompt, ready to learn + -ish.]

APTYCOCK. Dor. Cor. Also written aptcock.
[ae-pti-kok, ae'pt-kok.] A clever little fellow.

Dor. I have heard ' aptcock ' (T.C.P.). Cor.1 Well done, my little
apticock ; Cor.2

[Apt, intelligent, quick-witted -I- -cock, the well-known
suff. in surnames, as in Alcock, Badcock ; prob. fr. the
use of ' cock ' as a familiar term of appreciation for a man
who fights with pluck and spirit]

A-PURPOSE

[67]

ARCHIE

A-PURPOSE,rtflfo. Nhb.Wm.Lan.Oxf.Brks. [aparpas,
apa pas.] On purpose, deliberately, with intention.]

Nhb.1 He's deund aporpose to myek hissel leuk clivvor. Wm.1
Lan. O purpus fur to let foke get o seete on um, ORMEROD 1'elley
fro Raclide (1851) i; 'An accident done a-purpose,' chimed in
Mrs. Clowes, BANKS Manch. Man (1876) xiv. Oxf.1 He done it
a-purpose, MS. add. Brks.1 A drow'd [threw] I down a-purpose

[A-, on + purpose.]

APURT, adj. and adv. Som. Dev. [ap5't.]

1. adj. Sulky, sullen, disagreeable.

n.Dev. B'ant hur well, Nan ? Is our Nell apurt. ROCK Jim ati Nell
(1867) st. 55 ; GROSE (1790) ; Apurt, with a glouting look, Monthly
Mag. (1808) II. 421. Dev.1 BET. I can't go, zure. — RAB. Wull,
verywull. — BET. You bea-purtnow, pt. i.g; 'Ot,' quotha to dame,
' glumping eet ? zo it sim you are a-purt with your meat,' pt. ii. 13.

2. adv. In a sulky manner ; disagreeably.

w.Som.1 Her tookt her zel off proper apurt, and no mistake.
nw.Dev.1

[A- (pref?)+purt(io sulk), q.v.]

APURTED, adj. Dev. Sullen.

Dev. They only thought it was my ' appurted witherful develtry,'
as they called it, MADOX-BROWN Dwale Bluth (1876) bk. iv. i.

[A- (prtf.2)+ purled, pp. ofpurt, see above.]

AQUABOB, sb. Ken. An icicle.

Ken. GROSE (1790) ; I have never heard this, and on inquiry
cannot hear of it ; it looks rather like a fabrication (P.M.) ; Ken.1

AQUART, adv. Yks. Also written aquairt n.Yks.2
[akwe'rt, akwe't]

1. Across, athwart

ne.Yks.1 Used of motion across. T'beeos ran a-quart t'staggarth.

2. In a state of disagreement, at cross purposes.
n.Yks.1 What, then, Marget an' her man hae getten aquart agen?

—Ay, they's had another differing-bout ; n.Yks.2 There's nought to
get aquairt about. w.Yks. (yE.B.)

[A-, on + quart, vb. (q.v.).]

AQUAT, adv.1 Dor. Som. Also written aquott.
[akwo't.] In a squatting position.

w.Dor. ROBERTS Hist. Lyme Regis (1834). e.Som. Aquat, sit-
ting flat, likeabird on its eggs, W. & J. Gl. (1873). w.Som.1 Steed
o' tendin' the things, there was he a-quat down in by the vire [s.v.
Quat].

[A-, on + quat, vb. (q.v.).]

AQUAT, adv.2 Dev. Also written aquot Dev.3
[akwo't, akwa't.] Full to satiety.

Dev. 'Chave eat so much 'cham quit a-quot [I have eat so much
that I am cloyed], RAY (1691). n.Dev. I mind an alkitole o't Avore
a month had got a-quot, ROCK Jim an' Nell (1867) st. 61 ; Aquott,
weary of eating, GROSE (1790). Dev.3 Willee 'a zome moar tii ayte,
missis ? — No thankee, vather, I be aquat now; purty nigh vit tu bust.

[A- (pre/.2) + quat, adj. (q.v.).]

AQUEESH, ACQUEESH, see Atweesh.

AR, see Air, adj., AIT.

AR-, see Ear-.

ARADJ, sb. Dur. Yks. Lan. Der. Not. Also written
arran Dur.1 n.Yks. ne.Yks.1 w.Yks.1 ne.Lan.1; aran
n.Cy. w.Yks.3; arrin Der.2 nw.Der.1; arrand, arand,
arrant w.Yks. ; arrian w.Yks.2 [a'rand, a'rant, a'ran,
a'rian.]

1. A spider, a cobweb.

n.Cy. GROSE (1790). Yks. At public worship the composure
of a lady near him is much disturbed by an arrant, HAMILTON
Nugae Lit. (1841) 316; Arran, the long-legged outdoor spider
(S.P.U.). n.Yks. Sweep'th Arrans down ; till all be clean, neer
lin, Els he'l leauk all Agye, when he comes in, MERITON Praise Ale
(1684) 1. 437. w.Yks. Arran is used in this parish for spiders of
every size, WATSON Hist. Htfx. (1775) 531 ; You never heard of
Bruce, perhaps? — And th' arrand? BRONTE Shirley (1849) v; w.Yks.1
Thou hed as nice a lang waist as onny body, as slim an as smaw,
eigh, as an arran, ii. 297 ; An arran or an Espin leaf wad a flaid him
out of his wits, ib. ii. 306 ; w.Yks.234, ne.Lan.1 Der.1 The word
arion was common in living memory, but has not been heard so
much of late years ; Der.2, nw.Der.1 Not. Arain, used only for
the larger kind of spiders, RAY (1691). [According to correspon-
dents the word is now obs. in Notts.]

2. Comp. Arain-web, Aran-web, a cobweb.

N.Cy.1, Dur.1, n.Yks.2 ne.Yks.1 Arran-web, rarely used. w.Yks.
It's better to be a bit blustcrin an rough an have summat to show
for it nor to caar in a corner wol th' arrand-webs stick to yo,

HARTLEY Clock Aim. (1896) 9 ; She had hair colour o' gowd, an'
fine and silky as an arran-web, DIXON Craven Dales (1881) 189 ;
w.Yks.3 The infection of some fevers would stop in an arrinweb
for seven years ; w.Yks.5

[Arain, large spider, COLES (1677) ; Oure jeris as the
arane sail thynke . . . The erayn makes vayn webbes,
HAMPOLE Ps. Ixxxix. 10 ; Oure ;eris schulen bithenke as
an yreyn, WYCLIF ib. ; Aranye or erayne, aranea,
Prompt. OFr. araigne (iraigne), Lat. aranea, a spider.]

ARB-, see Herb-.

ARBITRARY, adj. Hrf. Ken. Sur. Also written
arbitry Hrf. Ken.1 [a'bitri.]

1. Independent, impatient of restraint.
Hrf. (W.W.S.) Sur.'

2. Hard ; greedy, grasping.
Ken.1

ARBOUR-TREE, see Harber.
ARBY-ROOT, same as Abby-root, q.v.
ARC, see Ark, sb.2

ARCG, see Argue.

ARCH, sb.1 Sc. QAM.) An aim. See Arch, v. 2.

Abd., Rxb.

ARCH, sb.2 Cor. Tech. A piece of ground left un-
worked near a shaft.

Cor. Mining Gl. (1852).

ARCH, v. Sc. Som. Cor. [e'rtj, atj.]

1. To make or cause to be convex.

w.Som.1 Thick there road must be a-arched a good bit more eet,
vore the water'll urn off vitty like.

2. To take aim, to throw or let fly any missile weapon
with a design to hit a particular object.

Sc. Shoot again, — and O see to airch a wee better this time,
Brownie ofBodsbeck, I. 155 (JAM.). Abd. Airch, to throw, is still in
use. It is [so called] from the curve described by a missile (G.W.).
Rxb. (JAM.)

Hence Arched, ppl. adj. curved, convex, see 1 ;
Archer, sb. (JAM.), one who throws, see 2 ; Arching, adj.
convex, see 1.

Cor. The roads in a mine, when built with stones or bricks, are
generally arched level drifts, Mining Gl. (1852). Tech. The roads
in a mine, when built with stones or bricks, arc sometimes called
arched level or arched ways, WEALE Diet. Terms (1873). Abd.
Archer, a marksman. w.Som.1 He idn archin enough by ever so
much.

[OFr. archer (mod. arquer), to arch, to curve in the form
of a bow (arc) ; a deriv. of arc.}

ARCH, see Argh.

ARCHANGEL, sb. [ake'ngal.]

1. A name applied to several species of Dead Nettle
and allied plants :— (i) Lamium album (Lei. Glo. Dev.) ;
(2) Lamium galeobdolon (Som.) ; (3) van species of
Lamium (Glo.).

Glo.1 Dev. The harmless nettle is here [Dartmoor] called arch-
angels, BRAY Tamar and Tavy(ed. 1879) I. 274 ; Dev.4 w.Soin.1
Archangel, the yellow nettle, often called weazel snout. [Our
English archangels and a few others are yellow, Cornh. Mag. (Jan.
1882).]

2. Red Archangel, Lamium purpureum (Nrf.) ; Yellow
Archangel, Lamium galeobdolon (Lei.).

[Archangel, the name of a plant, called also Dead
Nettle, JOHNSON ; Archangel (dead nettle), Lamium, COLES
(1679) ; Ortie blanche, the herb Archangel, Blind Nettle,
Dead Nettle. Ortie puante, a kind of Archangel that smells
most filthily, COTGR. ; Lamium album, White Archangel!.
Lamium luteum, Yellow Archangell. Lamium rubrum,
Red Archangell, GERARDE (ed. 1633) 702 ; Deffe nettylle,
Archangelus, Prompt.; Archangelica, the blynd netel,
WRIGHT Voc. 565. 15.]

ARCHES, sb. pi. Tech. The first ' bungs of saggers,'
or piles of clay boxes containing ware put into the
oven.

Tech. In the pottery trade arches are the bungs which stand
nearest to the fire and between the fire-holes or mouths, Lab.
Gl. (1894).

ARCH-HOLE, sb. Cum.

Cum.1 Arch-whol, a vent-hole in the wall of a barn.

ARCHIE, see Urchin.

K 2

ARCHILOWE

[68]

ARGH

ARCHILOWE,s6. Sc. Also written -logh. The return
which a guest, who has been previously treated, makes
to the tavern company.

Sc. I propose that this good gentleman . . . shall send for a tass o'
brandy, and I'll pay for another by way of archilowe, SCOTT Rob
Roy (1817) xxviii. Lth., s.Sc. When [the guest] calls for the bottle
he is said to give them his archilagh (JAM.).

[It is prob. that this word contains Du. gelag, share,
scot, score at a tavern. Cp. Gelach, a shot or a score,
HEXHAM.]

ARD, adj. n.Cy. [erd.] Of land : dry, arid, parched,
used of soil on high-lying land.

N.Cy.1 Aird. Cum. Gl. (1851) ; Cum.12

ARDAR, sb. Obs. Cor. A plough.

Cor.12

[A Celtic Cornish word, prob. der.fr. Lat.aralrum, plough,
cogn. w. Gael, ar, plough, and Goth, arjan, to plough.]

ARDENT, adj. used as sb. Sc. [e'rdant.] Whisky.

Bnff.1 Will ye tack a glass o' wine ? — Na ; a'll tack a drop o' the
ardent.

[Cp. phr. ardent spirits, in which ardent refers to their
fiery taste.]

ARDER, sb. usually pi. The n. counties, e. and s.Cy.
(RAY) Sus. (K.) Also written ader Dur. n.Yks. ; aither
N.Cy.1 n.Yks.12 e.Yks. ; ather N.Cy.1 Nhb.1 n.Yks.2
[i'Sar, a'tSar.]

1. A ploughing, esp. the fallowing of vacant land.

n.Cy. Arders, fallowings or plowings of ground, RAY (1691).
n-Yks.1 I believe the meaning to be restricted to the ploughing or
furrowing. e.Yks. The first or second aither ; the same as ' airth '
of some places, and ' earth ' of others, MARSHALL Rur. Econ. ( 1 788).
Sus. (K.), s. & e.Cy. RAY (1691). (Obs. Not known by any of our
correspondents in these parts of the country.) [WORLIDGE Syst.
Agric. (1681).]

2. Fallow or ploughed land.

Cum. Arden [sic], fallow quarter, Gl. (1851). m.Yks.1 Aither,
furrowed ground. e.Yks. When we come to sowe olde ardure,
BEST Rur. Econ. (1641) 132.

3. Lands divided according to the crops they bear in the
customary rotation ; hence, the order or rotation of crops
in husbandry.

n.Cy. Aither, a course of cropping, or portion of the rotation,
MORTON Cycl. Agric. (1863) ; N.Cy.1 In husbandry the arders are
the divisions of tillage land set apart for regular courses of crops
in successive years. Nhb.1 Before the commons enclosures, the
tillage land was divided into ' fields.' Each field consisted of a
great number of scattered strips or ' yard lands.' The ' East field,'
' West field,' 'North field,' &c. , represented groups of different
freeholds— each owner having yard lands in all the ' Athers,' or
' fields.' The object of this was to arrange for a rotation of crops.
Thus, the East field being fallow, the West field would be under
oats, the North field under wheat, and so on in annual rotation.
Obs. Dur. What is here called four aders, viz. wheat, clover, oats,
and fallow, Rep. Agric. Surv. (1793-1813). n.Yks.2 Arders, partsof
a field. ' A field in aithers.' These words signify portions set
apart for different growths, as 'an aither of wheat,' 'an aither of
beans.'

4. Thickness of soil to work among.

n.Yks. Soil laid on a field macks mair ader (I.W.).

[1. Arders, the fallowings or ploughings of ground,
KERSEY ; Arders, fallowings or ploughings, COLES (1677) ;
Who can expect to reap much from a single ardour,
or once ploughing? ROBINSON Treat. Faith (1688) 117
(N.E.D.). Prob. ON. arSr, plough.]

ARD-SREW, sb. Nhb. Also written erdsrew.
[e-rd-sriu.] The common shrew-mouse. See Harvest-
row.

Nhb.i

ARDUR, sb. Obs. Cor.

Cor.1

[A Celtic Cornish word ; cp
agricola ' (DAVIES). See Arder.l

ARE, see Ear, v.

AREADY, adj. Som. [are'di.] Ready.

A ploughman.

W. arddwr, 'arator,

-•A i j. s^ " , ' 5°weuere, ib. (B.)

v. 192. A- (pref?) + ready, cp. yreiiie, Horn. (c. 1250) 239.]

To grant rest
gintlemen, TWEDDELL

Clml.

Nhb.1 Yen's retherairfish

AREAR, adv.1 Ken. [aria'(r).] Reared up, upright.

Ken. To stand arear (K.) ; Arear, Arere : much used in certain
districts, not all over the county (A.M.) ; Ken.1

[A-, on + rear, vb.]

AREAR, adv.2 Obs. Der. Backward, behind.

nw.Der.1

[But when his force gan faile his pace gan wex areare,
SPENSER F. Q. in. vii. 24 ; Thanne gan he go ... Som
tyme asyde and som tyme a-rere, P. Plowman(c.) vn. 405.
OFr. arere (mod. arriere).}

AREAR, int. Cor. Also written areah Cor.1

1. An exclamation of surprise. See Arrah.

Cor. Arrear then Bessy ly aloane the backy, Cornwall: A
Western Eclogue, in Gent. Mag. (1762) 287 ; Arrere, GROSE (1700)
MS. add. (C.); ' Arreah ! thon,' replied Mrs. Brown; 'that's the
way the maggot do jump, es et?' FORFAR Wizard (1871) 8;
Cor.2 Arear ! Oh, strange ! wonderful !

2. Comp. Arrea-faa.
Cor.1

AREAWT, see Arout.

AREND, v. Sc. [e-rand.] To rear.

Fif. [The horse] arendit, he stendit, He flang an' he fam'd, MS.
Poems (JAM.) ; I asked ' a Fifer' if he knew what an arend horse
was. ' A rearer,' he replied, ' because he is in danger of falling back
o'er end ' (G.W.).

ARESS, see Hairif.
AREST, v. Yks. [are'st.]
n.Yks. God a-rest you, merry
Rhymes (1875) 6.
[A- (pref.
ARF, see Argh.
ARFAL, see Arval.
ARFISH, adj. Nhb. Dur. Yks. [e'rfi/.]

1. Timid, fearful, apprehensive.
N.Cy.1 I'm rather arfish about that.

aboot eet. Dur.1 n.Yks.2 I felt arfish i' t'dark. ne.Yks.1 Ah
felt a bit arfish. e.Yks. MARSHALL Rur. Econ. (1788). w.Yks.
Harfish, timid, as horses on bog-land, HAMILTON Nugae Lit. (1841)
356 ; Mither, I'se arfish, LUCAS Stud. Nidderdale (c. 1882) 230.

2. Unwilling, reluctant.

Nhb.1 e.Yks.1 He's nobbut very arfish to begin.

[Arf+ -is/i. See Argh, adj.]

ARG, adj. Sh.I. [arg.] Eager, fierce.

Sh.I. Arg is used regularly in Isle of Foula in the sense of keen,
very anxious (equiv. to ' aber ' in the North Isles) (J.J.). S. & Ork.1

[Dan. arg, wicked, bad; cp. G. arg.]

ARG, see Argue.

ARGAN, see Organ.

ARGE, see Argue.

ARGERIE, sb. Sh.I. [a'rgari.] A crowd, multitude.

Sh.I. ' Argerie ' I take to be the right form and not ' angorie ' ;
I have heard the former (although very rarely), but not the
latter. Argerie is rather a derogative word (mob, rabble) (J.J.).
S. & Ork.1

ARGH, adj. and adv. Sc. Nhb. Dur. Yks. Lin. Also
in Sus. Also written (a)arf N.Cy.12 n.Yks.12 ne.Yks.1
m. Yks.1 w.Yks. Lin.1 ; arf(e n. and e.Yks. w.Yks.1; airf
Nhb.1 ; erf Sc. ; earfe Nhb.1 Dur. ; awf e.Yks.1 ; arth
Nhb.1 ; airth N.Cy.1 Nhb.1 n.Yks.2 ; airgh, ergh, erch,
arch, airch Sc. ; auch Bnff.1 ; arrow Abd. ; yar Sus.
[af, erf, erj>, erx, a-ra.]

1. adj. Timorous, apprehensive, afraid.

Sc. In kittle times when foes are yarring We're no thought
ergh, BEATTIE To Mr. A. Ross, in Helenore (1768) 3, ed. 1812 ;
And fearfu' will it be to me, I'm erch, or a' be o'er, JAMIESON Pop.
Ballads (1806) Doitul and Evir. Bnff.1 Abd. I have an eargh
kind of feeling on hearing the owls (G.W.). N.Cy.1 He was airth
to do it ; N.Cy.2, Nhb.1, Dur. (K.) n.Yks. I'se varra arfe, Shee'l
put, and rive my ood Prunella Scarfe, MERITON Praise Ale (1684)
1. it ; n.Yks.1 ; n.Yks.2 I was airth o' gannin. ne.Yks.1 Rooads is
seea slaap ah's arf o' travellin'. m.Yks.1 w.Yks. ' Ise arf to do
it,' generally implies difficulty, LUCAS Stud. Nidderdale (c. 1882) ;
w.Yks.1 Lin.1 I'm arf you've hurled the bunny. It's nobbud the
soldiers come to defend the ' old women,' who are arf. Sus.1 2

2. Hesitating, reluctant, ' swithering.'

Bnff.1 Abd. An' rogues o' Jews, they are nae arrow, Wi' tricks
fu' sly, ANDERSON Poems (1813) 116 (JAM.) ; Ye're ergh to file
your fingers [unwilling to work] i,G.W.). Fit, Lth. Erf to do

ARGH

[69]

ARGUE

anything JAM.)- Nhb.1 A condition of mind in which it is neces-
sary to proceed with great caution. n.Yks.1 e.Yks.1 Arf, unwilling;
indisposed ; disinclined. m.Yks.1, w.Yks.1

3. Scanty, insufficient. Cf. 4.

Lth. Ye hae na made the line of that side o' the road straight ;
it juts out there, and here it is ergh (JAM.). Slk. Airgh, hollow ;
used when anything is wanting to make up the level (ib.). Rxb. (ib.)

4. adv. Insufficiently, not fully or enough ; nearly,
approaching to.

Lth. I canna eat that meat ; it's ergh boiled. That meat's airch
dune. Rxb. What time is it ? — It's erfe twal o'clock (JAM.).

[1. Arghe, pusillanitnis, Cath. Angl. ; Arwe or ferefulle,
timidus, pavidus, Prompt, ; If Elinus be argh and ournes
for ferde, Dest. Troy, 2540; His hert arwe as an hare,
R. GLOUC. 457. 2. A ! lorde, I trymble her I stande, So
am I arow to do bat dede, York Plays, 176. OE. earh
(earg), cowardly ; cp. ON. argr, G. and Du. arg.]

ARGH, v. Sc. Also written arch, ergh, erf. [erx, erf.)
To be timid, fearful, to feel reluctant from timidity, to
hesitate.

Sc. I airghit at keuillyng withe him in that thrawart haughty
mood, Wint. Ev. Tales, II. 41 (JAM.) ; Argh, to dread, quake or
tremble with fear (ib. Suppl.). Lnk. Dear Jenny, I wad speak
t'ye, wad ye let ; An' yet I ergh, ye're ay sae scornfu' set, RAMSAY
Gentle Shep. (1725) 71, ed. 1783.

[Yet when I had done all I intended, I did ergh to let
it go abroad at this time for sundry reasons, BAILLIE Lett.
(I775) I- 36? (JAM-) > penne arjed Abraham, and all his
mod chaunged, Allit. P. (B.) 713. OE. eargian (ergian), to
be timid.]

ARCHNESS, sb. Sc. Yks.

1. Timidity, superstitious fear.

Abd. An erghness creeps over me in going through a churchyard
by night (G.W.).

2. Reluctance, unwillingness.

Sc. We must regret their archness to improve such an oppor-
tunity, WODROW Hist. Ch. Scotland (1721) I. xxxii. n.Yks. They
had some arfness about starting wark (I.W.).

[Arghnes, pusillanitnitas, Cath.Angl.; Arjnesse alse me
thynkth ys hard, Fore hit maketh a man a coward, MS.
in HALL. Argh, adj. + -ness.]

ARGIE-BARGIE, sb. Sc. QAM.)

Rnf., Ayr., Lnk. Argie-bargie, a contention, quarrel.

ARGIE-BARGIE, v. Sc. Also written arguy-barguy.
To argue, bandy words, dispute.

Frf. I'se nae time to argy-bargy wi' ye, Davit, BARRIE Licht
(1885) 35, ed. 1893. Fif. (JAM.) Gall. It was no time to argie-
bargie about words and sayings, CROCKETT Raiders (1894) xv.

Hence Arguy-barguying, vbl. sb.

Sc. There was eternal arguy-barguy in' about this plea, ROY
Horseman (1895) xxxix.

ARGISGME, adj. Lin. Nhp. Bck. [a'gisam.] Con-
tentious, inclined to argue or dispute.

n.Lin. A argisum bairn maks a awk'ud man (M.P.) ; n-Lin.1 It's
the argisumist bairn I iver did see. Nhp.2 n.Bck. (A.C.)

[Argue, vb. + -some. For suff. cp. handsome, winsome."}

ARGLE, sb. Lin. [a'gl.] An argument, a dispute.

sw.Lin. My wife and she had a bit of an argle about it (R.E.C.).

[See Argle, v .]

ARGLE, v. Der. Lin. War. Won Also written argal
se.Wor.1 ; argel Lin. [a'gl.]

1. To argue, dispute, contend, esp. in making a bargain ;
to argle out, to have the last word with one's opponent in
an argument.

Lin. They argell'd for awhile, at last He thirteen for a shilling
got, BROWN Lit. Laur. (1890) 74. n.Lin. Thaay stood an' argled
a peace, PEACOCK Tales and Rhymes (1886) 90 ; n-Lin.1 Come
maister, it's no use to argle. se.Wor.1 Er argald me out, as your
new shawl was blue, un it's green now, yunt it ?

2. Hence Argling, vbl. sb.

Der.2, nw.Der.1 n.Lin. I thowt she'd a' bitten me wi' real down
force o' arglein', PEACOCK J. Markenjuld (1874) I. 135 ; n-Lln.1
What's the good o' arglein' about what folks is worth. War.

(J.R.WO

[I will never stand argling the matter any more, Hay
any Work (1589), ed. 1844, n (N.E.D.). A perversion of
argue, vb., fr. the influence of freq. vbs. in -le.]

ARGLE-BARGLE, sb. Lin. An argument. Cf.
argie-bargie.
n.Lin.1

ARGLE-BARGLE, v. Sc. Lin. A frequentative of
argie-bargie, q.v.

Per. Ye maist needs set him up tae arglebargle wi' a stranger
minister at the Free Kirk, IAN MACLAREN Brier Bush (1895) 214.
Ayr. It's of no use to argol-bargol wi' me, GALT Sir Andrew (1822)
xii. Lnk. But 'tis a daffin to debate, And aurgle-bargin with our fate,
RAMSEY (1727) I. 335, ed. 1800 (JAM.). Lth.(JxM.) Edb. Me and the
minister were just argle-bargling some few words on the doctrine of
the camel and the eye of the needle, MOIR Mansie Wauch (1828)
45. n.Lin.1

Hence (i) Argle-bargler, sb. a caviller, contentious
person ; (2) Argle-barging, -bargling, vbl. sb.

(i) Ayr. As the arglebarglers in the House of Parliament have
threatened, GALT Legatees (1820) iv. (2) After no little argol-
bargling with the heritors, ib. Ann. Parish (1821) vii. e.Lth. Let's
hae nae mair argle-bargin', HUNTER J. Inwick (1895) 39. Edb.
James and me, after an hour and a half s argle-bargling pro and con,
MOIR Mansie Wauch (1828) xi.

[A reduplicated rhyming form of argle, vb.]

ARGOL-BARGOLOUS, adj. Sc. Quarrelsome, con-
tentious about trifles (JAM.).

Ayr. No doubt his argol-bargolous disposition was an inherit
accumulated with his other conquest of wealth from the mannerless
Yankies, GALT Provost (1822) 194.

ARGOSEEN, sb. ? Obs. Sc. (JAM.) Unknown to any
of our correspondents. The lamprey.

Ayr. Argoseen, the lamprey, according to the old people.

ARGOSIE, sb. Obs. Sh.I. Anger.

S. & Ork.1

ARGUE, sb. Sc. Stf. Der. Shr. [a'rgi, a'gi.] Also
written argy Stf.2 nw.Der.1 Shr.12
1. Argument, assertion ; dispute, contention, quarrel.

n.Sc. He is said to keep his ain argie, who, whatever be said to
the contrary, still repeats what he has formerly asserted. Cf. ' to
keep one's ain threap ' (JAM.). Stf.2 We'd a ret good argy about th'
state of church last net. nw.Der.1 Shr^Argue,)*. We'ad'nafine
argy 'bout it, 'im an' me ; Shr.2 Getting into an argy.

[Argue, vb., used as sb.]

ARGUE, v. In gen. dial. use. Also written argy Nhb.1
Cum.13 Wm.1 Chs.1 n.Lin.1 War.2 Shr.1 Brks.1 Sur.
nw.Dev.1 Cor.2; argie Sc. Lan. ; argay N.I.1 ; arg Nhp.2
War.2 Hrf.12 Glo.1 Oxf.1 Sus.1 Hmp. Wil.1 Dor. w.Som.1
Cor.12 ; arge Glo. ; arcg Cor. (GROSE, C.) ; erger, erg
Pem. [a-rgi, e'rgi, a-gi, ag.]

1. To contend in words, often with a strong sense of
contradiction involved ; hence, to dispute, wrangle ; to
arg out, to get the last word in an argument ; cf. down-
arg.

Rnf., Ayr., Lnk. Ye'll argie ither fra morn ti' nicht ; ye're never
done wi't (JAM. Suppl.). N.I.1 You would argay the black crow
white. Nhb.1 Cum.3 I know hoo you mak o' fwok argies, 132.
Wm.1 e.Yks. Ah sudn't begin to arguy wiv him, WRAY Nestleton
(1876)69. n.Lan.1 Tourist: 'It's a fine morning.' — Rusticc'Why,
dud I say it wosn't ? dus' ta want to argie ! ' Chs.1 He argid till he
wur black i' th' face. nXin.1 Nhp.2 Them two be ollas argin.
War.2 Don't argy so. You'd arg anybody out o' their wits.
se.Wor.1 Shr.1 It dunna si'nify talkin' ; I 'ate to 'ear folks argy
throm mornin' till night about nuthin'. Hrf.1 2 He would arg me
that it was so. s.Pem. LAWS Little Eng. (1888) 420 ; From mornin'
to night he's ergin' av her, BROWN Haverfordwest (1882) 56. Glo.
Well, then they arged for iver so long, BUCKMAN Darke's Sojourn
(1890) ii ; Glo.1 Oxf.1 I teld'n 'twas, but a arg'd I out 'twasn't.
(An argument is seldom more than a succession of statements and
flat contradictions; as, ' I knows 'tis'; ' I knows chent.') Brks.1
Sur. Well I can't argy it, not being a scholard, JENNINGS Field
Paths (1884) 137 ; Sur.1 Sus.1 These chapelfolks always wants
to arg. Hmp. They'd harg me out o' my Christian name (J.R.W.).
Wil.1 Dwoan't 'ee arg at I like that! I tell 'ee I zeed 'un ! w.Dor.
ROBERTS Hist. Lyme Reg. (1834). w-Som.1 He wanted vor t'arg
how I 'adn agot no right vor to go there, but I wadn gwain vor to
be a downarg by he. n.Dev. Lord, dame, doant agg an' argy
zo, ROCK Jim an' Nell (1867) St. 6; nw-Dev.1 Cor.1 He's all'ays
ready to argee ; Cor.2

2. To be of weight or account in an argument ; hence,
to signify.

Cum. See how blue the sky is.— That doesn't argy. It might be

ARGUFICATION

[70!

ARK

better with never a blenk of blue, CAINE Hagar(i6&i) L 45 ; Com.1
It doesn't argy. nJ>ev. Ott dith et argy. Dame, to roil. ROCK Jim
a*1 Aa/(i867)st8a.

3. To show-testiness, be ill-tempered, or contentious ; to
be self-willed
Sns. To arg. to want one's own way. Don't arg. don't be cross.

4. To grumble.

Som. VG.AW.)

Hence Arging, vbL sb. and ppl. adj. arguing.

Der.2. War.2

[L I'll are. as I did now, for credance againe. HEYWOOD
Spider &> Flit (NARES) ; Quath Actyf fo al angryliche
and argueynge as hit were, What is pouerte pacient?
P. Plowman (c.) XVIL 115.]

ARGUFICATION, sb. Nhp. Shr. Hrf. [agifike-pm.]

1. Dispute.
Shr.2

2. Significance, import.

Nhp.1 There's no argufication in that. Hrt1 Of no argufication.

3. Investigation. ? Obs.

Shr.2 [Not known to our correspondents.")

[Deriv. from argufy, q.v., with suff. -ation. after the
analogy of signification from signify.]

ARGUFY, v. In gen. dial. use. Also written argify
Wm.1 w.Yks.8 Chs.1 Stf.« Lin. War.4 seWor.1 GIo.1 Bdf.
Nrf. Ken. Sur.1 Sus.1 Dor. w.Som.1 Dev.1 nw.Dev.1;
arguify Sus.a ; argeefy Cor.1 ; argnefy Ess. Som. See
below, [a-rgifai. a'gifai, a'gifoi.]
L To argue, dispute ; to wrangle.

Gall. But we talked to him an' argufied wi' him, CROCKETT Popish
Parson (1896). IT. You might as well be argufyin' wid a scutty-
wren. BARLOW Lisctnuut (1895) 151. Wm.1. n-Yks.1 w.Yks.1
Wheniwer I've argified wi' em, ii. 319 ; w.Yks.2 Lan. Hoo's a
rare un fur gab when hoo taks th' notion, an' I'm noan so mich
i' th' humour t'argufy mysen to-day. BURNETT Lowrie's ,i877x ii.
Chs.1 What, tha wants for t'argify. dost ta ? Stt2 Oi wunnar
argifoi wi ys, mester, bar oim sartin oim reiL Hot.1. n-Lin.1. Lei.1
Nhp.1 Don't argufy with me any longer. War. (J.R.W.V ; War.23
Shr.1 It's no use yo' to argufy, for yo'n never mak me believe to the
contrairy. Glo. I be'unt the man to argify with *e about a body.
GISSIXG BoOi of this Parish (1889) I. 19, Hut (T.P.F.) Ken.
My poor old aed's dat addle I can' argify, not no sheap ! Ef erra won
6v my little uns want to argify [dispute my authority] I jest gin
'im a tidy spat, an' dat shets "im up an' done wid it : A. M. ) Sos.2
s.Hmp. Well, we needn't argufy it, VERSEY L. Lisle ^1870) viiL
w J)or. ROBERTS ffist. Lymt Ktg. ( 1834 . Som. JENNINGS Obs. Dial.
a:Eng. ^1825% w-Som.1 Tuumbl fuul'ur t-aaTgifuy, ee oa'n
niivur gee ee*n [terrible fellow for arguing, he will never give in].
More frequentative than ' arg.' Dev. 'Tidden no use tu argify no
longer. — I tellee 'tez. then, an' there's an end o't : HEWETT Peas. Sf>.
1.1892 ; Dev.1. nw.Dev.1, Cor.1 [Amer. BARTLETT.]
2. To prove, be of weight as an argument ; hence, to
signify.

Wm.1 e-Yks.1 That ahgifyes nowt w.Yks.1, neJLan.1. Mot1
n-LJn. It duzn't argify what foaks says. I mean to ware my awn
addlin's just as I like VM.P.}; nlin.1 It duzn't argyfy what his
faayther was es long es he's a punct'al man. Lei.1 That doon't
argifoy nothink. Nhp.1 What does that argufy? War. J.R.W.\
War.3. se-Wor.1 Shr.2 Whod argufies a haggling a thisn. Hrf.2
It does not argufy. What thee says don't argufy. Glo.1 ; Glo.2 It
don't argufy. Brks.1 What a chap like that ther zes dwoant argivy
nothun'. Bdf. It argifies nothing [it is a matter of no consequence],
BATCHELOR Anal. Eng. Lan. (1609. Hnt VT.P.F.' eJ^n.1 What
does that argufy • Ess. Month. Mag. 1,1814 I- 49s- Snr.1 It don't
argify much which way you do it Sns.1 I do'ant know as it argi-
fies much whether I goos to-day or whether I goos to-morrow ;
Sns.2, Hmp.1 Colloq. What argufies snivling and piping your eye ?
DIBDIS Poor Jack c. 1800' 2, ed. 1864. [Amer. BARTLETT.]

Hence (i) Argufying, vbl. sb. disputing, arguing ; (2)
Argufyment, sb. an argument, dispute.

( i } Ir. She admonished her friends to come in wid themselves and
never mind argufying, BARLOW Idylls 1,1893) 101. n-Yks.1 He's
ower fond o' argufying ; n-Yks.2 Nrt It's no use argifying with
a wumman. SPILLING Molly Miggs (i873"> 13. [Amer/I listen to a
preacher, and try to be better for his argufying. BARTLETT.] (a) Ir.
Folks risin' argyfyments about blathers and nonsinse, BARLOW
Idylls ,1893' 197 : I believe they'd raise an argufyment about the
stars in the sky. A. 180.

[L I have no learning, no, not I, Nor do pretend to
argufy, COMBE Dr. Syntax, II. v ; For my peart, measter,
I can neither see nor hear, much less argufy, when I'm
in such a quandery, SMOLLETT Sir L. Greaves, viii.
Argue, \b. + -fy, prob. fr. assoc. with signify.]

ARGY, sb. Shr. Mtg. [a'gL] An embankment to
protect low-lying waterside meadows from floods.

Shr.1 A place near Kinnersley — a raised bank with a plantation
of poplars and other trees, having a small brook, the ' strine.' on
one side, and a ditch on the others-is called by the people of that
neighbourhood ' the argy ' : Shr.2 Argy. an embankment betwixt
Melverly and LJanymynech, which was constructed as a pro-
tection against the overflowings of the Severn. ... It is five feet
across the top, and varies from ten to twenty feet in height above
the average level of the meadows on the waterside. Mtg. The
argy extends along the Severn from Pool Quay to Melverly. and
unless it gives way, the adjoining meadows are preserved by it
from being swamped when the Severn is in flood (J.S.L.).

[W. argot, a stoppage, a dam.]

ARIGHT, adv. Sc. n.Yks. [wi-xt, wit] Rightly.

Sc. His hame Pegasus, held wi* straw-raip reins, Aye jogged
aricht an' kept his name frae stains, ALLAN LMts (1874) 143. GalL
He was aware that all men did not act aright on even.- occasion,
CROCKETT Stidai Mia. (1893) 12. n.Yks. An ondersteead areet,
CASTILLO Poems ,1878) 52.

[A-, on 4 right, sb.]

ARIGHT, v. Lan. [arit.] Of a boat : to right, to
cause to recover its proper position.

Lan. Heard at Liverpool ^F.H.).

[A vbl. use of aright, adv.]

ARISE, adv. Nhp. [arai's.] Crosswise.

Nhp.1 A square piece of wood cut diagonally would be said to be
' cut a-rise."

[This is the same word as arris, q.v.; for the advb. use
cp. arris-wist, so as to present a sharp edge, diagonally,
ridge-wise (N.E.D.).]

ARISH. see Arris, Arrish.

ARK, sb.1 Sc. Nhb. Cum. Wm. Yks. Lan. Chs. Stf.
Der. Lin. Also in Hrt. Also written airk Cum.1; airc
Nhb.1 [erk, ark, ak.]

L A receptacle, usually a large wooden chest, made to
contain flour, corn, fruit, clothes, &c.

Sc. My auldest brither Sandy was a' but smoored in the meal ark
hiding frae thae limmers, CHAMBERS Pop. Rhymes 1870 72 ; Good-
wife gae to your butter ark. And weigh us here ten mark, &
168 : What are we to eat ourselves . . . when we hae sent awa
the haill meal in the ark and the girnel ? SCOTT OU Mortality (1816
xix. Lnk. He had an old meal ark before him as a table, FRASEK
»%««/ys.i895Nviii. N.Cy.1 2Hhb.1 A meal-ark is still the name given
to a meal-chest in country places. Arks were made of oak. and con-
tained the family dresses. The front was often ornamented with
carved borders and joined with wooden pins. Cum.1 A meal ark.
Wm. [Black arks] are often used as repositories for haver cakes,
Drnham Tracts (.ed. 1895) II. 96 : We hae baith meal en maut ith
ark. WHEELER Dial. 1 7001 40 : A think he'd bed his heead i't meeal
ark. CLARKE Spec. Dial. (.1868; 16, ed. 1877 ; Wm.1 Yks. The black
ark was a ponderous piece of oaken furniture about six feet in
length and three in depth ; the inside was usually divided into
two parts [formerly used to hold clothes, now flour, &c.]. If you
go to the black-ark, bring me out x mark, Ten mark, x pound,
throw it down upon the ground. Hagmena Song in Drnham Tracts
^ed. 1895) II. 9& n-Yks.2 Meeal-ark. or meeal-kist, the flour bin.
Formerly seen as a fixture in Urge old farm-houses, built of stone
slabs on the ground-Door. DC. Yks.1 Obs. e-Yks. Ark, a sort
of moveable granary, MARSHALL Rtir. Eton. ^1788 . m-Yks.1
w.Yks. GROSE 1790; MS. ado. (P.) ; A meal-ark, dothes-ark
J.T.' ; w.Yks.1 Meol, at I fetch'd out o't ark, ii. 300 ; w.Yks.23
Lan.1 Apple arks, HIGSON Gorton Hist. Recorder 1852' 12 ;
She had secreted a small quantity of tea in her meal ark, *. 14.
Go an treyd t'meal into th' ark. neXan.1 Chs.1 The chest in
which oats are kept in a stable is always called a ' curn-ark ' ; Chs.3
Ark, formerly called a standard ; a flour ark. These arks are
often elaborately carved, and sometimes contain secret drawers.
s-Chs.1 A compartment in a granary. Often called ' curn-ark.' Stf.2
A large oblong box or chest, divided into compartments, generally
two, for keeping corn, meal, &c. Goo an fatch nK a hantle u com
out uth* ark. Der. Just get off o' that art . . . She lifted up the
great carved lid, VERKEY Stone Edgt 1868) ii; Der.1; Der.2 Ark.

ARK

ARM

a chest ; hence the name of Arkwright. nw.Der.1 n.Lin. Obs. or
obsol. (E.P.) ; n-Lin.1 Apple-ark, Ark. Hrt ELLIS Cy. ffsuf. (1750).

[Ark, a country word for a large chest to put fruit or
corn in, KERSEY ; An ark, a large chest to put fruit or corn
in, WORLIDGE Syst. Agric. (1681) ; Coffre, a coffer, chest,
hutch, ark, COTGR. ; Quen this corn to the kniht was said
He did it in an arc to hald, Metr. Horn. (c. 1325) 141.
OE. earc, Lat. area.}

ARK, sb? Rut. Hrf. Ess. Also written arc Hrf.12
Ess. [ak.] Clouds in lines converging to two points on
opposite parts of the sky. See Noah's ark.

Rut.1 They say when you see the hark it mostly tokens rain.
Hrf. BOUND Prov. (1876); Hrf.1 A mare's-tail cloud; Hrf.2 Seen
in the morning and evening only on rare occasions. Found only
in Upton Bishop among very old people. Ess. The ark worn't out,
no clouds appear'd, CLARK J. Noakes (1839) n ; Gl. (1851); Ess.1

ARK, sb? Sc. The masonry in which the water-
wheel of a mill moves.

Abd. This name is in common use (W. M.). Per. At the foot of
the ark, where the water leaves the wheel, we used to be certain
of trouts when guddling (G. W.).

ARL, sb. Wor. Shr. Hrf. Rdn. Glo. Also written
orl s. Wor.1 Shr.2 Hrf.2 Rdn. Glo.1 ; aul Hrf.1 ; harrul Glo.1
[51, ol.]

1. The alder, Alnus gluiinosa.

w.Wor.1, s-Wor.1 Shr.2 Orl, exclusively confined to Hrf. side.
Hrf.1 When the bud of the aul is as big as the trout's eye Then that
fish is in season in the river Wye ; Hrf.2 Rdn. MORGAN Wds.
(1881). Glo.1 The berries of [the arl or orle] are used medicinally
for boils and gatherings. A quart of berries is stewed in two or
three quarts of water and simmered down to three pints. A little
more liquorice is added to give an agreeable flavour. The dose is
a wineglassful in the morning.

2. Comp. Arl-timber, the wood of the alder, also attrib. •
•tree, -wood.

Hrf. The gardener says the wood is called arl-timber (S.S. B.).
Glo. Orle-timber, coppice wood, border wood (H.T.E.) ; The maid
servant from the Cotswolds says that certain trees are known as orl-
timber trees, and when cut down are known as orl-timber. She
says the alder is not called orl-tree, but orl-timber tree (S.S.B.).
Hrf. Arl-tree (ib.\ Glo. Orl-wood, the timber of the alder (ib.).

ARLE, v. Sc. n.Irel. Nhb. Yks. Also written earle
Yks. ; yearl Nhb.1 ; airle N.I.1 [erl, yerl, «L]

1. To bind by payment of money, to give earnest-money
as ' clincher ' to a bargain, to engage for service, secure.

Sc. Arle, to put a piece of money into the hand of a seller, at
entering upon a bargain, as a security that he shall not sell to
another, while he retains the money (JAM.). Per. Are you feed,
lassie?— Yes, I was erled an hour ago (G.W.). NX1 Nhb. Aw
move that when wor Vicar dees, the place for him be arid, OLIVER
Local Sngs. (1824) 9 ; Nhb.1 What did the misses arle ye wi ? — She
ga' me two shillin'. Yks. To arle or earle a bargain, to close it,
GROSE (1790) MS. add. (P.)

Hence Ailing, vbl. sb.

Per. The custom of arling is common here (G.W.).

2. To earn.
w.Yks.2

3. Ironically : to beat severely, cf. arles, 3.

Bnff.1

[She arled him for her groom, bridegroom, She arled
him for her groom, Broom, Green Broom (Nhb.1). Deriv.
of arles, sb. (q.v.).]

ARLES, sb. Sc. Irel. and all the n. counties to Lan. and
Lin. Also written airlesN.I.1 ; arls w.Yks.*; alls N.Cy.1;
erles Nhb.1 Lin.; erls Yks.; earls Irel. w.Yks.4 Lan.
n.Lin.'; carles N.I.1 N.Cy.12 Dur. Cum. Yks. n.Yks.3
w.Yks.1 Lan. ; erl, earle Wm. ; yearles N.Cy.1 Lan. ;
yearls Cum. ; yerls Cum. Wm. ; arless w.Yks. [erlz,
eralz, yerlz, alz.]

1. Money paid on striking a bargain in pledge of future
fulfilment, esp. that given to a servant when hired ; earnest-
money ; also^o-.

Sc. A piece of money put into the hands of a seller . . as a pledge
[that he] shall not strikea bargain with another, while he retains the
arles in his hand JAM.\ Aries ran high, but makings were naething,
man, HOGG Jacob. Rel. (1819) 1. 102 ; He had refused the devil's arles
(for such was the offer of meat and drink), SCOTT Redg. (1824) xi
Inv.(H.E.F.) Rnf. Jack was selling Pate some tallow ' Done • '

quo' Pate, and syne his erls Nail'd the Dryster's wauked loof [palm],
WILSON Watty and Meg (1792) 7, Newc. ed. Ayr. An' name the
arles an' the fee In legal mode an' form, BURNS (1786) 132 ; Their
demeanour towards me was as tokens and arles of being continued
in respect and authority, GALT Proms/ (1822) xxviii. Lnk. He turn'd
his rosy cheek about, and then, ere I could trow, The widdifu' o'
wickedness took arles o" my mou, MOTHERWELL Sng. (1827) 242. •
e.Lth. It's no ower late for him to tak back his arles to the tither
side, HUNTER J.Inwick (1895) 194. Gall. Here's a silver merk,
I'or the King's arles, and here's Sergeant Armstrong's file wi'
twal unce o' the best lead bullets, CROCKETT Raiders (,1894) xliv-
Ir. Where's my footin', masther? Where's my arles? CARLETON
Fardoroiigha (1848) i. Ant. In hiring a servant, for buying a cow,
load of hay, &c., you give a shilling or half-a-crown as 'earls,' to
make the bargain sure, Ballymena Obs. (1892). N.I.1, N.Cy.1 2
Nhb.1 In hiring servants, any bargain made between master
and servant was accounted void, before entry into servitude,
if arles had not been offered and accepted. Nhb. & Dur. Aries,
earnest money, formerly given to men and boys when hired
at the bindings, GREENWELL Coal. Tr. Gl. (1849). Cum. & Win.
Servants return the arles, when, after being hired, they change their
mind. What ! she's sent t'yerls back ! (M. P.) Wm. In Appleby
within recent years the Wrings were opened by the charter being
read at the Cross, after which bargains clinched with the 'yerls '
were binding on man and master (B.K.). Yks. Give me earles
[or God's-penny](K.). n.Yks.1 Aries, or Festing-penny. ne.Yks.1
Aries, money, [ranging] from as. to 5*. w.Yks. HUTTON Tout-
to Caves (1781); w.Yks.1 Butcher Roberts put eearles into my
hand, an bad me ten pund neen for him, ii. 289; w.Yks.2
Erles, money given to a clergyman when first engaged ; w.Yks.4,
Lan.1, ne-Lan.1, Lin. (K.) n.Lin.1 Aries (obsol.). [This money is
returned by the seller of farm produce to the buyer on payment]
as luck or ' to'n-agean ' (s.v. To'n agean). Thomas Sheppard,
John Oxley, and David Hill took 12 acres 2 roods of wheat at
85. 6rf. per. acre, and as. 6d. for earls. Northorpe Farm Ace. 1789.

2. A gift to servants from a visitor ; a ' vail.' a ' tip.'
Yks, (K.)

3. Phr. to give any one his arles, to give any one his
deserts, freq. applied to a beating.

Inv. To gie ane his arles (H.E.F.). Bnff.1 A'll gee ye yir arles,
my boy, gehn ye dinna haud yir tung.

4. Comp. Aries-penny, Arral-sbilling.

Ayr. Your proffer o' luve's an airle-penny. My Tocher's the
bargain ye wad buy, BURNS My Tocher's the Jewel 1794). Lnk.. And
this is but an arle-penny To what I afterward design ye, RAMSEY
Poems (1721) II. 561, ed. 1800 (JAM.). N.Cy.12, Wm. (B.K.)
n.Yks.1 Aries-penny, God's penny, Festing-penny. w.Yks.1, Der.2,
nw.Der.1 w.Yks. Arral-shilling is common where statute hirings are
held iJB.K.).

[1. Argentum Dei . . . Money given in earnest of a
bargain : in Lincolnshire called Erles or Aries, BLOUNT
Law Diet. (1691) ; pis ure lauerd jiueS ham as on erles of
be eche mede bat schal cume berafter, Halt M. (c. 1220) 7.
4. Aries penny, earnest-money given to servants, or in
striking any bargain, BAILEY (1755) ; Aries penny,
earnest-money given to servants when they are first hired,
BAILEY (1721); Glossographia (1707).]

ARLICH, adj. Sc. (JAM.) Also written arlitch. Sore,
fretted, painful.

n.Sc.

[Arr (a scar), q.v. + -lic/i (Eng. -fy).]

ARLIES, int. Chs. [a'liz.]

s. Chs. I f one boy were chasing another, and the latter cried ' arlies,'
he would expect to be allowed a little breathing space before the
chase was resumed (T. D. ) ; s.Chs.1

ARLING, sb. Nhb. Earnest-money. Cf. arles, sb. 1.

Nhb. He' ye getten yor arlin ? Hoo much hes she gi'en ye for
arlin? (R.O.H.) ; Nhb.1 The arlin is sometimes called 'the bond-
money ' (s.v. Arle}.

[A vbl. sb. fr. arle, vb.]

ARLY-BONE, sb. Brks. The hip-bone of a pig.

m.Brks. The ' arly bwun ' is known in all farm-houses. It is
taken off the ham before the latter goes to be cured, and is
roasted soon after the pig-killing (B.L.). s.Brks. Here the name
' early bone ' is in common use (M.J.B. \ Brks.1

ARM, sb.1 Chs. Lin. Nhp. War. Wor. e.An. Wil. Dor.
Som. Dev. [am.]

1. The axle, the iron upon which the wheel of any
vehicle turns.

ARM

AROUND

Chs.1 Formerly the arms were simply a continuation of the
wooden axle ; now they are invariably made of iron and are let
into each end of the thick wooden axle. n.Lin.1, Nhp.1, War.
(J.R.W.), se.Wor.1 Suf. A wooden axle-tree with iron arms.
An axle-tree of iron, arms and all (F.H.). Wil. MORTON Cyclo.
Agric. (1863). Dor. Off came the wheels, and down fell the carts ;
and they found there was no linch-pins in the arms, HARDY Wess.
Tales (1888) II. 186. w.Som.1 Dhu weel km oa-f, un dh-aa-rm oa un
wuz u-broa-kt rait oa-f [the wheel came off, and its axle was
broken right off]. nw.Dev.1

2. The spoke or radius of any large wheel ; the beam of
a windmill to which the sail is fixed.

w.Som.1 [The arm of] a water-wheel, or the fly-wheel of a steam-
engine. The entire motive power of a windmill — i.e. each of the
four great beams, with all the apparatus fixed to it— is called the
arm.

3. A trowel.

e.An.1

4. Comb, (i) Arm by arm, (2) arm and crook, (3) ann-in-
crook, (4) arm-in-link, (a) arm-in-arm, freq. applied to
the walking together of couples in the courting stage ;
(b) on familiar terms, cf. ' hand-and-gloye ' ; (5) bend of the
arm, the elbow ; (6) hand-in-arm, arm-in-arm ; (7) to bend
the arm, to drink, cf. ' to lift the elbow ' ; (8) to make a long
arm, to reach ; (9) to wish your arm from your elbow, see
below.

(i) Lin. Lots o' lads and lasses, all agrm by a6rm, BROWN Lit.
Laur. (1890) 9. (a) Dor. Tidden no good vor a ma'id to walk arm-an'-
crook wi' the likes o' he, HARE Vitt. Street (i8g$) in. Som.'Tessaid
theydowalkarman'crookup'pon hill a'most every day o' their lives,
RAYMOND Love and Quiet Life (1894) 208. Dev.3 (3) Dor. Then
they went arm-in-crook, like courting complete, HARDY Madding
Oozfrf(i874)xxxiii. (4) Chs.1 (a) He's goin arm- i'-linkwi'ahr Polly.
(4) He's arm-i'-link wi' him. (5) w.Yks. ' Bend o' t'arm ' is common
for elbow-joint, Leeds Men. Suppl. (May 2, 1891) ; Bend of the
arm, common in Ossett (M.F.). (6) w.Yks.3 Hand i' airm. (7)
Slang. He was busy arm-bending in the public-house when the
tattoo sounded (A.S.P.). (8) w.Yks.3 To mak' a long airm. (9)
n.Yks.2 They'll shak ye by t'hand an wish your airm off by t'elbow
[will give you the hand, but with no good will at heart, as hollow
friends do].

5. Comp. (i) Arm-bend ; (2) -lede, the direction of the out-
stretched arm ; (3) -load ; (4) -poke, the arm-pit ; (5) -rax,
see Arm-twist; (6) -set, the setting of the coat-sleeve, the
arm-pit ; (7) -shot ; (8) -skep; (9) -skew, see Arm-twist;
(10) -strength, the muscularity of the arm ; (n) -stretch ;
(12) -twist ; (13) -wrist, the wrist.

n.Yks.2 (i) Airm-bend, the elbow-joint. (2) This mun be your
way by airmlede [by the road to which I am pointing], (3) Airm-
looad, Airmleead, an armful. (4) Suf. Under the left arm-poke
place a swaler's hart and a liver under the rite, Garland (1818) 9.
n.Yks.2 (5) Airmrax. (6) It nips at t'airm-set. (7) Airmshot,
arm's length. m.Yks.1 n.Yks.2 (8) Airmskep, a coarse twig
basket without a bow, carried under the arm. (9) Airmskew,
a sprain of the arm. (10) Foorced by airm strength, (n) Airm-
stritch, the effort of the arms, as at a rowing match. (12)
Airmtwist, a sprain of the arm. (13) w.Som.1 He tookt hold o'
my arm-wrist. Dev. Whot's the matter wi' tha babby ? — I can't
ezackally say, but 'e zims tu be a-scrammed in's arm-wrist.
Luketh's ef 'e'd a-broked 'n, HEWETT Peas. Sf, (1892). Cor.1

[2. Les rayeres d'un moulin a eau, the arms, or starts
of a wheel of a water-mill, COTGR.]

ARM, sb.2 Sh.I. The end, as of a line.

S. & Ork.1

ARM, v. Irel. Som. Dev. [am.] To conduct by
walking arm-in-arm with ; to walk arm-in-arm.

n.Ir. Arm is frequently used facetiously, ' I'll arm you,' i.e. give
you a lift, set you on your way, though the necessity for help may be
imaginary and assumed (M.B.-S.) ; N.I.1 Ant. There they go arm-
ing along (J.S.). w.Som.1 Zo your Jim's gwain to have th' old
Ropy's maid arter all.— No, he idn.— Oh, idn er? well, I zeed-n
a-armin o' her about, once, my own zul, last Zunday night as ever
was. nw.Dev.1

[To arm her to her lawyer's chambers, WYCHERLEY
Plain Dealer (1675) (N.E.D.).l

ARM, see Haulm.

ARM-HOLE, sb. Yks. Chs. Stf. Not. Lei. War. Won
Oxf. The arm-pit.

Yks. In gen. use (J.W.). Chs.1, s.Chs.1 Stf.2 MoicOt dunnafit

very well under th' armhole. Not.1, Lei.1. War.3, Wor. ;J.W.P.\
Oxf.1 MS. add.

[Arm-hole, the hollow under the arm, BAILEY (1755) ;
The arm-pit or arm-hole, ala, axilla, ROBERTSON (1693) ;
Armehole, aiscella, PALSGR. ; Gemini (hath) thyn arm-
holes, CHAUCER Astrol. i. xxi.]

ARMING-CHAIR, sb. Cum. An arm-chair.

Cum. When he'd gotten hissel clappt doon iv a grand armin-chair,
SARGISSON Joe Scoap (1881) 188. Wm. & Cum.1 This armin chair
I'll meake my seet, 294.

ARMSTRONG, sb. Sus. A name for the plant
usually called knot-grass, Polygonum aviculare.

[So called] from the difficulty of pulling it up.

ARMSTRONG, adv. e.An. Arm-in-arm.

e-An.1

ARMTLE, sb. Chs. Stf. [a'mtl.] An armful.

s.Chs.1! brought dain a hooalarmtle o' ballets to boot(s. v. Deck).
s.Stf. Oi went a-lizin [i.e. gleaning] dhis mornin an got a armtl
(A.P.).

[For the suff. -tie cp. apperntle.]

ARN, sb. Sc. The alder-tree.

Sc. (JAM.), Bnff. (W.M.) Abd. The name ' arn ' is better known
perhaps than the alder (G.W.) ; There was a place called Ferniord,
from fearna-ord, the height of the alders or arns, these trees
being still remembered by old people as growing at the place,
MACDONALD Place Names in Strathbogie (1891) 192. Edb. (J.M.)

[The aller or arne ... is also found in marshy places,
NEWTE Tour (1791) (N.E.D.). Prob. repr. OE. celren, adj.,
fr. alor, alder.]

ARN, see Awn, Urn.

ARNACK, see Neck.

ARNARY, see Ordinary.

ARNBERRIES, sb. pi. Yks. Obsol. Raspberries.

n.Yks.2

ARNOT, sb.1 Sc. Also written arnit, arnet A
shrimp.

Abd. Arnot is well known here (W.M.) ; Or on the Inches rant
and sport on ilka verdant spot, Or fish for bandies, arnits, eels in
ilka wee bit pot, CADENHEAD Flights of Fancy (1853) Our Auld
Gate-en.

ARNOT, sb.2 Sc. [e'rnat.] In phr. lea arnot, a stone
lying in the field (JAM.).

Abd. ' Be ye gweed deevil, be ye ill deevil," cried Fleeman with
much indignant energy, ' I'se try you wi' a lea arnot,' and com-
menced to pelt the 'archangel ruined,' Jamie Fleeman, 51, ed.
1887.

ARNS, sb. Obs. n.Cy. Earnest-money.

N.Cy.1

[The Hooli Goost of biheest, which is the ernes of oure
eritage, WYCLIF (1388) Eph. i. 14. Cp. Wei. ernes (' arrha '),
borrowed fr. E.]

ARNUT, see Earth-nut.

ARON, sb. Plant-name applied to (i) Arum macu-
la/urn (Sc.) ; (2) Richardia aethiopica, or Arum lily (Wei.)

Rxb. Aron, the plant called Wake-robin, or Cuckoo's pint (JAM.;.

[(i) Aron, Wake-Robin, Cuckoe-pint, COLES (1677) ; The
roots of aron, and mixt with wheat-bran, BURTON Anat. Mel.
(1621) 462, ed. 1836 ; Aron, the herb Aron, Cuckoe-pint
. . . Pied de veau, Calves-foot, Ramp, Aaron, Cuckoe-pint,
COTGR. (2) Take Aron roote, Gabelhouer's Bk. Physic
(1599) 183 (N.E.D.). Gr. 3pov, cp. Lat. arum, the herb
Wake-Robin, COLES (1679).]

AROUND, adv. and prep. Wm. Stf. Suf. Gny. Slang.

1. adv. About, here and there in no fixed direction,
round.

Wm.1 A seed em gangen aroond. Stf. Just walking around
a bit (A.P.). Suf. He does nothing but hang around, doing
nothing (F.H.). Slang. On the day this 'ere job come off Chris
comes around to me, Dy. News (Jan. 4, 1895) 3, col. 7. [Amer.
That's a 'cute little copy of Keats to carry around (M.D.H.) ; Sam
is around in New York, BARTLEIT.]

2. prep. Round.

Gny. It goes around the room (G. H.G.).

3. In phr. around about, round about.

Suf. I am not going by that around about way, but across the
fields (F.H.).

AROUT

[73]

ARRIS

AROUT, adv. and prep. Lan. Chs. Stf. War. Alsojn
Hrt. Also written areawt Lan.1; areat Chs.1 [are't,
area't, areirt.]

1. adv. Without, outside, out-of-doors.

Lan. I'r no sooner areawt boh a threave o' rabblement wur
watchin on meh at t'dur, TIM BOBBIN View Dial. (1746) 58 ; GROSE
Suppl. (1790) MS. add. (P.) ; When aw should foind thee areawt
awd kiss thee, STATON Sng. Sol. (1859) viii. i ; Alone to-day
Areawt i' th' broad, green fields aw've come, RAMSBOTTOM Phases
of Distress (1864) 59 ; Thou're noan fit to be areawt sich a day as
this, WAUGH Chimn. Corner (1874) 142, ed. 1879 ; Lan.1 Chs.1
Was he i' th' haise?— Now, he were areat ; Chs.3, War. (J.R.W.)

2. prep. Without.

s.Stf. I to'd him we could du arout him any time, PINNOCK Blk.
Cy. Ann. (iSgsX Hrt. If yer can't do arout picklicking you'll 'a
'ter do arout grub altogether. So mind that, Miss ! N. & Q. (1870)
4th S. vi. 328.

[This is a pron. of without through the stages wi-, *-, »r-.]

AROVE, adj. Obs. Yks. Up and stirring.

w.Yks.1 Our lad's quite bobberous, an aw a roav, ii. 305.

ARPENT, see Orpine.

ARPIT, adj. Shr. Obsol. Quick, ready, precocious.

Shr.1 'Er wuz sich a mighty arpit little wench, I never thought
'er'd live ; it's sildom as they dun, w'en a bin so cute ; Shr.2
Arpit at his laming, saying as how he's so heavy o' hearing.

ARR, sb. Sc. Irel. Nhb. Cum. Wm. Yks. Lan. Chs.
Also written aar, aur, aurr, awr (JAM.) ; err Cum.1 ; arrh
Chs.28; are. Yks. [er, an]

1. A scar or mark left by a wound.

Sc. While the cut or wound is healing the mark is called a scar ;
when it is completely healed the mark is called an aur (JAM. Suppl.').
N.I.1 Ant Ballymena Obs. (1892). N.Cy.12 Nhb.1 He hes an arr
on his finger. Cum. The healen plaister eas'd the painful sair — The
arr indeed remains— but naething mair, RELPH Misc. Poems (1747")
Harvest, 1. 26 ; GROSE (1790) ; Gl. (1651} ; Cum.12 Wm. It's a sad
arr (M.P.) ; Wm.1, n.Yks.1 n.Yks.2 I'll gie thee an arr thou'll
carry t'thee grave ; n.Yks.3 ne.Yks.1 He's gitten an arr ov his
back. e.Yks. NICHOLSON Flk-Sp. (1889) 50 ; MARSHALL Rur.
Econ. (1788) ; e.Yks.1 Of every-day use in n. Holderness, MS. add.
(T.H.) m.Yks.1 w.Yks. HUTTON Tour to Caves (1781) ; WILLAN
ListWds. (1811) ; LUCAS Stud. Nidderdalc (c. 1882)231 ; w.Yks.15,
Lan.1, ne.Lan.1, e.Lan.1, Chs.123 [Ar, HOLLOWAY.]

2. A spot or freckle ; also used attrib.

w.Yks. SCATCHERD Hist. Morley (1830) 168. [Term of abuse,
as] arr toad, Yks. ff. & Q. (1888) II. 13 ; w.Yks.5 An arr-toad
[freckled toad].

3. A guilty recollection, leaving an impression on the
conscience.

n-Yks.1 It's nobbut a black arr, thae deeings o'thahn [thine] wi'
t'aud man [the way you dealt with the old man must have left a black
mark on your conscience] ; n.Yks.2 An arr on the conscience. A
black arr, a stain on the character.

4. A grudge, ill-feeling.
Or.I., Ayr. (JAM. Suppl.)

Hence Arred,///. adj. marked with scars ; esp. of the
marks left by small-pox. See Pock-arred.

Sc. (JAM.) N.I.1 n.Yks.2 Arr'd, branded or imprinted. Lan.1
He wur arr'd o' ower wit' smo-pocs.

[Arr, a scar, BAILEY (1770) ; Cicatrix, a nerre, WRIGHT
Voc. 680; Cicatrix, ar or wond, MS. isth cent, in HALL. ;
Thai ere brokyn myn erres (=corruptae sunt cicatrices
meae), HAMPOLE Ps. xxxvii. 5. ON. orr, Dan. ar.]

ARR, v.1 Yks. Chs. To scar, scratch ; to beat.

n.Yks.2 I'll arr your back for you. ne.Yks.1 In rare use. w.Yks.
Take care not to arr the steel fender, HAMILTON Nugae Lit. (1841)
357. Chs.1 Cum ait o' that hedge wilt'a, or tha'lt arr thee.

[Though my face . . . was not at all pitted or (as they
there [i.e. in Lan.] call it) arred, but in time as cleare and
smooth as ever it was, Life of A. Marlindale (1685) 19. See
Arr, sb.]

ARR, v? Sc. Lan. Der. Also written yarr Sc. e.Lan.1
[er, yer, a(r), ya(r).] Of dogs : to snarl, growl, also^Sg-.

Sc. In kittle times when foes are yarring, BEATTIE To Mr. A.
Ross in Helenore (I^68) 132, ed. 1812. Lan. Yerin 'em hanch and
arre at us bi way o thanks, CLEGG Pieces Rock. Dial. ',1895) > Lan.1
Co' that dog in, dost no' see how it keeps arrin' at yon felly.
e.Lan.1, nw.Der.1

[A dog is ... fell and quarrelsome, given to arre,
VOL. i.

HOLLAND Plutarch's Mor. (1603) 726 (N.E.D.).— A word
imitating the sound of a snarl.]

ARR, v? Nhp. [a(r).] To egg on, incite to quarrel.

Nhp.2

[Thei eggiden him in alyen goddis,and in abomynaciouns
to wraththe arreden, WYCLIF (1382) Deut. xxxii. 16. Cp.
MDu. errert, to provoke to anger (VERDAM).]

ARR, see Har.

ARRAH, int. Irel. Cor. Also written araa Cor.1;
yarrah Irel. [a'ra, ya'ra.] An exclamation of surprise ;
freq. used in accosting a person, or in calling attention.
See Arear.

Ir. Miss Betty, arrah, Miss Betty, LEVER H. Lor. (1839) iii ;
Arrah, an' the devil a taste I'll be drowned for your divarsion, ib.
Ch. O'Malley (1841) viii ; Yarrah, didn't I spake that speech before,
CARLETON Traits (1843) I. 315. w.Ir. Arrah ! what brings you
here at all? LOVER Leg. (1848) I. 50. Qco. Arrah! run for
the priest, BARRINGTON S/Wcfe (1827-32) I. ii. s.Ir. Arrah ! what
souls, sir? CROKER Leg. (1862) 202. Wxf. Arrah, Puekawn, me
boy, KENNEDY Evenings Duffrey (1869) 57. Tip. ' Arrah, sweet
myself! ' said a youth after making a good hit at cricket, as he
thought, unheard (G.M.H.). Cor.1

ARRALS, sb. Cum. Wm. Yks. Lan. Also written
arles Wm. w.Yks. [a'ralz, alz.] Pimples ; a rash or
eruption on the skin ; esp. applied to ringworm.

n.Cy. GROSE (1790). Cum. HOLLOWAY. Wm. He has the arles
on his hand, copperas will poison it. The complaint is frequently
met with in the North, and is probably due to the work of tending
cattle (B.K.); Wm.1 Used in Ambleside for nettle-rash, and in
Appleby for any kind of ringworm, perhaps especially that which
appears in young cattle. w.Yks.(B.K.) ; WILLANZ.IS* Wds. (1811) ;
HUTTON Tour to Caves (1781). ne.Lan.1

ARRALS, see Aries.

ARRAN-AKE, sb. Sc. The red-throated Diver, Cofym-
bus septentnonalis.

Dmb. SWAINSON Birds (1885^ 214.

ARRAND, see Arain.

ARRANT, adj. Dur. Wm. Yks. Lan. Der. [a'rant.]

1. Downright, usually in a bad sense.

Dur.1 Arrantest. Wm. Thae wer arrant lagets and tastrils,
CLARKE Spec. Dial. (1865) 15. n.Yks. She wor t'arrantest scahd,
Broad Yks. (1885) ai. w.Yks. Her sister gat wed to an arrant
neer-due-weel, PRESTON in Yksman. (1881) 122. Lan. Arron owd
lant. TIM BOBBIN Turn, and Meaty (1740) 16; Lan.1 He'sanarran'
thief, and as big a rogue. e.Lan.1, nw.Der.1

2. Comp. Arrand-poison, -smittle, exceedingly poison-
ous, or infectious.

w.Yks.3 It is foolish to let the children go there, for it is arrand-
smittle. Common in w.Yks.

Hence Arrantly, entirely, thoroughly.

Lan.1 1're arronly moydert, TIM BOBBIN Wks. (1750) 58.

[The moon's an arrant thief, SHAKS. Timon, iv. iii. 440 ;
We are arrant knaves, all, ib. Hamlet, in. i. 131 ; A errant
traytoure, FABYAN, v. Ixxx. 58 (N.E.D.). The orig. mg. of
the word was wandering, vagabond. Fr. errant (cp. juif
errant), prp. of errer, see HATZFELD.]

ARRA WIGGLE, see Erriwiggle.

ARREARAGE, sb. Sc. Lin. Arrears of payment.

Sc. Ah ! these arrearages ! . . . that are always promised, and
always go for nothing ! Scorr Leg. Montr. (1830) vi. n-Lin.1 He's
gotten fower years arrearages o' his highwaay raate on, an' I can't
get noa sattlement.

[Arrierage, an arrearage, . . . that which was unpaid, or
behind, COTGR. ; An arrerage, erreragia, Cath. Angl.}

ARREDGE, see Arris.

ARRIMAN, sb. Shr. [a'riman.] The newt, Triton
crestatus.

Shr.1

ARRIS, sb. Sc. n.Irel. and all the n. counties to Chs.
Der. Lin. ; also in War. and Hmp. and in tech. use. Also,
with various forms, arras, arress Sc. ; arish Dur. ; orris
Chs1 s-Chs.1 nw.Der.1; horris nw.Der.1; arrage Nhb.1;
arridge Cum.1 Wm.1 n.Yks.12 ne.Yks.1 e.Yks. w.Yks.12
ne.Lan.1 n.Lin.1 ; arredge Wm. w.Yks. ; harridge e.Yks.1
w.Yks. ; adidge Yks. ; awrige (JAM.), [a-ris, a-rij, a'ridg,
a-redg.]

ARRIS

[74]

ARSE

The angular edge of a block of stone, wood, &c. ; hence,
the edge of anything.

Sc. The rebbets [jambs] of that window would hae look't better
gin the mason had ta'en off the arras (JAM.), w. and s.Sc. The tips
of the little ridges laid by the plough are called the awrige of the
field (»».). Ir. The arris of a dyke, or of a furrow (J.W. ff.).
N.I.1 Arris, the sharp edge of a freshly-planed piece of wood, or
of cement, or stone-work. Nhb.1 Arrage, a sharp point or corner,
Mining Gl. (1852). Dur. ATKINSON Clevel. Gl, Cum. T'toon
geaat was oa peaavt wih wood peaavin steaans ... an t'arridges
was haggt off, SARGISSON Joe Scoap (1881) 93 ; Cum.1 Arridge, an
angular edge, arris in architecture. Wm. Guide to the Lakes (1780)
288 ; Wm.1 Et left an arridge reel alang. n.Yks. Arridge, the cut
edge of cloth in distinction from the selvedge or woven edge (J.T.) ;
n.Yks.1 Arridge, the edge or selvedge of a piece of cloth or cotton ;
n.Yks.2 Arridges, the edges or ridges of stone or furniture.
ne.Yks.1, m.Yks.1 w.Yks. A ' sharp arridge ' on a horse-shoe is
the projection in front to enable the horse to keep on his feet
when drawing, BANKS Wkfld. Wds. (1865) ; ' Tak th' arredge off
this stone ; you need not polish it quite smooth ; only tak th'
arredge off it.' A knife, not smooth-edged, is said to have an
arredge, Hlfx. Wds. ; w.Yks.1 This staan tacks a fine arridge ;
w.Yks.2 Harris, a swage or bevel at the back of a razor-blade.
It also means roughness. ne.Lan.1 Chs.1 A joiner who planes
off the angles of a square pole to make it octagon is said to
' take off the orris.' s.Chs.1 When a furrow is made too flat, it
is said ' there's noo orris on it' nw.Der.1 Th' orris is welly worn
off. n-Lin.1, War. (J.R.W.) Hmp.1 I'd better take the arris off
ut [i.e. a piece of stone, &c.]. Tech. Arris, in joinery and masonry,
the line of concourse, edge, or meeting of two surfaces, WEALE
Did. Terms (1873).

[Fr. areste (mod. arete), cp. COTGR. : Areste, the small
bone of a fish ; also, the eyle, awne, or beard of an ear of
corn ; also, the edge or outstanding ridge of a stone, or
stone-wall. — The forms arridge, arredge, &c., may be due
to a popular association with ridge, edge.]

ARRIS, v. Yks. Lan. Chs. War. [a-ridg, Chs. a-ris.]
To take or plane off the arris, to make flat.

e.Yks.1, w.Yks.2, ne-Lan.1 Chs.1 'John, orris them jeists.'
War. (J.R.W.)

ARRISH, sb. e.Yks. Also Ken. Sur. Sus. Hmp. I.W.
Dor. Som. Dev. Cor. Also written aish Hmp.1; arish
Dev. Cor.1 ; ash Sur.1 I.W.1 ; airish Dev. ; errish Som.
Dev. Cor.12; ersh(e Ken.12 Sus. Hmp.1 Dev.; hayrish
Cor.1 ; herrish Som. See also Eddish, [a f, aTif, Sur. a f,
e.Yks. a-rij (a'varij?).]

1. A stubble field ; stubble of any kind after the crop has
been cut.

e.Yks. He's tentin' pigs i' averish. Near Beverley they would
say ' Ah've a bit o' arrish Ah sail ton them few geese inti ' (R.S.) ;
e.Yks.1 Haverish. Ken.12 s.Sur. Farmers would leave one
shock of corn in the harvest field ; as long as it stood no outsiders
might enter, but on its removal the field was called ' ersh ' and
any one might lease, the corn gathered being called ' leasing grist '
(T.T.C.) ; Sur.1 Ash is not so commonly used as ' gratten.' Sus.
Ersh, stubble ; applied also to the after-mowings of grass, GROSE
(1790) MS. add. (P.) ; Sus.1 A wheat earsh ; a barley earsh. Hmp.
Wheat or oat aish, GROSE (1790); Earsh, HOLLOWAY ; Hmp.1
I.W.1 ; I.W.2 Bwoy, drave the cows out into the wheat ash. Dor.
Errish, N. & Q. (1883) 6th S. vii. 366 ; Now obs. (H.J.M.) Som.
W. & J. Gl. ; [Pheasants] wander . . . especially towards barley and
barley stubble, called barley harrish in Red Deer land, JEFFERIES
Red Deer (1884) x. w.Som.1 Bee'un, woet, tloa'vur uureesh
[bean, oat, clover stubble]. Not applied to any grass except clover,
and then only when the clover has been mown for seed, so as to
leave a real stubble. Purty arternoon farmer, sure 'nough— why , he
'ant a ploughed his arrishes not eet Auctioneers and other
genteel people usually write this ' eddish.' Dev. Amongst the
harrishes in September, O'NEILL Told in Dimpses (1893) 151 ;
The geese . . . found their own way in the golden earidges, ib. Idylls
1,1892) 97 ; To bid the skylark o'er the arrish roam, CAPERN Poems
(1856) 72; They've agived tha chillern holiday tii-day, to go
leasing upen Squire Poland's arrishes, HEWETT Peas. Sp. (1892)
96 ; The fezens be out in tha errishes feeding ; there'll be rare
gilde sport vur squire in October, ib. 76. n.Dev. We've . . . torned
pegs ta arish, ROCK Jim an' Nell (1867) 3. Dev.1, nw.Dev.1 Cor.
An old rhyme in reference to the clergy of the past generation
begins : ' Here comes the passon of Philleigh Parish, He's got
his rake to rake his arish,' Dy. Chron. (June 18, 1895) 3, col. 6 ;
farmers are very busy ploughing the arishes by this time, Mark

Lane Express (Feb. 2, 1880 . w.Cor. When I took en aw was in
barley arish, THOMAS Randigal Rhymes (1895) 6 ; Cor.1 Turn them
into the arishes ; Cor.2

2. Comp. (i) Arrish-field, a stubble field ; (2) -goose, one
fed in stubble fields ; (3) -mow, a small rick of corn set
up in a field from which the crop has been cut ; (4) -rake,
(5) -turnip, see below.

(i) Cor. Ricks of corn left to stand in the ' arrish fields,' Flk-Lore
Jrn. (1886) IV. 248; Cor.1 (2) Dev. Arrish geese feed into plump
condition for Michaelmas by picking up, from between the stubble,
the corns which fell from the ears during reaping and sheaving,
./V. &Q. (1851) ist S. iii. 252. Cor.12 (3) w.Som.1 In a showery
harvest the plan is often adopted of making a number of small
stacks on the spot, so that the imperfectly dried corn may not be
in sufficient bulk to cause heating, while at the same time the air
may circulate and improve the condition of the grain. Called
also wind-mow. Dev. Arrish-mows, [or] field stacklets. The
arrangement of the sheaves of corn as a square pyramid, during
a wet harvest, MARSHALL Rut: Econ. (1796) ; One of the most
remarkable singularities of harvest in the West, is the ' arish-mow,'
MOORE Hist. Dev. (1829) I. 299 ; Dev.1 Cor. Arrish-mows, from
their different shapes, are also [called] ' hummel-mows ' and
' ped-rack-mows,' Flk-Lore Jrn. (1886) IV. 248 ; Arish-mow, 200
sheaves in a circular rick, MORTON Cycl. Agric. (1863) ; They were
building up the ' arish mows,' where the difficulty of carting away
the harvest had yet to be faced and overcome, PEARCE Esther
Pentreath (1891) bk. n. vi ; Cor.1 2 (4) w.Som.1 Errish rake, a very
large and peculiarly shaped rake, used for gathering up the stray corn
missed by the binders ; now nearly supplanted by the horse-rake.
Dev.1, nw-Dev.1 (5) w.Som.1 Errish-turnips, a late crop of turnips
sown after the corn has been taken. After an early harvest good
crops of roots are frequently grown. Aay aa'n u zee'd noa jis
wai-t uureesh tuurmuts, naut-s yuurz [I have not seen any such
wheat errish turnips not's (these) years] (s. v. Es).

Hence Arrishers, the second set of gleaners.

Dor. It is customary, after carrying a field of corn, to leave
behind a sheaf, to intimate that the families of those who reaped
the field are to have the first lease. After these have finished, the
sheaf is removed, and harissers are admitted, ./V. & Q. (1850)
ist S. ii. 376.

[Ersh, stubble, KERSEY ; Ersk, stubble after corn is cut,
BAILEY (1721). OE. ersc (in ersc-hen), a stubble field.]

ARRIVANCE, sb. Shr. Ken. [arai'vans.]

1. Origin, birthplace.

Ken. A guardian of the poor informs me it is often used to signify
settlement by birth (P.M.) ; I say, mate, which parish do you belong
to ? — I can't justly say, but father's arrivance was fram Shepherd's-
well [Sibbertswold], WRIGHT ; Ken.1 He lives in Faversham town
now, but he's a low-hill [below-hill] man by arrivance.

2. Arrival, arrival of company.

Shr. ' There has been an arrivance,' said occasionally when a baby
is born or company comes unexpectedly (J.B.) ; Shr.1 I spec'
they'n be wantin' yo', Betty, to 'elp 'em a bit at the owd Maister's,
I sid an arrivance theer as I wuz gwei'n to 'unt some barm.

ARROW, see Argh, Yarrow.

ARROWLEDE, sb. Yks. [aTalld.]

n.Yks.2 Arrowlede, the path of the shot arrow.

ARROW-ROOT, sb. Dor. Arum tnaculatum.

Dor. The starch prepared from its tubers is known in I. of Port-
land as ' Portland Arrow-root,' from its resemblance to the arrow-
root of commerce.

ARROY, sb. Pern, [aroi1.] Disorder, confusion ; also
used with an advb. force.

s.Pem. One pickt upon t'other, an things went oorser and oorser —
my dear man ! there was an arroy. They be in a big arroy there
[a confusion in a crowded meeting]. These 'ere bags be shifted
since I put am 'ere, they be all arroy naw (W.M.M.).

ARSCOCKLE, see Esscock QAM.).

ARSE, sb. Sc. Irel. Nhb. Cum. Yks. Lan. Chs. Stf.
Der. Lin. War. Wor. e.An. Hit. Ess. Ken. Hmp. Som.
Dev. Also written ass Ken. Som. ; erse Sc. ; yess Dev.
[ers, ars, as.]

1. The buttocks, fundament of a person, rump of an
animal ; hence, the bottom or hinder part of anything, as
a sheaf, cart, &c.

Sc. A sack-arse, the bottom of a sack QAM.) ; The erse of the
plough or the plough-erse (ib. Suppl.}. n.Cy. Have one of these
pears — they are all ripe ; I have just been pinching their arses
(C.G.B.). Nhb. Set the poke down on its arse. Cairt-arse. The

ARSE

[75]

AR-SHORN

Cat's Arse, the name of a small bay on the shore of the river Tyne
(R.O.H.). Yks. Ahse(W.H-). ne.Yks.1 T'shaff arses is as wet
as sump. Stop, mun ; t'cart arse has tumml'd oot. e.Yks. To
set nine of the sheaves with their arses downe to the grounde,
BEST Rur. Econ. (1641) 45; The arse of a cart or a plough,
NICHOLSON Flk-Sp. (1889) 50. nw.Der.1 n.Lin.1 Billy Ration puts
o'must as many heads in his sheaf arses as he duz e' th' top end.
War.3 Arse, the tail of a cart ; also applied to shocks on which
' caps ' are placed, i.e. covered by two sheaves with the straw end
upwards. Wor. Go round totheerseof the mill (E.S.) ; se.Wor.1
Arse of a waggon. Hrt. The arse or tail of the plough, ELLIS Mod.
Hush. (17501 II. i. 44. e.An.2 Arse, part of atree, opp. to the Tod.
Suf. The arse of a tree is the rough root-end after the roots have
been chopped off (F.H.). Ess. Cast dust in his [a sheep's] arse,
thou hast finisht thy cure, TUSSER Husbandrie (1580) in, St. 4.
Ken. The ass, the butt-end of a sheaf (P.M.). Hmp. The arse of
a door (H.C.M.B.) ; Hmp.1 The bottom of a post ; the part which
is fixed in the ground. The upward part of a field gate to which
the eyes of the hinge are fixed. w.Som.1 Puut'n uup pun dh-aas
u dhu wageen. The ass of the sull. The ass of the waterwheel.
The ass of the barn's door.

2. Phr. (i) arse over head, head over heels, topsy-turvy ;

(2) to go arse first, to have bad luck ; (3) to hang an arse,
to hang back, be cowardly.

(i)w.Som.lA timid old workman said of a rickety scaffold : I baint
gwain up pon thick there till-trap vor to tread pon nothin, and vail
down ass over head. What's the matter, William ? — Brokt my
arm, sir. Up loadin hay, and the darned old mare, that ever I
should zayso, muv'd on, and down I vails ass over head. (2) Wm.
I've always gone arce first. A confession of one who failed in life
through his own habits (B. K.). (3) n.Lin. To hang an arse ; lobsol.,
but used by a native of the Isle of Axholme who died in or about
1826 (E.P.) ; nXin.1

3. Comp. (i) Arse-band,the crupper 5(2) -bawst (-burst);

(3) -board ; (4) -bond ; (5) -breed (-breadth), the breadth
of an arse, i.e. of contemptibly small extent ; (6) -end, the
bottom or tail-end of a tree, the butt; alsoyjg-. ; (7) -end-
up; (8) -first; (9) -jump; (10) -loop; (n) -up; (12) -up-
wards.

(i) nXln.i (2) Stf.1 Ars-bawst, a fall on the back. (3) Sc. Arse-
burd of a cart, the board which goes behind and shuts it in (JAM.).
Cum.1, ne.Lan.1, Chs.1, s.Chs.1, Stf.1 2, nw.Der.1, n-Lin.1 War. Ars-
boord (J.R.W.). (4) s.Chs.1 Arse-bond, a strong piece of oak
forming the hinder extremity of the foundation or bed of a cart.
(5) Cum.1 His heall land's nobbet a arse-breed. (6) n.Yks.1 Pick
thae stocks adoon, and let t'arsends o' t'shaffs lig i' t'sun a bit
Chs.1 The ars-eend of a ' later ' is the end by which it is attached
to the stalk or thread. s.Chs.1, War. (J.R.W.) Suf. A house,
barn, hamlet, &c. , if in a very sequestered spot, is said to be at the
arse-end of the world (F.H.) ; A labourer never speaks of the ' butt'
of a tree, but always of the 'arse-end.' The arse-end of a cannon
gave nomore offence than breech doesnow(C.G.B-). (7) Nhb. Arse-
end-up, upside down. (8) Arse-first, backside foremost (R.O. H.).
(9) n.Lan. It was the custom in the Furness district in harvest
time to place on the breakfast table a little round of butter, about
a quarter of a pound in weight, to each person. It was a difficult
matter for those unused to this luxury to take it. If however
any man or boy failed to eat his share he was taken by the arms
and legs, and the lower part of his body was banged against
a wall. This was called arse-jumping (J.A.). (10) Nhb.1 Arse-
loop, a seat or wide loop in a rope or chain in which a man is
slung when repairing or working in a pit-shaft, (n) e.An.1 Ass-
upping, hand-hoeing, to turn the docks and thistles end upwards, or
to cause the posterior to be the superior part of the body whilst
stooping in the act of hoeing. (12) Nhb. Arse-upwards, upside
down (R.O.H.). Snf. ' Arse-uppards ' is a usual term for many
things lying bottom up (C.G.B.).

[An Arse, podex, anus, LEVINS Manip. ; Ars or arce,
anus, culus, podex, Prompt. CHAUCER has the form ers,
C. T. A. 3755. OE. ears; cp. G. arsch.}

ARSE, v. Sc. Lin.

1. To kick upon the seat.

n.Lin.1 If thoo cums here agean loongin' aboot, I'll arse th£ wi'
my foot.

2. To move backwards, to push back ; cf. arsle, 1 ; fig.
to balk, defeat.

Abd. Arse back yer horse a little. I was completely arsed
(G.W.). Gall. Arset (JAM. Suppl.}.
Hence Arsing, vbl. sb. Shuffling, evading.
Abd. Nane of that arsin" noo 'G.W.\

3. To back out of fulfilling a promise, &c., to shuffle ; cf.
arsle, 2.

Abd. He arsed a bit. I heard he meant to arse oot o' his promises
(G.W.).

ARSE-FOOT, sb. Obs. Colloq. (i) The great crested
Grebe, Podiceps cristatus ; (2) the little Grebe, Tachybaptes
fluviatilis ; so called from the backward position of the legs.

SWAINSON Birds (1885) 215, 6.

ARSELING(S,arfv. Sc.e.An. [e'rslins, a-slins.] Back-
wards, also attrib.

Abd. Sik a dird As laid him arselins on his back, FORBES Ajax
(17431 9. Per. We always use (not arset, but) arselins (G.W.).
Cld. (JAM.) Rxb. Arselins coup, the act of falling backwards on the
hams (»'*.). e.An.' Nrf. Trans. Phil. Soc. (1858)146. Suf.Arseling
(F.H.).

[Arse + -ling (-s). OE. earsling: Syn hi gecyrde on
earsling ( = avertantur retrorsum,) Ps. xxxiv. 5 (c. 1000).
Cp. Du. aarzeling (-s), G. drschling (-s) ; see DE VRIES.]

ARSERD, ARSEUD, see Arseward.

ARSESMART, sb. Also written ass-smart. A plant-
name applied to (i) Pofygonum amphibium (Hrt.) ; (2) P,
hydropiper (Cum. Chs. Lm. War. I.W. Wil. Som. Dev.) ;
(3) f- persicaria (Lin. Wil.) ; (4) Pyrethrum parthenium,
or fever-few (w.Yks.).

(i) Hrt. Arsmart, ELLIS Mod. flush. (1750) III. i. 47. (2) Cum.1
Arse-smart, the pepperwort. Chs.1 ; Chs.3 Also called Knot-grass,
Lake-weed. n.Lin.1, War. (J.R.W.), I.W.1, Wil.1 w.Som.1
Aa 'smart, water-pepper. Dev.4; nw.Dev.1 Yes-smert (3) nXin.1,
Wil.1

6(2) Curage (Outrage), the herb water-pepper, arse smart,
ridge or culerage, COTGR. ; Arse-smart, or water-
pepper, an herb, KERSEY ; Arsmart, Hydropiper, GERARDE,
445- (3) Arsesmart, Persicaria, COLES (1679) ; Dead or
spotted arsmart, Persicaria maculosa GERARDE, 445.]

ARSE- VERSE, sb. Obs. or obsol. Sc. Yks. A spell
written on the side of a house to ward off fire.

s.Sc. Known by old persons some years ago (G.W.M.). Rxb.
Arse'-verse', most probably borrowed from England (JAM.). w.Yks.
Aase-verse, a spell on a house to avert fire or witchcraft, Yks. N.
&Q. (1888) II. 13.

[Arse-verse, a spell written on an house to prevent it
from burning, BAILEY (1721). Arse, fr. Lat. ars-, pp. stem
of ardere, to burn ; cp. Fr. arson, arson, wilful burning.]

ARSEWARD(S, adv. and adj. Cum. Yks. Der. Lin.
War. Wor. Also in Dev. Also written arserd w.Yks.1 ;
ars'erd, ars' erds n.Lin.1; assud War.2 se.Wor.1; arseud
se.Wor.1 ; ass'ard Dev. ;_ arset Sc. nw.Der.1 ; arsed,
arsard nw.Der.1 [a-sad, a'sadz.]

1. adv. Backwards ; hind-before.

Cum. GROSE (1790) ; Brekbackan a — ewards hurry, STAGG Misc.
Poems (1805) Bridewain ; Cum.1 An early Methodist preacher in
Workington used to enlighten his hearers with ' Aa wad as seiin
expect a swine to gang arsewurts up a tree and whissle like a
throssle, as a rich man git to heaven.' n.Yks.1 m.Yks. A cask
or other package in the forepart of a cart, required to be moved
to the afterpart, would be said to be moved arseward, as that latter
part is termed the ' cart arse.' A horse is said to come arseward
when it backs (G.W.W.). w.Yks.1 His skaddle tit— ran arser'd
'geeant mistow nookin [against the corner of the cow-house], ii.
303. Der. The landlord put him out arsuds first (H.R.). n-Lin.1
Go ars'erds, cousin Edward, go ars'erds. Dev. At Okehampton
Station a horse was rather frightened at entering a horse-box ; a
porter who was assisting said, ' You 'ont get'n in, I tell 'ee, vore
you've a-turn un roun' and a-shut'n in ass'ard.' Joe, I zim you
d'an'le things all ass'ard-like, jis the very same's off all your vingers
was thumbs, Reports Provinc. (1889).

2. adj. Perverse, obstinate ; unwilling.

N.Cy.1 Nhb; Sae take some pity on your love And do not still
so arseward prove, STUART^ Joco-Serious Discourse ( 1686 130. Now
probably obs. (R.O.H.) n.Yks.2 Der. Don't be arseward (H.R.).
nw.Der.1, se.Wor.1

3. Comp. Arseward-backwards, hind-before ; also attrib.
War.2 He went out assud-backuds. That's an assud-backuds

form o' diggin' taters. se.Wor.1

[Rebours, a rebours, arseward, backward, COTGR. ; Bot
if je taken as se usen arseworde this gospel, Pol. Poems
(Rolls Ser.) II. 64. Arse + -ward.]

AR-SHORN, see Hare-shorn.

L3

ARSLE

ARTICLE

ARSLE, v. Cum. Yks. Lan. Also in e.An. [a'sl.]

1. To move backwards.

Cum. (E.W.P.1 e.An.2 He [a timid boxer] kept arseling back-
wards, and durst not meet his man. Nrf.1

2. To move when in a sitting posture ; hence, to shuffle,
fidget ; alsoyfj-.

n.Yks.2 They arsl'd out on't [they backed out], n Lan. l e.An.1
Come, arsle up there. Nrf.1 Suf. To keep arseling about (F.H.).

[MDu. erselen (arselen), Du. aarzelen, to move backward
(DE VRIES).]

ARSLING-POLE, sb. e.An. [S'slin-pol.]

Nrf.1 Arseling-pole, the pole bakers use to spread the hot embers
to all parts of the oven.

[From arsle, vb., to move backwards, used in trans,
sense.]

ARSY-VERSY, adv., adj. and sb. Nhb. Yks. Lan. Chs.

Stf. Der. Lin. Lei. War. e.An. Also in Som. Dev. Also

written arsey-warsey N.Cy.1 ; arsy-farcy w. Yks.3 e.An.1 ;

arse-versy Lin. SKINNER ; and freq. arsy-varsy.

L adv. Upside-down, head over heels ; fig. in confusion.

n.Cy. GROSE (1790); N.Cy.1, Nhb. (R.O.H.), n.Yks.12, ne.Yks.',
e.Yks.1, w.Yks.1 Lan. Deawn coom I arsy-varsy intoth wetur,
TIM BOBBIN Turn, and Meary (1740) 21. Chs.12, Stf.1 Der. Down
came Tit, and away tumbled she arsy-varsy, RAY Prov. (1678) 225.
ed. 1860. Der.12, nw.Der.1, n-Lln.1, Lei.1, War.12, e.An/ w.Som.1
Hon I com'd along, there was th' old cart a-turned arsy-varsy right
into the ditch, an' the poor old mare right 'pon her back way, her
legs up'n in [up on end]. Dev.3 Ivvery theng es arsyvarsy.

2. adj. Fanciful, preposterous ; contrary, disobedient.
w.Yks.3 Of a woman dressed peculiarly, ' Sho dresses in an

arsy-farcy way.' To a disobedient child, ' Tha a't varry arsy-
farcy.'

3. sb. Deceit, flattery.

n.Yks. Old wives have a lot of arsy-farsy about them, saying 'at
t'bairn is so like its father (I.W.) ; (R.H.H.)

[Stand to 't, quoth she, or yield to mercy, It is not
fighting arsie-versie Shall serve thy turn, BUTLER Hudi-
bras, i. iii. 827 ; Cul sur pointe, topsie-turvy, arsie-varsie,
upside down, COTGR. A rhyming comp. from arse + Lat.
versus, pp. ofvertere, to turn.]

ART, sb. Sc. Irel. Nhb. Dur. Cum. Wm. Yks. Also
written airt Sc. Nhb.1 Dur.1 Cum. Yks. ; airth, aith
Sc. e.Yks. ; ete Wxf.1 [ert, eart]

1. The quarter of the heavens, point of the compass ;
esp. of the direction of the wind.

Abd. That gate I'll hald, gin I the airths can keep, Ross Helenore
(1768) 59, ed. 1812. Fif.Thewind isaffadryairt, ROBERTSON Provost
(1894) 19. Ayr. Of a' the airts the wind can blaw, I dearly like the
west, BURNS Jean 1^1788) ; My plaidie to the angry airt, I'd shelter
thee, it. Cauld Blast. Lnk. [Trees that] stand single Beneath ilk
storm, frae every airth, maun bow, RAMSAY Gentle Shep. (.1725)37,
ed. 1783. Slk. Let them blawa' at ance fraea' the airts, CHR. NORTH
Nodes Ambros. (1856) III. 3. Gall. Frae every airt the wind can
steer, NICHOLSON Hist, and Trad. Tales (1843) 235. NJ.1 What
art is the win in the day ? Down. The wind's in a thawy art
(C.H.W.). Wxf.1 What ete does the wind blow from! Nhb.1
What airt's the wind in thi day ? Dur.1 Cum. T'wind's cauld this
spring whativer art it blaws fra (E.W.P.) ; T'wind's iv a bad art,
I doubt we'll hae rain (M.P.). Yks. The wind is in a cold airt
(K.). n.Yks.2 The wind's frev an easterly airt. ne.Yks.1 T'wind's
gotten intiv a cau'd airt. e.Yks. MARSHALL Rur. Econ. (1788 .
w.Yks.l

2. A direction, way ; locality, district.

Sc. She so speers and backspeers me ... that I darena look the
airt a single woman's on, WHITEHEAD DaftDavie (1876) 130. Ayr.
If that he want the yellow dirt, Ye'll cast your head anither airt,
BURNS Tibbie. Lth. He'll never look the airt ye're on, STRATHESK
More Bits 1885) 249. e.Lth. Just you pit the maitter fair afore them,
an' showthem the richt airt, HUNTER J. Intvick 1,1895) 22. Dmf. Fowk
stoiter'd frae a' airths bedeen, MAYNE Siller Gun (1808) 70. N.I.1
It's a bare art o' the country. n.Cy. Border Gl. (Coll. L.L.B.) ;
N.Cy.1 Nhb. Wooers cam' frae ilka airt, RICHARDSON Borderer's
Table-bk. (1846) VIII. 161 ; Nhb.1 What airt ar' ye gan thi day ?
A stranger who cannot very well comprehend the country people
when directing him what airts to observe, will be very liable to
lose his road, OLIVER Rambles (.1835) 9. Cum. Frae ivry art the
young fwolk droove, STAGG Misc. Poems (1805) 119. Wm. Bet
theear wes leets frae beeath arts, Spec. Dial. (,1885) 8. n.Yks.1

Did ye hear t'guns at Hartlepool, John ?— Ay, I heerd a strange
lummering noise. I aimed it cam' fra that airt ; n.Yks.2 They
come frev a bad airt [place of ill-repute] ; m.Yks.1, w.Yks.1

[Angellis sail passe in the four airtis, LYNDESAY
Monarche, 5600 (N.E.D.). Gael, aird, a point, also a
quarter of the compass.]

ART, v. Sc. Nhb. Yks. Lan. Written airt Sc. Nhb.1
n.Yks.2 ; ert Sc.

1. Of the wind : to blow from a certain quarter.

Sc. What course ships or boats' would take . . . would depend
upon the mode by which their progress was actuated . . . and as
the wind was airted, STATE Eraser of Fraserfield (1805) 192. Bnff.1
The ween's gain' t'airt frae the east.

2. To incite, egg on.

Lan. He arted me on or I shouldn't have done it (S.W.\

3. To point put the way to any place ; to direct ; to turn
in a certain direction.

Sc. I may think of airting them your way, SCOTT Redg. (1824
xiii ; To permit me to keep sight of my ain duty, or to airt you to
yours, it. Midlothian (,1818 )xviii ; He erted Colin down the brae,
DAVIDSON Seasons (1789) 51 ; Lay them open, an' airt them east
an' west (JAM. Sttppt.). Bnff.1 See, lads, it ye airt the stocks richt.
Rnf. Ah, gentle lady, airt my way, TANNAHILL Poems (1807) 147.
Ayr. An' her kind stars hae airted till her A good chiel wi' a pickle
siller, BURNS Lett, to J. Tennant ; But yon green graff now, Luckie
Laing, Wad airt me to my treasure, ib. Lass of Ecclefechan. e.Lth.
What a skill he had o' liftin' ye aff your feet an' airtin' ye roun' frae
north to sooth afore ye kent whaur ye were, HUNTER J. Inwick
(1895) 118. n.Yks.2 Sic mak o' luck was nivver airted mah geeat.

4. To tend towards, aim at.

Sc. He's dune weel, an's airtin to the en" o' his wark. I airtit
hard to get awa wi' the laird (JAM. Suppl.). n.Yks.2 What's thoo
airting at •
6. To find out, discover.

Rxb. I airted him out (JAM.). Nhb.1 I'll airt it oot.

ARTAN, vbl. sb. Sc. fe'rtan.] Direction ; placing
towards a certain quarter of the heavens.

Bnff. Hoot-toot, ye gummeril, the airtan o' the stocks is a'
vrang. Set them aye t' tual o'clock (^W.G.) ; Bnff.1

[Vbl. sb. otarf, vb.]

ART AND PART, phr. Sc. Irel. Dur. (i) As obj. of
v. : share, portion. (2) To be, become, art or part in, with,
to be concerned in, be accessory to.

(i) NJ.1 I had neither art nor part in the affair. Ant. I know
neither art nor part of it, GROSE (1790 MS. add. (C.) (a) Sc.
Whan thou sawist ane reyffar, than thou becamist airt an part wi'
him, RIDDELL Ps. (1857) 1. 18. Gall. For aught I know they may
be art and part in supplying undutied stuff to various law-breaking,
king-contemning grocers, CROCKETT Raiders (1894) v. Wxf. I'll
be neither art nor part in their doings, KENNEDY Banks Bow (1867)
295. Dur.1

[(i) The old man which is corrupt . . . who had art
and part ... in all our Bishops' persecutions, RACKET
Abp. Williams (c. 1670) II. 86 (N.E.D.). (2) Gif evir I wes
othir art or part of Alarudis slauchter, BELLENDEN Crott.
Scot. (1536) xn. viii (JAM.). The jingling phr. art and part
arose fr. such an expression as ' to be concerned in either
by art or part' (by contrivance or participation).]

ARTFUL, adj. e.An. [a'tful.] Clever, intelligent.

e.An.1 Of our Lord in His mother's arms : ' How artful He do
look.' Suf. (F.H.) Ess. I have a strong impression that I have
heard a cottager say of her little boy : ' Yes, he's an artful little
fellow for his age ' ^A.S.P.).

ARTH, see Argh.

ARTICLE, sb. Yks. Der. Lin. Lei. Nhp. War. e.An.
Sus. Hmp. Som. |a-tikl.| A term of contempt for an
inferior or worthless person or thing.

n.Yks. He's a bare article (,I.W.). w.Yks. He's a bonny article
[spoken of a person exhibiting eccentricities of conduct of any kind]
(J.R.). nw.Der.1 nXin.1 He's a sore article to be a parson ;
he's nobud fit to eat pie oot o' th' road an' scar bo'ds fra berry-
trees. Lei.1 A's a noist airticle, a is ! Nhp.1 A pretty article he
is ! War.23, e-An.1 e.An.2 He is a poor article. Sus., Hmp.
Generally used with the adjunct ' poor.' That is a poor article,
HOLLOWAY. w.Som.1 More commonly used of things. Of a bad
tool a man would say : Dhush yuurz u purtee haartikul shoa-ur
nuuf [this is a pretty article sure enough].

[The contemptuous use of the word is due to its

ARTIFICIAL

[77]

AS

common use in trade for an item of commodity, as in the
phr. ' What's the next article ?' of the mod. shopkeeper.]
ARTIFICIAL, adj. Lei. Som. [atifi-Jl.]

1. Used as sb. Artificial or chemical manure of any kind.
w.Sora.1 Tidn a bit same's use to, way farmerin, they be come

now vor to use such a sight o' this here hartificial. Darn'd if I
don't think the ground's a-pwoisoned way ut. We never didn
hear nort about no cattle plaayg nor neet no voot-an-mouth avore
they brought over such a lot o' this here hartificial Goa'an-ur
[Guano] or hot ee caal ut.

2. Artistic ; having the appearance of being produced
by art.

Lei.1 The word artificial is rather eulogistic.

[2. Artificial, elaborates, technicus, affabre facias, COLES
(1670) ; Artificial, artful, done according to the rules of
art, BAILEY (1770).]

ARTISHREW, see Harvest-row.

ARTIST, v. Sur. [a'tist] To paint.

Sur. I never could artist a bit mysen, BICKLEY Sur. Hills (1890)
I. xiii.

Hence Artisting, vbl. sb.

Sur. 1 dunno' approve o' this artistin' . . . it's only another naSme
for idling abouilt, BICKLEY Sur. Hills (1890) I. xiii.

[From lit. E. artist, sb. a painter.]

ARVAL, sb. Sc. Cum. Win. Yks. Lan. Obsol. Also
written arfal KENNETT; arvel N.Cy.1 w.Yks.14; arvil(l
n.Yks.2 w.Yks. m.Yks.1 ; averill n.Yks.2 w.Yks.

1. A funeral repast, usually consisting of bread or cakes
with ale. Also applied to funeral ceremonies in general.

Rxb. Arval, arvil-supper, the name given to the supper or enter-
tainment after a funeral (JAM.). n.Cy. GROSE (1790) ; N.Cy.1,
Cnm.12 Wm.1 Is ta ter be arvel at t' funeral? The custom is still
observed. n.Yks. Come bring my jerkin, Tibb ; He to'th arvill,
MERITON Praise Ale (1684) 1. 419 ; n.Yks.1 The company assembled
— and the bidding is usually for an hour preceding midday — the
hospitalities of the day proceed, and after all have partaken of a
solid meal, and before the coffin is lifted for removal to the church-
yard, cake, or biscuits, and wine are handed round by two females
whose office is specially designated by the term ' servers ' ; n.Yks.2
Heard thirty years ago, but now obs. ne.Yks.1 Obs. w.Yks. HUTTON
Tour to Caves (1781) ; Now heard only in remote places like the
Haworth valley (S.P.U.) ; T'avole will be at t'Ling Bob (C.F.) ;
w.Yks.14 Lan. After the rites at the grave, the company adjourned
to a public-house, where they were presented with a cake and
ale, called an arval, HARLAND & WILKINSON Flk-Lore (1867) 270 ;
Lan.1, ne.Lan.'

2. Money given to hunters, at the death of a fox, in
order to buy ale.

ne.Lan.1

3. Comp. Arval-bread, -cake, the bread or cake pre-
sented to guests at a funeral ; -dinner, -supper, the
funeral entertainment.

n.Cy. GROSE Sufpl. (1790) • N.Cy.2 Cum. The Dale Head stores
of small cake-loaves or arval-bread, and the like, had been generous,
LINTON Lizzie Lotion (i867)xxix; Cum.1 Wm.Everypersoninvited
to a funeral receives a small loaf at the door of the deceased . . .
the people call it arval-bread, GOUGH Manners (,1847) 23 ;
Small loaves of fine wheaten bread were distributed amongst the
persons attending a funeral ; they were expected to eat them at
home in religious remembrance of their deceased neighbour (J.H.) ;
Wm.1 n.Yks. He called them, not funeral biscuits, but averil
breead, ATKINSON Maori. Parish ^1891) 228 ; n.Yks.1 Confectioners
at Whitby still prepare a species of thin, light, sweet cake for such
occasions ; n.Yks.2 Averill-breead, funeral loaves, spiced with
cinnamon, nutmeg, sugar, and raisins. Lan.1, n.Lan.1 Wm. Pre-
senting each relative and friend of the deceased with an arvel cake,
Denham Tracts (ed. 1895) II. 55 ; Wm.1, m.Yks.1 n.Lan. The arvel
cake is still handed round on funeral occasions, N. & Q. (1858) 2nd
S. vi. 468. Wm. Among the rich, the custom of distributing arvel
bread gradually yielded to a sumptuous arvel-dinner, Lonsdale
Mag. 18221 III. 377. ne.Lan.1 Arval-dinners, given to friends who
attend a funeral from a distance ; common in Cartmel. n.Cy.
Arvill-supper, a feast made at funerals, GROSE (1790) ; (,K.) ; N.Cy.2

[Arval, or Arvil, burial or funeral solemnity, hence
arvil-bread, loaves distributed to the poor at funerals,
BAILEY (1755). Dan. arve-ol, ON. erfi-6l, a wake, funeral
feast, comp. of erfi, a funeral feast, and 67, an ' ale,' a ban-
quet, feast (see Ale). ON. erfi is cogn. with erfd,
inheritance.]

ARVIE, sb. Sh.I. The common chickweed, Stellaria
media.

Sh. (K.I.), S. & Ork.i

[Dan. arve, chickweed ; cp. OE. earfe, a tare.]

AR-WO-HAY, int. Nhb.

Nhb.1 Ar-wo-hay, a cartman's term to his horse to steady.

ARY, see Harry.

AS, rel. pron. Var. dial, of Eng. Not in Sc. Nhb.
Cum. n. and e.Yks. (see At) w.Sorrt. Dev. Occas. in Dur.
Wm. w.Yks., where the usual rel. is at, q.v. [az.]

1. Used as rel. pron. in all genders, sing, and pi.

Dur. You mean him as Miss T. is going to marry (A.B.). Wm.
A par o' shoes as he'd been makkin, Spec. Dial. (1880 pt ii. 33 ;
Wm.1 Nowt as I knaa on. w.Yks. Her as ah once hed call'd mi
queen, BINNS Yksman. Xmas, No. (1888) 23 ; w.Yks.1 Whea's
sheep's them, as I sa yusterneet ? Lan. Every lad and every wench
as went, HARLAND & WILKINSON Flk-Lore (1867) 270. n.Lan.
I luk't for him as me sowl lovs, PHIZACKERLEY Sng. Sol. (1860)
iii. i. e.Lan.1 He as buys stuff as is wanted. Chs.1 He's the chap
as did it; s.Chs.1 Wen-shiz fiz ktin mil-k [wenches as can milk],
Introd. 70. s.Stf. The mon as did that disappeared, PINNOCK Blk.
Cy. Ann. (1895) ; Stf.2 Der. Them two sheep as is in the croft,
VERNEY Stone Edge (1868) ii. n.Der. Let a mon stick to his station
as is his station, HALL Hathersage (1896) vii. Lin. Proputty's
ivrything 'ere . . . fur them as 'as it's the best, TENNYSON N. Farmer,
New Style (1870) st. n : Lin.1 ; n.Lin.1 Whose cauves was them
as I seed i' Messingham toon streat ? Lei. Itz won az wuz gev
[given] mi (C.E.1. Nhp.1 War. Ready to kiss the ground as the
missis trod on, GEO. ELIOT Amos Barton (1858) vii ; War.2 A lad
as could kill a robin 'd doanythink ; War.3 w.Wor. His butty, as,
he said, had fettled his osses, S. BEAUCHAMP Grantley Grange 1 18741
1. 30. Shr.1 I'm sartin it wuz 'im as I sid comin' out o' the ' George ' ;
Shr.2 Those as liken. Hrf.1 ; Hrf.2 The man as told me. Glo.1 In
gen. use. Oxf.1 The mummers say, ' Yer comes I as ant bin it [yet],
Wi' my gret yed, an' little wit [Yuur kuumz uuy uz aa'nt bin it,
Wi muuy gret yed, un lifl wit]. Brks.1 It was he as tawld I.
Bdf. Field's cart as takes Louisa's things to-morrer, WARD B.
Costrell (1895) 21. e-An.1, Hnt. (T.P.F.) Nrf. The song o' songs,
as is Sorlomun's, GILLETT Sng. Sol. (1860) i. i. Ess. Buie that as
is needful, thy house to repaire, TUSSER Husbandrie (1580) 57, st.
47. Sur. They pore crethurs as has to moil, BICKLEY Sur. Hills
(1890) I. i ; Sur.1 Som. Doant put a muzzle on tha ox as draishes
out the corn, 'AGRIKLER' Rhymes (1872) 75; In e.Som. 'as'
is used for the relative, but in w. we should say 'dhu mae'tin waut
[what]dued ut,' ELWORTHY Gram. (1877) 41. n.Wil. TeSke us th'
voxes, th' leetle voxes, as spwiles th' vines, KITE Sng. Sol. (c. 1860)
ii. 15; Wil.1 Dor. (H.J.M.) Cor.3 He's the man as did it (in common
use). [Amer. Nobody as I ever heard on, BARTLETT.]

2. As +poss. pron. used for gen. case of rel.

s.Chs.1 That's th' chap as his uncle was hanged, Introd. 70.
Sur. A gentleman from India, as you see his name writ up,
JENNINGS Field Paths (1884) 22; Sur.1 That shepherd we had as
his native were Lewes.

3. In phr. (i) as ever is; (2) as was (in gen. colloq. use),
formerly, ne'e ; also used redundantly ; (3) all as is, the
whole matter, the whole.

(i) Dor. Last Monday as ever wur (H.J.M.). Dev.3 I'll come an"
zee 'e the next Monday as-ivver-is. (2) s.Not. Ahve just seed Miss
Wright. Miss Wright as was, ah should say— Mrs. Smith. Iwor
coming across Tomkins' orchard as was i J.P.K.). Lin. Only last
Soondayas was, FENN Cure of Souls (1889) 7. (3) Lei.1 Oi'll tell
yer missus on yer, an' that's all as is. War.2 All as is, is this, I sid
'im tek th' opple myself. w.Wor.1 I'll give 'ee ahl-as-is. Shr.1
All as is is this ... so now yo' knowen. Wil.1

[Nor will he ... wish his mistress were that kind of
fruit As maids call medlars, SHAKS. R. &• J. n. i. 34 ; Those
as sleep and think not on their sins, ib. Merry w. v. v. 57.]

AS, adv. In var. dial, uses in n. and midl. counties ;
also Sc. Irel. e.An. Ken. Sus. Som. [az.]
L Used redundantly.

e.Yks.1 Ah can't think as hoo it's deean, MS. add. (T.H.) w.Yks.
We stopt wi' Jane Ann as nearly an hahr (^E.B.). Lan. I hope
as that ye'll nut be vext, HARLAND & WILKINSON Fit-Lore (1867)
60 ; We hannot had a battle i' this heawse as three year an' moor,
WAUGH Owd Bodle, 253. Stf.2 My feyther died as twel' months
come Monday. nw.Der.1 Not. It'll be Goose Fair a fortnight as
yesterday (L.C.M.). nXin.1 He hesn't been here sin a munth as
last Bottesworth feast. awXin.1 A week as last Monday. Nhp.1
I expect him as next week. War.2 I'm gooin' to my uncle's as next

AS

[78]

ASH

Sunday. Shr.1 'E toud me they wun gwei'n theer as nex" Saturday ;
Shr.2 Glo. We expected him as yesterday, N. &• Q. (1878) 5th S.
ix. 256. s.Oxf. Wot might you be thinkin' o' doin' about that now ?
— As how? [in what way ?] ROSEMARY Chiitems : 18951 168. Mid.
Don't you remember me, as how I was squeezed and scrouged
into your little back room, GROSE Olio (1796) 105-6. e.An.1 He
will come as to-morrow. Ken.1 I reckon you'll find it's as how it
is. Sus. I can only say as this, I done the best I could, N. (f Q.
(1878) sth S. xi. 288. w.Som.1 He promised to doun as to-morrow.
You zee, sir, 'tis like as this here.

2. In phr. (i) as how, however; (2) as to, towards, with
regard to ; (3) as what, as where, whatever, wherever.

(i) w.Yks. He couldn't find a lass to suit him, as hah he lukt aht,
HARTLEY Clock Aim. (1887) 40. Lan. I mun do this house up th'
first, as how, WAUGH Sphinx 1,1870) iii. (2) Ir. How the devil can
a man be stout as to a man, and afraid of a ghost ? HARRINGTON
Sketches (1830) I. viii. (3) w.Yks. Decide at yo'll be happy as what
happens, HARTLEY Clock Alm.( 1888) 4 ; He'z a better breed nerthee
ony daay, az where he comes thro', ECCLES Leeds Olm. (1879) 23.

[Before how it is sometimes redundant, but this is in
low language, BAILEY (1755), s.v. As • Whanne thei
hadden rowid as fyue and twenti furlongis, WYCLIF (1388)
John\i, 19.]

3. How. Obs. ?

Sc. See as our gudemither's hands and lips are ganging . . .
she'll speak eneugh the night, SCOTT Antiquary (1816) xxvi.

AS, conj. Sc. Irel. and in gen. use in Eng., but rarely
in sense 2 in those districts where at (q.v.) is used, [az.]

1. After comparative : than.

Sc. Very common in s. counties. Better weir schuin as sheets,
MURRAY Dial. (1873) 169 ; I rather like him as otherwise, SCOTT
St. Ronan (1824) xxvi ; I wad rather see them a' ower again, as
sic a fearfu" flitting as hers ! ib. Antiquary ( 1816) xl ; Nay, more
as that, they cut out his hair, Scotic. (1787) 119 ; I would rather go
as stay, ib. 8. N.I.1 I'd rather sell as buy. Yks. Better rue sell
as rue keep, Prov. in Bn'ghouse News (July 23, 1887) ; Better hev
a maase i' t'pot as nae flesh, ib, (Aug. 10, 1889!. n.Yks. (I.W.1
w.Yks. I'd rather break steeans by t'rooad as dew so, LUCAS Stud.
Nidderdale (c. 1882) 231. [U.S.A. I would rather see him as you,
Dial. Notes (iSgsl 376.]

2. Introducing subord. clause : that.

Yks. I'll see as he wants nowt, WESTALL Birch Dene (18891 I.
232. w.Yks. Tell Jack ah'm bahn to Bradforth to-morn, so's he
can go wi' mha, Leeds Merc. Suppl. (May 30, 1891) ; Ah've heeard
as Fred Greenud an' Polly Scott wor bahn to be wed sooin (JE.B.}.
Lan. It's nowt o' th' soart ; dunnot yo threep me doun as it is,
BURNETT Haworths (1887} ixvi. ne.Lan.1 He said as he wod. Stf.2
Is it true as your Bill's bin put i'th 'ob ? [prison]. n.Der. They
do say as his carpenters, havin' built th' ark, . . . weren't let enter
in, HALL Hathersage (1896) vii. s.Not. I don't know as I can,
PRIOR Renie (1895) 36. Lei. If you'll bring me any proof as I'm
in the wrong, GEO. ELIOT S. M artier (1861) 40 ; Lei.1 Almost a uni-
versal substitute for ' that.' War.2 w.Wor.1 You don't think as
I've took that spoon? (s. v. Hurt). Shr.1 They sen as the cranna-
berries bin despert scase this time. Glo. I war'n as th' owld
squire must a' felt quite proud o' hisself, BUCKMAN Darke's Sojourn
(1890) 6; Glo.2 He took his woath as I layed a drap. s.Oxf. I
don't know as I can, ROSEMARY Chiitems (1895) 41. Snr. History
do tell as a high tide came up, JENNINGS Field Paths (1884) 3.
Hrap.1 I don't know as I do. Wil. I seed in the paper as the rate
is gone down a penny, JEFFERIES Gt. Estate ( 1880) ix. n.Wil.
Come back, as we med look upon 'ee, KITE Sng. Sol. (c. 1860)
vi. 13. Dev. I couldn't say as I knowed the rights of it, O'NEILL
Idylls (1892) 22.

3. As how, as why, before subord. clause : that.

Cum.1 He said as how he wad nivver gang near them. w.Yks.
Ah doan't knaw as hah Ahs'll goa ageean (.lE.B.l. Lan. We have
heard say as how he's coming home, FOTHERGILL Probation (1879) i.
Stf.2 I toud 'im as 'ow he'd cum too late. He said as why he
couldna come. There is even the construction ' He said as how
as why he couldna come.' Not. He said as how the fox ran clean
past him (L.C.M.) ; Not.1 n.Lin.1 He said as how he was a loongin'
tneaf. Lei.1 Nhp.1 He said as how he'd come. War." Shr.1

1 card the maister tellin' the missis as 'ow 'e wuz gweln to
Stretton far ; Shr.2 Saying as how he is an oud mon. Brks.1 A

;elled muh as zo his ship was sheared las' Tuesday. Hnt (T P F )
Ess. She shoollymightersin as how the booy warnt right, DOWNES
Ballads (1*95) 23. Hmp. I knows as how he did it (H.C M B 1

4. With or without anteced. as, and ellipsis of can be •
expressing superl. degree.

n.Yks. As salt as salt (I.W.). w.Yks. As heait as heait [hot],
LUCAS Stud. Nidderdale (c. 18821 231 ; Hard as hard, very hard.
Hot as hot, as hot as possible, BANKS Wkfld. Wds. (1865). Chs
As happyas happy, CLOUGHB. Bresskittle (1879) l6- s-Stf. Ashot as
hot,PiNNOCKB« Cy.^««.(i895). Lei.(C.E.); Lei.1 One of the com-
monest descriptive formulas. War. He'll come back as ill as ill,
GEO. ELIOT Janet's Repent. (1858) viii ; War.2; s.War.1 As lusty
as lusty [in excellent health]. s.Wor.1 As black as black, and
so with other epithets. Glo. (A.B.) s.Oxf. Once a fortnight
I bakes reglar, an' that keeps as moist as moist, ROSEMARY
Chiitems (1895) 98. Oxf.1 MS. add. Ess. There's no mistaike,
Bill, he's as owd as owd, DOWNES Ballads (1895) 34. Som. His
hair, 'twas as black as black, LEITH Lemon Verbena 1,1895) 50.
Colloq. The sea was wet as wet could be, The sand was dry as
dry, CARROLL Through Looking-glass (1872).

[1. Ther can nocht be ane mair vehement perplexite as
qu hen ane person, &c., Complaynt of Sc. (1549) 71. Cp.
(j. mehr als. 2. That the Fop . . . should say as he would
rather have such-a-one without a groat than me with
the Indies, Sped. No. 508.]
A-SAM, adv. Obs. Cor. Of a door : ajar.
Cor.2 The door's a-sam.
[A-, on + satn (half), q.v.]
ASCANT, adv. n.Yks. [aska-nt] Oblique.
n.Yks.2

A-SCAT, aav. Dev. [askas't.] Broken like an egg.
Dev. GROSE (1790) ; Monthly Mag. (1808) II. 422 ; HOLLOWAY.
[A-, on + scat; see Scat (to scatter).]
A-SCRAM, adv. Dor. [askrae'm.] Of a limb:
shrunken, withered.

Dor. She reluctantly showed the withered skin. 'Ah ! 'tis all
a-scram ! ' said the hangman, examining it, HARDY Wess. Tales
18881 I. 117 ; It would be normal to say ' His arm is all a-scram,'
though if attrib. ' He has a scram arm ' (O.P.C.).
[A- (pref. 10) + scram, q.v.]

ASCRIBE, adv. Som. Cor. Written ascrode Cor.1
Astride.

Som. Nif he'd ... a brumstick vor'n to zit ascride, JENNINGS
Obs. Dial. w.Eng. (1825") n8. Cor.1 She rode ascrode.
[A-, on + scride (prob. a pron. of stride).]
ASEE, sb. Or.I. The angle contained between the
beam and handle on the hinder side of a plough.
S. & Ork.1 Or.I. Also called Nick JAM.).
ASELF, see Atself.

A-SEW, adv. I.W. Dor. Som. Cor. Also written
assue Som. ; azew Cor.1 ; azue Cor.2 [azoV.] Of
cows : dry, no longer in milk.

I.W. The cows were assue, MONCRIEFF Dream in Gent. Mag.
^863) ; I.W.1 The wold cow's azew ; I.W.2 I wants moor milk
than I got, ver near all the cows be gone azew. Dor. In common
use round Dorchester (O.P.C.); I don't want my cows going
azew at this time of year, HARDY Tess (1891) 139 ; Dor.1 Som.
A cow is said to have ' gone a-zue,' PULMAN Sketches (1842) 77 ;
I'll zell your little sparked cow that's gone a-sue, RAYMOND Sam
and Sabina (1894; 43 ; W. & J. Gl. (1873) ; JENNINGS Obs. Dial.
w.Eng. (i825\ w.Som.1 A cow before calving, when her milk is
dried off, is said to be azue, or to have gone 'zue.' Cor.12
[A- (pref.10) + sew, q.v.]
ASGAL, see Asker.

ASH, sb.1 In van dial, uses in Sc. Irel. Eng. Also
written ass, ess ; see below, [as, es, aef.]
1. Collective sine., usually written ass or ess : fine ashes,
usually from coal See Axen.

Sc. What wad ye collect out of the sute and the ass ? SCOTT
B of Lam. (1819) xi ; While I sithurklen in the ase, RAMSAY Tea-
Table Misc. 1 1724) I. no, ed. 1871. Fif. It'll no dae to sit crootlin'
i' the ace a' yer days, ROBERTSON Provost ^1894) 72. Ayr. In
loving bleeze they sweetly join, Till white in ase they're sobbin,
BURNS Halloween (1785) st. 10. N.I.1 Aas. N.Cy.1, Nhb.1, Dur.1
Cum. GROSE (1790) ; Gl. (1851) ; Meeting a boy with a good-
looking ass drawing a cart laden with coal, he called out, ' Stop,
you boy. Whose ass is that ? '— ' It's nut ass at o', it's smo' cwol,'
DICKINSON Cumbr. (1876) 298. Wm.1 n.Yks.1 Clamed wiv ass,
smeared over with ashes ; n.Yks.2 ne.Yks.1 Put a bit o' ass
uppo t'trod, it's sae slaap. e.Yks. MARSHALL Rur. Econ. 11788) ;
e.Yks.1 w.Yks. Swept all t'ass of t'crust, PRESTON Moorside Musins
in Yksman. (1878) 59 ; w.Yks.1 I hev nout to do, but riddil ass,
»• 357 ; w.Yks.2 Coke ass ; w.Yks.3* Lan. Ewt o' th' ass un
dirt i' th' asshoyle, PAUL BOBBIN Sequel (1819! 41. n.Lan. Piat as

ASH

[79]

ASH

iz nat bad till [manure]. Lan.1 Come, lass, sweep th' ess up,
an' let's bi lookin' tidy ; neXan.1, e.Lan.1 Chs. Skeer the esse,
separate the dead ashes from the embers, RAY (1691); (K.);
Chs.1 2 Stf. ' Esse ' are only the ashes of turfs when burned for
compost (K.\ s.Stf. This coal mak's a nasty white ess, PINNOCK
.Blk. Cy. Ann. (1895"!. Stf.2 Oi waz gettinS' es up Sis mornin loik
an barnt mi and wi sum ot sindarz [I was getting the ess up this
morning like, and burnt my hand with some hot cinders]. Der.12,
nw.Der.1, War. (J.R.W.), War.3, w.Wor.' Shr.1 Yore garden
seems to be a very stiff sile, John ; if I wuz yo' I'd sprade some
ess an" sut on ; Shr.2. Hrf.2

2. Comp. (i) Ash-ball, obs., see below ; (2) -board,
a wooden box or tray to hold ashes ; (3) -brass, money
obtained by the sale of ashes ; (4) -cake, a cake baked on
the hearth ; (5) -card, a fire-shovel ; (6) -cat, (7) -chat,
one who crouches over the fire ; (8) -cloth, (9) -coup,
see below; (10) -grate, (n) -grid, a grating over the
'ash-hole'; (12) -heap-cake, (13) -lurdin, (14) -man,
(15) -manure, (16) -mixen, (17) -muck, (18) -mull, (19)
•padder, (20) -peddlar, (21) -pit, (22) -rook, (23) -water,
see below. [See further s.v. Ash-backet, -hole, -midden,
•nook, -riddle, -trug.]

(il Shr.1 Balls made of the ashes of wood or fern damped with
water ; afterwards sun-dried . . . and used for making buck-lee.
Put a couple o' them ess-balls i' the furnace an' fill it up 60th
waiter for the lee. Ess-balls were sold in Shrewsbury market in
1811, and prob. much later on. (a) Cnm. Asbuird, GROSE (1790)
MS. add. (D.AO ; He's but an as-buird meaker, ANDERSON Ballads
(1808) Wully Miller. Wm. & Cum.1 Wi' th' ass-buurd for a teable,
aoi. Wm.1, ne.Lan.1 (3) w.Yks. Ony wumman differin abaght
dividin' t'hass-brass sal pay one penny, TOM TREDDLEHOYLE
Bairnsla Ann. (1847) 29. (4) Dev.3 When the hearthstone is very
hot the ashes are swept off and the ash-cake laid on it. A sauce-
pan cover is then set over, and the ashes carefully replaced on the
cover. (5) n.Yks.1 Ass-card, Ass-caird, a fire-shovel for cleaning or
carding up the hearth-stone (see Card) ; n.Yks.2 e.Yks. MARSHALL
Rur. Econ. (1788) Suppl. m.Yks.1 (6) Lan.1 Ass-cat, a term of
contempt applied to lazy persons who hang habitually over the fire.
Dev. Why you be a reg'lar ash-cat sitting over the fire, Reports
Provinc. (1887) 3 ; An axen-cat is one that paddles or draws
lines in the ashes with a stick or poker. Monthly Mag. (1808) II.
422. (7") Dev.3 Ashchat, a person who leans over the fire, with
elbows on knees, in a dreamy attitude. t,8) Ken. P4 for an Ash-
cloth for the Workhouse, 6s. 6d., Pluckley Overseers' Ace. (1796)
iP.M.). Sus.1 Ash cloth, a coarse cloth fastened over the top of the
wash-tub and covered first with marsh-mallow leaves and then with
a layer of wood ashes [through this the water was strained by
washerwomen in order to soften it]. (9) n.Yks.1 Ass-coup, a kind
of tub or pail to carry ashes in (see Coup1; n.Yks.2 ne.Yks.1
In rare use. (10) Cum. Ass-grate, the grated cover over the hollow
beneath a kitchen fireplace where the ashes drop (M.P.^ ; Cum.1
ne.Wor. In this district the word Ass or Ess is used only in the
comp. Ess-grate, the cover to the ' purgatory ' (J.W.P.). ( i i'i Chs.1
Ess-grid.^ Stf.1, War. (J.R.W.) (12) n.Lin.1 Ash-heap cake, a cake
baked on the hearth under hot wood embers. (13) s.Chs.1 Hoo's a
terrible ess-luruin, auvays comin' croodlin' i' th' fire [cf. Ass-cat].
(14) n.Yks.2 Ass-man, the dustman, scavenger. (15) n-Yks.1 Ass-
manner, manure, so called, of which the chief constituent is ashes,
especially peat or turf ashes. ne.Yks.1 In common use. (16)
s.Chs.1 Ess-mixen, the mixen or heap upon which the ashes are
thrown. (17) n.Yks. ' They'll be all clamed wiv . . . ass-muck,' in
other words, smeared over with peat-ashes and such other refuse
as is thrown into an ordinary moorland ash-pit, ATKINSON Maori.
Parish (1891) 120 ; n.Yks.2 (18) ib. Ass-mull or Turf-mull (q. v.),
the ashes from a turf fire. (19") Dev. Ash-padder, or Pedder, also
called Axwaddle, q.v., GROSE (1790) MS. add. (H.) ; Dev.3 Ash-
padder, a person who goes from cottage to cottage collecting wood-
ashes, which are bought by farmers to mix at sowing time with
seeds. (20) Som. Axpeddlar, a dealer in ashes, W. & J. Gl. (1873:.
(21) Sc. Ane o' the prentices fell i' the ase-pit, CHAMBERS Pop.
Rhymes (1870) 83. Chs.3 Ash-pit, the general receptacle of the
rubbish and dirt of a house. [In gen. use.] (22) Chs.1 Ess-rook,
a dog or cat that likes to lie in the ashes. Shr.1 This kitlin' inna
wuth keepin', — it's too great a ess-rook. (23) Ken. To have . . .
usefull utensils to wash with, to make bucking, ash water, &c.,
Pluckley Vestry Bk. (Feb. 1787); Ash- water is hard water made
soft for washing clothes by pouring it through an ash-cloth (q. v.).
The process is still in use (P.M.\

[1. The litle cloude as aske he sprengeth, WYCLIF
(1382) Ps. cxlvii. 16 ; Which . . . spredith abrood a cloude

as aische, ib. (1388) ; Kloude as aske he strewis, HAM-
POLE Ps. cxlvii. 5. OE. asce, ' cinis.']

ASH, sb." In var. dial, uses throughout Sc. Irel. Eng.
Also written esh Nhb.1 n.Yks.2 w.Yks.2 n.Lin.1; eisch

[aj.ef.]

leaf
leaf ash.

1. The leaf of an ash -tree ; in comb. Even-ash, Even-

N.I.1 Even ash, an ash-leaf with an even number of leaflets, used
in a kind of divination. The young girl who finds one repeats
the words—' This even ash I hold in my han', The first I meet is
my true man.' She then asks the first male person she meets on
the road what his Christian name is, and this will be the name
of her future husband. Nhb. Even-esh is a lucky find, and is put
into the bosom, or worn in the hat, or elsewhere, for luck
(R.O.H.); Even-ash, underthe shoe, will get you a sweetheart. Itis
placed in the left shoe, Denham Tracts (ed. 1895) I. 282 ; Nhb.1 It
is considered as lucky to find an even-esh as to find a four-leaved
clover. w.Shr. [Used for divination, as in Irel.] in agreement with
the well-known rhyme — ' Even ash and four-leaved clover, See
your true-love ere the day's over,' BURNE Flit-Lore (1883) 181.
Wil.1 On King Charles' day, May 29, children carry Shitsack,
sprigs of young oak, in the morning, and Powder-monkey, or
Even-ash, ash-leaves with an equal number of leaflets, in the
afternoon (s.v. Shitsac). nw.Dev.1 A haivm laiv ash An' a vower
laiv clauver, You'll sure to zee your true love Avore the day's
auver, In trod. 20.

2. Comp. (i) Ash-candles, (2) -chats, (3) -holt, see below ;
(4) -keys, the seed-vessels of the ash (see Keys) ; (5)
•plant, an ash sapling or stick ; (6) -planting, a beating
with an ash stick ; (7) -stang, (8) -stob, (9) -stole, (10)
-tillow,see below ; (n) -top,a variety of potato; (i2)-weed,
AZgopodium podagraria, or goutweed.

(,i) Dor. Ash-candles, the seed-pod of the ash-tree, Gl. (1851) ;
Dor.1 (2) n.Cy. Ash-chats, or keys, GROSE (1790) s.v. Chat,
q.v. (3) n.Lin.1 Esh-holt, a small grove of ash trees. 14) Sc.
I have seen the ash-keys fall in a frosty morning in October,
SCOTT Bk. Dwarf (1816) vii. Nhb. Ash-keys is the common term
for the seed of the ash (R.O.HA w.Yks.2 An old farmer in Full-
wood affirmed that there were no ash-keys in the year in which
King Charles was put to death. Lan.1 Let's ga an' gedder some
eisch-keys an* lake at conquerors [i.e. the wings of the seed are
interlocked ; each child then pulls, and the one whose ' keys ' break-
is conquered]. e.Lan.1, Chs.13, Not.1, n-LIn.1, Lei.1 Nhp.1 The
failure of a crop of ash-keys is said to portend a death in the royal
family. War.3, Sur.1 Dev.4 Also called locks-and-keys, shacklers.
[The fruit like unto cods ... is termed in English, Ash-keyes, and
of some, Kite-keyes, GERARDE (ed. 1633) 1472.] (5) w.Yks.2 An ash
stick is usually called an esh-plant. s.Chs.1 Tha wants a good ash-
plant abowt thy back. Stf.2 If the dustna let them cows be, I'll
lay this ash-plant about the. n.Lin. Cuts hissen a esh-plant to
notch doon all the fools he fin's on, PEACOCK Tales and Rhymes
(1886) 63 ; n-Lin.1 There is a widespread opinion that if a man
takes a newly cut esh-plant not thicker than his thumb, he may
lawfully beat his wife with it. War.3 An ash-plant is an article
that no well-furnished farm-house and few schoolmasters would be
without. Dev. On the leeward side of a stiff bulwark of newly
bill-hooked ashplant, BLACKMORE Kit (1890) II. i. (6) n.Lta. I'll
gie ye an esh-plantin' ye weant ferget, PEACOCK Taales (.1889) 89.
(7) n.Yks.2 Esh-stang, an ash-pole. (8) ib. Esh-stob, an ash-post.

(9) Wil. Hares . . . slip quietly out from the form in the rough
grass under theashstole [stump], JEFFERIES Gamekeeper (1878) 31.

( 10) Hmp. Ash-tillows are young ash-trees left growing when a
wood is cleared, MARSHALL Review (1817) V. (n) Ess. Those on
the right are ashtops, BARING-GOULD Mehalah (1885) 154. (12)
Shr. Ashweed, perhaps from casual resemblance to the leaf of the
Ash. Wil.1, w.Som.1

3. With adj. used attrib. in plant-names: (i) Blue ash,
Syringa vulgaris, lilac (Glo.) ; (2) Chaney ash, Cyiisus
laburnum (Chs.) ; (3) French ash, C. laburnum (Der.1 ;
(4) Ground ash, JEgopodium podagraria (Chs. Lin. War.) ;
Angelica sylvestris (n.Cy.) ; (5) Spanish ash, Syringa wd-

goutweed. Usual name.

[Esch key, frute, clava, Prompt. ; Ash-weed, Herba
Gerardi, COLES (1679) ; Ayshwaede, Herbe Gerard, or
Goutworte, MINSHEU (1617).]

ASH

[80]

ASH-NOOK

ASH, v. Yks. Lin. Written esh. [ej.] To flog, beat ;
cf. to birch, hazel.

e.Yks. So called from the esh [ash] plant being the instrument
used by the castigator, NICHOLSON Flk-Sp. (1889) 26 ; e.Yks.1
w.Yks. (JE.B.) nXin.1 If we catch boys gettin' bod nests we
esh 'em.

ASH, see Arrish.

ASHARD, adv. Glo. Wil. [afa'd.] Of a door : ajar.
See Ashore.

Glo.1 n.Wil. (obsol.) The door's ashard (G.E.D.). Wil.1 Put
the door ashard when you goes out.

[A- (pref?) + shored (propped).]

ASH-BACKET, sb. Sc. Written ass-, ase-backet
(JAM.). A small tub or square wooden trough for holding
ashes.

w. & s.Sc. Dimin. of assback, a back or tub for ashes (JAM.). Abd.
Aise-backet, the common name for what in Per. is called a backie
(G. W. V Gall. The aristocratic avenues of the park, bordered with
frugal lines of 'ash backets' for all ornament, CROCKETT Stickil
Min. (1893) 155.

ASH-COLOURED LOON, sb. The great crested Glebe,
Podiceps cristatus. Also called Ash-coloured Swan.

SWAINSON Birds (1885) 215.

ASH-COLOURED SAND-PIPER, sb. Irel. The Knot,
Tringa canutus.

IT. So called from the sober tints of its feathers in winter,
SWAINSON Birds (1885) 195.

ASHELT, advb. phr. Obs. Yks. Lan. Perhaps,
probably.

w.Yks. WATSON Hist.Hlfx (1775)531 ; CuDWORTH//otfo«(i886);
w.Yks.4 Lan. Cou'd ashelt sell hur eh this tother pleck, TIM
BOBBIN View Dial. (1746) 29. ed. 1806 ; DAVIES Races (1856) 270;
Lan.1

[As + helt (likely), q.v.]

ASHEN, sb. Lan. Chs. Der. Obsol. Written eshin.
A kind of pail, used for carrying milk.

n.Cy. (K.) ; Eskin [sic], GROSE (1790); N.Cy.2 w.Lan. Bring
th' eshin here (H.M.). Chs.1 Wooden milkpails are still in occas.
use. Often pronounced Heshin, and [sometimes] so spelt in
auctioneers' catalogues ; Chs.2 These pails are, I believe, always
made of ash wood. Der.1 Obs.

Hence Eshintle, an ' ashen ' or ' eshin ' full.

Chs. Get a eshintle o' th' best Jock Barleycorn, CLOUGH B.
Bresskittle (1879) 16; Chs.12

[See Ashen, adj.]

ASHEN, adj. Lei. War. Shr. Glo. e.An. Ken. Sus. Wil.
Dor. Som. Cor. [a'Jan, ae'Jan.]

1. Made of the wood of the ash ; belonging to the ash.
Sus.1 Wil. SLOW Gl. (1892). n.Wil. I wants a aishen stake

(E.H.G.). Dor. The moss, a-beat vrom trees, did lie Upon the
ground in ashen droves, BARNES Poems (1869) 87. w.Som.1 Su
geod u aa-rshn tae'ubl-z uvur yiie zeed [as good an ash table as
you ever saw]. Cor. Charm for the bite of an adder — ' Bradgty,
bradgty, bradgty, under the ashing leaf,' QUILLER-COUCH Hist.
Polperro (1871) 148.

2. Comp. (i) Ashen-faggot, a faggot of ash-wood ; (2)
•keys, the fruit of the ash ; (3) -plant, an ash sapling ;
(4) -tree, the ash.

(i) w.Som.1 Aa-rshn faak'ut, the large faggot which is always
made of ash to burn at the merry-making on Christmas Eve— both
Old and New. We know nothing of a yule-log in the West. It
is from the carouse over the ashen-faggot that farmers with their
men and guests go out to wassail the apple-trees on old Christmas
Eve (Jan. 5). The faggot is always specially made with a number
of the ordinary halse binds, or hazel withes. (2) Ken.1 Ashen-
keys, so called from their resemblance to a bunch of keys. (3) War.2
Ashen-plant, an ash sapling cut to serve as a light walking-stick
or cane. Shr.1 Whad a despert srode lad that Turn Rowley is,
'e wants a good ashen-plant about 'is 'ide ; Shr.2 Lay a good
eschen plant across his shouthers. (4) Lei. ' Ashentree, Ashentree,
Pray buy these warts of me.' A wart-charm. A pin is stuck into
the tree, and afterwards into a wart, and then into the tree again,
where it remains a monument of the wart which is sure to perish,
NORTHALL Gl. (1896). War.2 Glo.1, e-An.1, Snff. (C.T.) Dor.
Aishen-tree.

[By ashen roots the violets blow, TENNYSON In Mem.
cxv; At once he said, and threw His ashen spear,
DRYDEN (JOHNSON) ; Ashen keys, Fmctus fraxineus,
lingua avtculae, COLES (1679). Ash, sb.2+ -en, adj. suff.]

ASHER, adj. Yks. [e-Jar.] Made of ash wood. Also
used as sb.

n.Yks. Ah teeak a esher, an'gav t'dog a good threshing (I.W.) ;
mYks.1 An asher pail. An asher broom.

[Ash (the tree) + -er, of doubtful origin.]

ASHET, sb. Sc. Nhb. [a'Jet] A dish on which a
joint is served ; also used for a pie-dish.

Sc. Scotic. (17871 9 ; GROSE (1790) MS. add. (C.) ; Gie me here
John Baptist's head in an aschet, HENDERSON St. Matt. (1862 xiv. 8.
S. & Ork.1 MS. add. Inv. (H.E.F ) Bwk. What sort of a plate,
or ashet, or server it was placed upon, HENDERSON Pop.
Rhymes (1856) 24. Slk. You're a dextrous cretur, wi' yourashets
o' wat and dry toast, CHR. NORTH Nodes Ambros. (,ed. 1856) III.
95. Nhb. Heard on the n. borders, but not in gen. use, and prob.
introduced by immigrants from Scotland (R.O.H.).

[Fr. assiette, a trencher-plate (COTGR.).]

ASH-HOLE, sb. Sc. Nhb. Yks. Lan. Chs. Stf. Der. Lin.
War. Wor. Shr. Dor. Also written ass-, ais(s- Sc. ; ass-
hooal n.Yks.2 ne.Yks.1 e.Yks.1; -hwole Nhb.1; -hoil
w.Yks.8 ; ess- Lan. Chs. Stf. Der. War. Wor. Shr. ; ess-
hwole Nhb.1 ; axen- Dor.1 [a-s-, e's-51, -oal, -oil.]

1. A hole to receive ashes, beneath or in front of the
grate. Also called Purgatory, q.v.

Sc. The cat [was] in the ass-hole, makin at the brose, Down fell
a cinder and burnt the cat's nose, CHAMBERS Pop. Rhymes (1870)
27. Per. Ais-hole (G.W.). e.Lth. The wumman that tint the sax-
pence, an' soopit oot her hoose but an' ben, an' rakit oot the aiss-
hole, HUNTER J. Inuiick (1895) 21. Edb. Throwing the razor into
the ass-hole, WlomMansieWauch (1828) 42. Nhb.1, n.Yks.1, ne.Yks.1,
e.Yks.1 w.Yks. He threw it into t'ass-hooal, 'EAVESDROPPER' Vitt.
Life (1869) 7 ; w.Yks.1 ; w.Yks.8 Tell'd her a hunderd times niwer
to put t'poaker i' t'ass-hoil. Lan. Deawn he coom o' th' harstone,
on his heeod i' th' esshole, TIM BOBBIN View Dial. (1746) 52, ed.
1819; Thou'd rayther sit i' th' hesshole, brunnin" thy shins i'
th' fire, than stick to thy loom, BRIERLEY Cast upon World (1886)
25 ; Lan.1 m.Lan.' ' Dusta think as a ass-hoyle is a place to put a
jackass in ? ' aw axt him. He dud ! Chs.1 Often used metaphorically
for the fire itself. Ah set wi' my knees i' th' ess-hole aw day long ;
Chs.3 Oo's rootin in the esse hole, aw dee. s.Chs.1 To ' root i'
the ess-hole ' is a common expression for staying constantly by the
fire. s.Stf. We roasted tayturs in the ess-hole, PINNOCK Blk. Cy.
Ann. (1895). Stf.2, nw-Der.1, n.Lin.', War. (J.R.W.), w.Wor.1
Shr.1 Common ; Shr.2 Also called the Purgatory. Dor.1

2. An outdoor ash-heap or dust-hole.

Sc. A round excavation in the ground out of doors, into which
the ashes are carried from the hearth (JAM. . n.Yks.1 2 w.Yks.
Leeds Merc. Suppl. 'May 30, 1891). n.Lin.'

ASHIEPATTLE, sb. Sc. Irel. Also written aessie-
pattle S. & Ork.1 ; ashiepelt Irel. [e'si-patl, aji-pelt]
A dirty child, that lounges about the hearth; also applied
to animals. Sometimes used adjectivally. Cf. ashcat.

Sh.I. Still in common use ; applied occasionally as a term of
contempt to any of the young domestic animals, such as pigs,
kittens, &c., which are often found lying at the fireside in a country
house (K.1.1. S. & Ork.1 Sc. (JAM.) n.Ir. Obsol. (M.B.-S.)
Ant. Ashipelt, Ballymena Obs. (1892). Dnb., Dr. Common here,
but seldom heard n. of the Boyne (M.B.-S.).

[Prob. a der. of ash-pit. See Ash, sb.1 2. Cp. G. aschen-
puttel; see GRIMM Myth. 107 (SANDERS).]

ASH-MIDDEN, sb. Sc. Nhb. Dur. Cum. Wm. Yks.
Lan. Chs. Der. Written ess- Chs. Der. ; ass-, ais- Sc.
[a-s-, e's-midan.] An ash- heap.

Per. (G.W.), N.Cy.1, Nhb.1, Dnr.1 Cum. & Wm. Thou's niver
been five mile frae an ass-midden [a comic banter] (M.P.). n.Yks.12,
ne.Yks.1, m.Yks.1 w.Yks. When t'ship lands on t'ass-midden
[referring to an unlikely contingency], Prov. in Brighouse News (July
23, 1887) ; Fotch a soop up, for we're all three as dry as a ass-
midden, HARTLEY Puddin' (1876) 46; w.Yks.1 He then com ower
t'ass-midden to t'door, ii. 293 ; w.Yks.2 * Lan. Aw'd dee upo' th'
fust hess-middin ut aw coom to, BRIERLEY Layrock (1864) xi ;
n.Lan. I nivver went mair 'an a mile frae me an ass-midden,
PIKETAH Fomess Flk. ( 1870) 34. ne.Lan.1 Chs.1 He'll never get
a mile from a ess-midden, Prov. nw-Der.1

ASH-NOOK, sb. Yks. Written ass- Yks. [a's-niuk.]
1. The space beneath the grate where the ashes fall.

n.Yks.2 w.Yks. A great bahncin ratten [rat] jumpt aht at
asnook, BYWATER Sheffield Dial. (1839) 8 ; Bang went eggs, col-
lops, an' t'plate, reight intut ass nook, Dewsbre Olm. (1866) 14 ;
w.Yks.2 3 s

ASHORE

[81]

ASK

2. The chimney-corner, ' ingle-nook.'

w.Yks. Com' sit in t'assnook wi' me (W.F.) ; He sat hissen
daan i' th' assnook, an' Mally gate him a gill o' hooam brew'd,
HARTLEY Clock Aim. (1887) a ; Common in Wilsden, Leeds Merc.
Suppl. (May 30, 1891).

ASHORE, adv. Wor. Hrf. Glo. Oxf. Wil. Also
ashare Won See Ashard. [ajoa'(r), aja'(r).] Of a
door : ajar, half-open.

Wor. Leave the door a little ashore (H.K.) ; ne.Wor. Ashare
(J.W.P.). Hrf.1, Glo. (A.B.), Glo.1, Oxf.1, Wll.1

[A-, on + shore (a prop).]

ASHOTAY, see Accroshay.

ASH-RIDDLE, sb. Yks. Chs. War. Also ass- Yks. ;
ess- Chs. [a's-, e's-ridl.] A sieve or ' riddle ' (q.v.) for
sifting ashes.

w.Yks. Gaay an' teach thi granny to sup milk aht o' t'ass-riddle,
Prov. in Brighouse News (July 23, 1887) ; Yo wor ta be presented wi
a hass-riddle, TOM TREDDLEHOYLE Bairnsla Ann. (1847) 51. Chs.1,
s.Chs.1, War. (J.R.W.)

Hence Ash-riddling, divination from riddling ashes, on
St. Mark's Eve (April 24).

N.Cy.1 n.Yks.1 On St. Mark's Eve the ashes are riddled on the
hearth, for the superstition still lingers, that if any of the inmates
of the house be going to die within the year, the print of his, or
her, shoe will be found impressed in the soft ashes (cf. Chaff-
riddling) ; n.Yks.2 What has survived of this custom seems more
common in our country-places, where the fire burns on the hearth.
m.Yks.1, w.Yks.1

ASH-TRUG, sb. Cum. Written ass- Cum.1 [a's-trug.]
A wooden scuttle-shaped vessel for carrying coal or
peat.

Cnm. Billy cawd it ' asstrug,' ' SILPHEO ' Billy Brannau (1885) 4 ;
GROSE (1790) ; HOLLOWAY ; Gl. (1851) ; Still in common use
(W.K.); Cum.1

ASHYPET, sb. Sc. Irel. Also written assypet Sc.

1. A child or animal that lounges about the hearth. See
Ashiepattle, Assypod.

Dub.. Dr. A dirty or neglected child would not be called 'ashipet '
unless also lazy and useless. Applied also to dogs and cats, which
lie lazily by the fireside (M.B.-S.).

2. An idle or slatternly woman ; a ' Cinderella,' engaged
in dirty kitchen work. Occas. applied to a man.

Ayr. Nobody to let me in, but an ashypet lassie that helps her
for a servant, Steamboat (1822) 259 (JAM.). Lnl. Easter Whitburn's
assy pets, CHAMBERS Pop. Rhymes (1870) 246. Dr. A lazy man
or woman is called 'ashipet' (M.B.-S.).

ASIDE, adv. and prep. Sc. Nhb. Cum. Yks. Lan. Chs.
Stf. Der. Lin. War. Shr. Ken. Sur. [asai'd.]

A. prep.

1. Of place or position : near, by the side of.

Frf. The watchers winna let me in aside them, BARRIE Minister
1 1891) iv._ Per. Ye 'ill just get up aside me, IAN MACLAREN Brier
Hush (1895) 167. Rnf. Maggie, now I'm in aside ye, TANNAHILL
Poems (1807) 'S3- Gall. Climb up there aside the other four,
CROCKETT Bog-Myrtle (1895) 214. Nhb. Ye shanna gan aside us,
N. Minstrel (1806-7) pt. iv. 76; Feed thaw lams aside the ship-
ports' sheels, ROBSON Sng. Sol. (1859^1 i. 8 ; Nhb.1 Sit doon
aside us, hinney. Cum. O that down aseyde her my head I could
lay, ANDERSON Ballads (1808) Cocker o' Codbeck ; She met me ya
neeght aside Pards'aw Lea yatt, GILPIN Ballads, 3rd S. (ed. 1874)
72 ; Cum.1 Parton aside Whitten ; Cum.8 Oald Aberram lies
a fine heap or two leggan aside Kirgat, 9. n.Yks. Feed thah kids
aside the shepherds' booths, Whitby Sng. Sol. (iS6o) i. 8; Just
think what things thou promist mail Asahd t'awd willow tree,
TWEDDEI.L Clevel. Rhymes (1^5 } 30; n.Yks.2 e.Yks.1 Ah'll sit
aside Tom. Greenwich's aside Lunnan, MS. add. iT.H.) Stf.1,
nw.Der.1, n.Lin.1, War.2 Ken.1 1 stood aside him all the time. Sur.1

2. Infig. sense: beside oneself, distracted.

ne.Lan. And he's aside liissel, cose yo've cracked up his playin,
MATHER Idylls (1895) 48.

3. Compared with.

Frf. Adam was an erring man, but aside Eve he was respectable,
BARRIE Minister (1891) x. Per. Naething tac speak of aside you,
Kirsty, IAN MACLAREN Auld LangSync (1895) 127.

B. adv.

1. In addition, moreover, besides. Aside o', in addition to.
w.Yks. You'll be wondrous cunning if you get any aside, BURN-
LEY Skcltlies( 1875 131. Lan. She knowcdawthc boiblc through,
VOL. I.

asid o' th' hymn-book, BURNETT Haworths (1887) vi. Shr.1 Poor
young 66man, 'er's got the pipus [typhus] faiver— the fluency
[influenza], an' 'afe a dozen plaints aside. Ken.2 Very common at
Canterbury.
2. Aside of, on the side of, beside.

Cum.3 Aside o' t'wide stair heead, 98. w.Yks. Paster thay
kids asaide o' t'shepherds' tents, LITTLEDALE Craven Sng. Sol.
(1859)1.8; Shoofotched me a dander aside o' t'earhoyle, HARTLEY
Clock Aim. (1874) 42 ; Two chaps used to work aside o' me, ib.
(1879) 19 ; w.Yks.5 Cloise aside on't. Lan. I wur tan aside o' th'
yed wi' a sod, Rossendel Beef-neet, 12 ; Thou sid aside at t'Park
wood yett, HARLAND & WILKINSON Fit-Lore (1867) 60 ; Lan.1
Eawr Mally stood aside on me while th' rushcart were gooin' by ;
in. Lan.1 A jerryshop aside o' wheer aw live (s.v. Alicker). s.Chs.1
Sit thee dai'n aside o' me. Stf. She sat doun a-side of the daughter,
Flk-Lore Jrn. (1884) II. 41 ; Stf.2 'E fatched im a bat aside o' is yed
as med is yed stng.

[A, oh + side.]

ASIDEN, prep, and adv. Nhb. Yks. Nhp. War. Shr.
Hrf. Also, by aphaeresis, siden. [asardan.]

1. prep. Beside, near.

Nhb.1 She wis sittin' asiden him. e.Yks.1 Ah've sitten asiden
him monny a tahm (only used in a past sense), MS. add. (T.H.)
m.Yks.1

2. adv. On one side, awry.

Nhp.1 Often used without the prefix. How siden your bonnet is.
War. (J.R.W.) ; War.2 That post's set asiden ; War.3 That gate
has been hung all asiden. Shr.1 Common. Yo' hanna put yore
shawl on straight, the cornels bin all asiden ; Shr.2 All asiden
like Martha Rhoden's two-penny dish. Hrf.1 [All asiding, as hogs
fighting, RAY Prov. (1678) 49, ed. 1860.]

[Repr. the phr. a side on, on the side of, by the
side of.]

ASIDES, prep. phr. and adv. Yks. War. Sur. [asai'dz.]

1. prep. phr. Of place : beside, near.

m.Yks.1 Aside has commonly 5 added. w.Yks.5 Aside's o'
t'church. Whear's tuh live nah like ? — Haw, aside's o' ar Tom.

2. In addition to, moreover, beside.

w.Yks.5 Whoa went asides him ? Ther's forty aside's that.
War.3 I arns three shillin' a wik [week] asides my vittles.

3. adv. Moreover, in addition.

Sur. A lot more as I knows on as gave a goodish bit asides,
BICKLEY Sur. Hills (1890) III. vi.

[ME. asides, only in the sense of ' aside, on one side,'
see WYCLIF (1388) Mark vii. 33. Der. of aside with advl.
suff. in -5.]

ASIDING, see Asiden.

ASIL-TOOTH, see Axle-tooth.

ASING, sec Easing.

ASK.sA.1 Sc. Irel. n.Cy. to Chs. and n.Lin. Also
written esk N.Cy.1 Cum. w.Yks. ne.Lan.1 ; aisk n.Yks.2
e.Yks. m.Yks.1 [esk, ask.] A newt ; a lizard. See Asker.

Sc. He brought home horse-leeches, asks, young rats, SMILES
Sc.Natur. (1879)1; It seems to be a general idea among the vulgar,
that what we call the ask is the asp of Scripture. . . This has probably
contributed to the received opinion of the newt being venomous
'JAM.). Gall. The yallow-wymed ask, HARPER Bards (1889) ao6.
Crl. (P.J.M.) N.Cy.1 Ask, Esk, a water-newt, believed by many
erroneously to be venomous. Nhb. The pert little eskis they curlit
their tails, RICHARDSON Borderer's Table-bk. (1846) VII. 142:
Dry asks and tyeds she churish'd, ROBSON Sngs. of Tyne( 1849) 148 ;
Nhb.1 The newt is usually called a waiter ask, as distinguished from
a dry ask. Dur.1 Cum. (J.Ar.) ; Cum.1 Wm. There's an ask in
the pond (B.K.) ; Wm.1 More frequently called a wattcr-ask.
n.Yks.123 ne.Yks.1 In common use. e.Yks. MARSHALL Kin:
Emit. ' j 788 . m.Yks.1 w.Yks. LUCAS Stud. Nidderdale (c. 18821
231 ; WILLAN List Wds. ( 181 1 ). n.Lan. A fand o wator-ask i' dhat
dub. ne.Lan.1, Chs.123 n.Lin.1 1 was once tanged wi' an ask
among the brackens e' Brumby Wood.

[Tassot, a newt or ask, COTGR. ; Magrdsio, an eft, an
nute, an aske, FLORIO (1611). OE. affexe, lizard; cp. G.
eidechse.}

ASK, sb? Sh.I. Also written aisk (JAM. Suppl.).
Drizzle, fog.

Sh. I. A haze or unclear state of the atmosphere generally
preceding bad weather ; we speak of there being ' an ask up da
sky' when ithas clouded over and looks unsettled (K.I.\ S.ftOrk.1
Sh. &Or.I. Small particles of dust, or snow 'JAM. Su/>pl. .

M

ASK

[82]

ASKLENT

ASK, sb.3 Sc. (JAM.) The stake to which a cow is
bound by a rope or chain, in the cow-house.

Cai. [Not known to our correspondents.]

[Prob. a spec, use of ON. askr, an ash, also applied to
many things made of ash ; see VIGFUSSON.]

ASK, sb* Sh. and Or. I. Also written aisk. A wooden
vessel or dish.

Sh.I. Used for carrying butter, milk, eggs, &c. It has a lid and two
small projecting bits of wood below the rim to serve for handles
(K.I.). Sh. &Or.I. (JAM. Suppl.)

[ON. askr, a small vessel made of ash-wood.]

ASK, v.1 Var. dial, uses in Sc. and Eng. Also in the
forms ax, ex, see Ax. [as, aks, aks.]

1. To publish the banns of marriage ; to be asked at, in, or
to church, to have one's banns published.

Abd., Lth. Also called ' cry ' (JAM.). Nhb.1, Dur.1 Cum.1 To be
ax't at church is also called ' Hung in t'bell reapp,' ' Cry't i' the
kirk.' Wm.1 Axt [older form Ext] at church. n-Yks.1 ; n.Yks.2
Ask'd at church. m.Yks.', w.Yks.1 w.Yks.s Thuh wur ast at
church last Sunday. Chs.1 s.Chs.1 Han they bin as't i' church
yet? (Ax is less common.') Stf.2 Owd Dick Taylor's lad and
Martha Jones wun axed i' church. n.Lin.1, sw.Lin.1, Lei.1 Nhp.1
Being axt to church. War.2, s.Wor. (F.W.M.W.) Brks.1 Thaay
was asted at church laast Zunday. e.An.1 I.W.2 Bob Gubbins
and Poll Trot was axed in Atherton Church last Zunday. Wll.
We'll be ax'd in church a Zunday week, SLOW Rhymes (1889)
Zammy an Zusan. w.Sotn.1 Her's gwain to be a-ax next Zunday.
nw.Dev.1 Cor.2 T'es most time for'ee to have me axed, MS. add.
Colloq. They were asked in church the Sunday following, MARRYAT
Frank Mildmay (1829) xxii.

2. Hence, to be asked out, asked up, out-asked, to have the
banns published for the last time.

Dur.1 Cum. I reckon some one that's here is nigh ax't oot by auld
Nick in the kirk of the nether world, CAINE Shad. Crime (1885^
33. Wra.1 Wiah, thoo'I be ext oot a Sunday. n-Yks.1, ne.Yks.1
Ax'd oot. e.Yks.1 Tom and Bess was ax'd up at chetch o' Sunday.
w.Yks.1 2 Ax'd out. Chs.1 They were axed out last Sunday. Not.1
Out-asked. n.Lin.1 Theare's many a lass hes been axed-up ... 'at
niver's gotten a husband. sw.Lin.1 To be asked up, or asked out.
Lei.1, Nhp.1, War. (J.R.W.) Shr.1 To be axed up. e.An.iAxt-
out, or Out-axt. Sus., Hmp., Ken. On the third time of publication,
the couple is said to be out-asked, HOLLOWAY. w.Som.1 Dhai wuz
aakst aewt laa's Ziin'dee [they were axed out last Sunday]. Cor.
I be axed out ! keep compa^' ! Get thee to doors, thee noodle,
J. TRENOODLE Spec. Dial. (1846) 41 ; Cor.12

3. Phr. (i) to ask at, ask of (on), to ask ; (2) to ask out,
to cry off, be excused ; (3) ask up, to speak out.

(i) Sc. I asked at him, Monthly Mag. (1798) II. 435 ; Ask at the
footman, MACKIE Scotic. (1881) 14 ; Very common idiom (G.W.X
Stf.1 s.Hmp. He'd do anything you asted o' him, VERNEY L. Lisle
(1870) xvii. (2) w.Yks. Willn't ya come?— No, I'll ax aht <J.R.~);
(3) Stf.1

[1. The phr. ' to ask the banns ' is found in ME. : Aske
the banns thre halydawes. Then lete hem come and wytnes
brynge To stonde by at here weddynge, MYRC/«S/. (1450)
203. 3. Heo aschede at Corineus now heo so hard! were,
R. Glouc. (1297) 16.]

ASK, v? Sh. and Or.I. Also written aisk QAM.) ;
esk. To rain slightly, drizzle.

Or. I. (S.A.S.) Sh. & Or.I. (JAM. Suppl.

ASKER, si.1 Yks. Lan. Chs. Dnb. Stf. Der. Nhp
Wor. Shr. Hrf. Glo. Dor. Also asgal Shr.2 Glo.1 ; askard
w.Yks.15; askelHrf.1; askern w.Yks. [a'ske(r); a-skad,
e-skad ; se'zgl, arskl.] A newt, lizard. See Ask, sb.1

n.Cy. GROSE (1790) ; N.Cy.2 w.Yks. Feyther were liggin' by
t pond fest asleap, an' one o' them offal askards crep in at 'is ear
(W.F.^ ; An' lile bonny askerds wad squirt amang fling, BLACKAH
Poems (i 867^ 38; Dryaskerd,alandlizard. Watteraskerd.anewt,
Yks. N. & Q. (1888) II. 14 ; w.Yks.2 In Rivelin valley are three
kinds of askers : the running asker, the water asker, and the flying
asker, which is thesmallest ; w.Yks.^'s Lan.1 He went a-fishin'
an cowt nowt nobbut askerds. ne.Lan.1, e.Lan.1, Chs.12 s Chs i
Ihis plcm s as rotten as an owd asker. Dnb. Askol (E.F.). Stf.
(K.) ; Stf.1 ; Stf.2 Used only in the expression, ' Its kaud anuf for
..Der,' 4,.nw'Der-1. NhP-1 s.Wor. Nazgall, or

starv askarz tad!.'

s'posed ; Shr.2 Shr. & Hrf. Asgal, or Ascal, BOUND Prov. (1876).
Hrf.1 ; Hrf.2 Askal, a water animal, a kind of newt with rough hair
like fimbriae [?]. Glo. Both forms, asker and asgal, are known
i^W.H.C.) ; Glo.1, Dor.1

[Asker, a newt, KERSEY ; Asker, a sort of newt, or eft,
Salamandria aquatica, BAILEY (1755). Der. of ask, sb.1,
with suff. of uncertain origin.]

ASKER, sb? Som. Slang. Euphemistic name for a
beggar.

w.Som.1 A respectable servant-girl in reply to her mistress, who
had inquired what the girl's young man did for his living, said :
Please-m he's a-asker, and tis a very good trade indeed-m. Slang.
The ' askers ' selling their begged bread at three halfpence the
pound, READEAutob. Thief (1858) 37.

[Elles he wolde of the asker delivered be, R. Rose, 6674.
Ask, vb. + -er.]

ASKEW, adv. Ess. Som. Cor. [askG-.]

1. Of the legs: extended awkwardly, wide apart.
Som. (H.G.); (G.S.)

2. Crosswise, diagonally.

Ess. To plough a field askew is to make furrows obliquely to
the cross-ploughing (H. H.M.).

3. To go askew, to be troublesome, do wrong actions.
Cf. to gang agley.

Cor. Likewise a thong to thock thee, ef Thee d'st ever go
askew, FORFAR Poems (1885) 7 ; Cor.3 A local preacher exhorted
his audience not to go askew even if their aims were good. In
fairly common use.

[A-, on + skew, q.v.]

ASKEW, prep. Obs.l Ess. Across.

Ess. I seigh him a-coming askew the mead, A rchaeol. Soc. Trans.
(1863) II. 181. [Not known to our correspondents.]

ASKING(S, sb. In gen. dial, and colloq. use. Not in
gloss, of Som. Dev. Cor. Also in the forms axingls Cum.
Wm. Yks. Lan. Chs. Stf. Der. Shr. I.W. Dor.; exing
Cum. [a'skinz, a'ksinz, e'ksinz.] The publication of
banns of marriage. Usually in pi.

Cum. Axin' (or Exin') at church (M.P.). Wm. She mud gaa
awae et yancc an hae t'exins put up et kirk, Spec. Dial. (1880) pt
ii. 20. n.Yks.2 In some of our moorland churches, after the asking,
the clerk was wont to respond with a hearty ' God speed them
weel.' e.Yks.1 They'r boon te be wed at last ; they'v put up axins.
m.Yks.1 He's agate o' reading t'askings. w.Yks. Wether they
wer struck wi t'assin ... ah dooant naw, bud ah naw this — they
leak'd hard at me, Nidderdill Olm. (1870) ; T'day wor fixed an
t'axins put in, an t' parson spliced them reight off, Yksman. Comic
Ann. (1878) 17 ; Will ye gang on wi' t'axins, an' wed our Marget?
DIXON Craven Dales (1881) 399 ; w.Yks.1 Also called Spurrings.
Lan. I put th' axins up about a fortnit sin, WAUGH Chinm. Corner
(1874) 20 ; I ha no' yerd o' th' axins bein' co'ed o'er, BRIERLEY Cast
upon World (1886) 213 ; Lan.1 Well, thae'rt for bein' wed at th'
lung length ; aw yer thae's getten th' axins in. e.Lan.1 m.Lan.1
When aw put th' axins up, me an' th' lass as were mixt up i' th'
job stopt away fro' th' church for three Sundays just abeawt thad
time. Chs.1 ; Chs.3 Oo had the axings put up ; s.Chs.1 Stf.1 ; Stf.2
Tummas is goin' get married nex' month ; he's put th' axins in.
Der.2, nw.Der.1 n.Lin.1 Did ta hear Bessie's askin's last Sunda' ?
Lei.1, Nhp.1, War.23 Shr.1 They ad'n thar axins put up i' church
o' Whi'sun Sunday. Sur. Fee preferred being married by 'asking,'
as the good Surrey folk call it, BICKLEY Sur. Hills (1890) III. xvi.
Sus. An occasional interest is given to the ceremony of asking
by the forbidding of the banns, EGERTON Flks. and Ways (1884) 93.
I.W.1, Dor.1

[The publication of banns (popularly called 'asking in
the church') was intended as an expedient to prevent
clandestine marriages, CHAMBERS Cycl. (s.v. Banns).]

ASKLENT, adv. and prep. Sc. Irel. Nhb. [askle-nt.]
1. adv. Aslant, on one side, obliquely.

Sc. Frae bush to bush asklent the bank he scours, DAVIDSON
Seasons (1789) 26 ; Read what they can in fate's dark print, And
let them never look asklint On what they see, GALLOWAY Poems
(1788) 102. Ayr. Maggie coost her head fu' high, Look'd asklent
and unco skeigh, BURNS Duncan Gray (1792). Rxb. The hames
that sent the reek asclent, RIDDELL Poet. Wks. (ed. 1871) I. 144.
n.Ir. Ballymena Obs. (1892). Nhb. [Of a ladder resting end up
against a wall] Ye he'd ower straight up ; set it a bit mair asklent.
[Of a high chimney] It'll be doon if it's not seen tee ; it's lyin mair
an' mair asklent (R.O.H.) ; Nhb.1

ASLASH

[83]

ASSIDUE

Applied to action or conduct : dishonourably, not
' straight.' Cp. agley.
Ayr. Sin' thou came to tlie warl asklent, BURNS Poet's Welcome

(1784)-
3. prep. Across.

Sc. An' ilk ane brought their blads asclent her, A. SCOTT Poems
(1808) 45.

[A-, on + sklent, q.v.]

ASLASH, adv. Yks. Lin. Not. Lei. War. Also written
aslosh n.Lin.1 Lei.1 War. [asla'J, aslo'J".]

1. Awry ; obliquely. See Slosh.

n.Lin.1 Ther's a foot-pad runs aslosh toward a steel ther' is e'
th' plantin'. He'd getten his hat on aslosh.

2. On one side, out of the way.

w.Yks.2 Come stan' aslash. Not. (J.H.B.) Lei.1 Stan' aslosh,
wool ye ! War.3

ASLAT, ppl. adj. Dev. [aslae't.] Of an earthen vessel,
piece of furniture, &c. : cracked, split. See Slat, v.

Dev. GROSE (1790) ; Monthly Mag. (1808) II. 422 ; HOLLOWAY.
n.Dev.Yer, [IJeetle Bobby's plate's aslat, ROCK Jim an' Nell ( 1867) 7.
Dev.3 Thickee plate's aslat. Dawntee zit 'pon thickee form, 'e's
aslat.

[A-(pref.*)+slat, q.v.]

ASLAT, see Harslet.

ASLEEP, adv. e.An. Naut. [aslrp.]

e.An.1 Sails are asleep when steadily filled with wind. Suf.
Used of sails in a calm (F.H.). Naut. The sail filled with wind
just enough for swelling or bellying out— as contrasted with its
flapping, SMYTH Sailors' Wd-bk. (1867).

ASLEN, adv. Som. Dev. Also written aslun Som.
[asle'n, asla'n.] Slantwise, diagonally, ' out of the
straight.'

Som. JENNINGS Obs. Dial. w.Eng. (1825) ; W. & J. Gl. (1873) ;
w.Som.1 Au'kurd vee-ul vur tu pluwee een ; aay shud wuurk-n
rai't usliin- [awkward field to plough in ; I should work it right
across diagonally]. Thick post is all aslen [not upright]. Dev.1

[A-. on + slen (adj.), q.v.]

Cum. Yks. La. Not. Sus. Som.

Also

ASLEW, adv.
written aslue e.Lan.1 Som. [ashr, aslur.j

1. Aslant, obliquely, awry.

e.Yks.1 n.Lan. Thoo munnet mak it aslew (W.H. H.). e.Lan.1
Not.2 He's ploughing aslew. Sus. HOLLOWAY; Sus.12 Som. W. &J.
Gl. (1873).

2. Amiss, out of course.

Cum. There's nowt so far aslew, Bobbie, but good manishment
may set it straight, CAINE Shad. Crime (1885) 19 ; Cum.3 There's
nowte sa far aslew, but gud manishment med set it streight, Prov.
An' t'Clay-Dubs isn't far aslew when t'wedder isn't wet, 47.

3. Tipsy.
e.Yks.1

[A-, on + slew (vb.), q.v.]

ASLEY, sb. Sh.I. Used only in phr.

Sh.I. (KA. ) S. & Ork. l Horses in asley, horses belonging to
different persons, bound firm one to another.

ASLEY, see Lief.

ASOL, see Hazzle, v.

ASOON, adv. Dev. Obsol. Written azoon. Anon,
presently.

n.Dev. [Used in] Exmore, GROSE (1790) ; Fegs, they'll be yer
azoon, ROCK Jim an' Nell (1867) 3 ; Certainly not in common use
(R.P.C.).

[A- (pref.10) + soon.]

ASOOND, adv. Sh.I. [asu'nd.] In a fainting fit.

Sh.I. In very common use (K.I.). S. & Ork.1 He fell dead
asoond.

[This word is